Table of Contents

Copyright

Acknowledgement

Preface

Chapter 1. Well Test Planning Environment

The Decision-Making Environment

Management of a Rig

Critical Path Planning

Contingency Planning

Schedule Planning

Logistics

The Regulatory Environment

Legal Framework

Regulators

Regulations

Approvals

Notifications and Reporting

Company Policy

Standards

Fit for Purpose

Best Practice

Contracts

In Contracts

Codes

Quality

Standards Bodies

Class Societies

Regulations and Safety

Role of the Well Test Engineer

The Local Environment

Language and Culture

Green Testing

Physical Location

Onshore

Land-Based Rigs

Offshore

Water Depth

Weather

Floating Offshore Rigs

The Well Environment

Pressure

Temperature

Well Design

Open or Cased Hole

Barrier Philosophy

Well Depth

The Challenging Environment

Definition

Role of the Well Test Engineer

New Technology

Chapter 2. Well Test Services

Working with Contractors

Perforating Service

Why Perforate?

Perforating Charges

Wireline or Tubing Conveyed

Wireline Perforation

Wireline Operations

Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Service

Size and Type of Charge

Deployment

Firing Heads

Contingency Perforating

Depth Control

Tubing Service

Tubing Handling

Types of Tubing

Tubing Handling On Site

Downhole Tools Service

Control of Annulus and Tubing Communication

Downhole Shut In

New Technologies

Subsea Service

Subsea Test Tree (SSTT)

Deepwater Operations

Water Depth

Surface Well Test Service

Safety Systems

Sampling Service

Gauge Service

Types of Gauge

Wireline Service

Pressure Control Equipment

Slickline Service

Nitrogen Service

Coil Tubing Service

Chapter 3. Well Test Description

Well Test Equipment

Flowhead

High-Pressure Flexible Flow Line

Choke Manifold

Steam Exchanger

Separator and Separation

Burners

Disposal of Gas

Oil and Gas Measurements

Oil Measurements

Separator Conditions

Temperature Correction k

Shrinkage Correction (1-SHR)

Alternative Method for Measuring Shrinkage Factor

Measurement of Oil Gravity

Base Sediment and Water (BSW)

New Technology Liquid Metering Devices

Data Recording

Gas Metering

Measurement of Gas Gravity

PVT Samples

Taking PVT Samples

Monophasic Samples

Oil and Gas Well Tests

Gas to Oil Ratio (GOR)

Dry Gas Well Tests

Heavy Oil

Wax

Foam

Heat Radiation

Noise

Hydrogen Sulphide

Hydrates

Carbon Dioxide

Common Well Test Engineering Challenges

Chapter 4. Planning Processes and Documents

Documentation

Document Control

Initial Planning and Basis for Design

The Contracts Process

Request for Bids

Covering Letter

Response Checklist

Contractor Qualification

Scope of Work

Scope of Supply

Pricing

Terms and Conditions

Evaluating Bids

Award of Contract

Request for Quotation

Rig Visit

Rig Visit Guideline

Kingposts and Flare Booms

Logistics Plan

Logistics Management Structure

Scheduling

Contractor Responsibilities

Roles and Responsibilities

Detailed Planning and the Well Test Program

Test the Well on Paper

Well Test Validation

Safety Planning

Chapter 5. Engineered Controls

Fluids

Underbalance

Materials

Elastomers

Metal Alloys

Hydrogen Sulphide Concentrations

Erosion

Pipework Sizing

Nodal Analysis

Tubing Stress Analysis

Hazard and Operability

Rig Interface Engineering

Pipework

Well Test Equipment Placement Guidance Notes

Compensator System

Drilling Rig P and ID

Facility Design and Engineering Report

Reference Standards

Operating Envelope

Process Equipment

Equipment Placement

Deck Load

Back Pressure and Pipe Sizing Calculations

Safety System Engineering

Design Review

Chapter 6. Planning for Safety

Onshore versus Offshore

Why Is a Well Test Special?

Safety and Company Policy

A Safety Case Approach

The Well Test Safety Case Revision

General Information

Site-Specific Data

Well Test Facility Description

Well Test Equipment

Equipment Placement

Process Facility Description

Safety Systems Description

Manual Intervention

Automatic Shutdown

Safe Relief of Pressure

Well Test Procedure

Safety Management Systems

Contractor Management

Audit and Inspection

Management of Change

Design and Construction

Personnel Competency

Emergency Response

Formal Safety Assessment

Qualitative Risk Assessment

HAZID — Hazard Identification

Risk Assessment

Implementation

Hazard and Operability HAZOP

Methodology

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)

Safety Analysis Table

HAZOP Report

HAZOP References

Quantitative Risk Analysis

Fire and Explosion Analysis

Some Terms Used in Fire and Explosion Analysis

FEA Modeling

Blast Radius

Emergency Systems Survivability

Applying Risk Analysis Data

Well Safety Case Revision References

Conclusion

Chapter 7. Well-Site Operations

Well-Site Planning Tools

Lookahead

Logistics Planning

Crew Integration

Problem Solving

Pressure Testing

Developing a Pressure Test Guideline

Well-Site Pressure Test Guideline

Pressure Test Acceptance Criteria

Well Test Program

Overview

Well and Reservoir Data

Well Test Objectives

Well Status Assumptions

Roles and Responsibilities

Preparations

Preassemblies

Making up Preassemblies

Test String Installation

Commissioning

Establishing an Underbalance

Perforating

Cleanup and Flow Periods

Shut-In Period

Well Kill and Test String Retrieval

Retrieving the Test String

End of Program

Demobilization

Service Tickets

Well-Site Reports

Chapter 8. Continuous Improvement

Continuous Improvement Goals

Collecting Lessons Learned

Management of Change (MOC)

Lookahead

Daily Reports

Well-Site Operations Review Meeting

Incident Investigation

Follow Up Meetings

Recurrent Themes

Early Planning and Contractor Buy-In

Contracts Process

Design Process

Human Error

Submission Documents

Planning Processes

Continuous Improvement Process

Continuous Improvement Meeting Checklist

Migration of Knowledge

Personnel

Regulator

Standards Organizations

Service versus Product Contractors

The Well Test Engineer Role