Index
A
absolutism: papal, 81; political, 125, 127, 181; Roman-imperial, 81
Addams, Calpernia, 280
Adimantus, 34
Adriani, Marcello, 87
advice books for princes, 89
Aegean coast of Asia Minor, 13
Aeschylus, 15
Age of Discovery, 1
agora (marketplace), 18
agriculture, commercialization of, 104
Alcibiades, 31
amour propre, 145
Amyntas III, 49
Anaximander, 27
Ancient Greek history, periods of, 13
ancient Greek political thought, 10
Anglicans, 105
Aquinas, Thomas, 71; actions when ruler becomes a tyrant, 79; against Augustine’s denunciation of man’s curiosity, 76; as a member of Faculty of Theology, 76; brief history, 76; commentaries on Aristotle’s work, 77; definition of law, 80; education, 76; justice of laws, 80; kinds of law, 80; on Aristotle’s classification of constitutions, 78–79; On the Government of Princes, 77, 79; perfect happiness for, 80; political thought, Christian elements in, 77–80; Summa contra gentiles, Summa Theologiae, 77; support for monarchy, 78–79; theory of law, 80–81
archon basileus, 14
archon eponymous, 14
Arendt, Hannah, 21
Areopagus, 21
aristocracy, 61
Aristophanes, 15
Aristotle, 2, 15, 45; analogy of moral philosophy with art of medicine, 53; at Academy, 49; classification of constitutions, 60–64; concepts of individual virtue and the state, 66; De Anima, 50; De Interpretatione, 50; definition of political rule, 23, 49, 60; denying the status of citizenship, 67; description of a polity, 61–62, 64; different elements of virtuous action, 53; division between rich and poor, 63; domain of morality, 52; early interests, 49; ethical logoi (argument), 53; Eudemian Ethics, 50, 55; father, 49; forms of knowledge, 54–55; goal of human life, 58; human capacity of language, 66; idea of eudaimonia, 51; investigation of phainomena (appearances) and endoxa (beliefs), 50; kingship types, 56, 61; Lyceum, 49; man as a political animal, 57–58, 65; Metaphysics, 50; middle class, 63; moral autonomy, 60; moral criteria, 54; Nichomachean Ethics, 50–52, 55; on nature and natural movements, 65; on slavery, 67; on tyranny, 67; paternal rule in a family, 56; personal ties, 49; phronesis, 54–55; Physics, 50; Poetics, 50; polis, 56, 60, 63, 65; political philosophy, 55–60; Politics, 44, 50–51, 55–56, 61, 64, 67; problems in political theory of, 66–68; Protrepticus, 50, 55; rationality of men and women, 66; rejection of Plato’s method of practising philosophy, 50; Rhetoric, 50; rights of citizenship, 61–62; speech and deliberative judgement, 62; state as a natural entity, 57–59; teleological principles, 64–66; theory of moral virtues, 51–55; translation of works, 50; virtuous actions, 54; volition as an attribute of moral action, 54; wisdom of the multitude, 61–62
Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of his Development, 55
Athenian citizen, 18
Athenian citizen army, 22
Athenian city-state, 13; archons of, 14; culture in, 15; democracy in, 14–18; political institutions of, 18–21; population, 14–15; social structure and political organization, 23; territory of, 15
Athenian Constitution, 50
Athenian court system, 20–21; jury system, 20–21
Athenian democracy, 2, 14–18; based on isegoria, 19; central political institutions, 17; Cleisthenes’s reforms of 508/507 BCE, 16–18; property classes, 16; sociological basis of, 21–23; Solon’s democratic reforms, 17; Solon’s economic reforms, 16–17; Solon’s judicial reforms, 17
Athenian land tenure system, 22
Athenian male citizen, 23
Athenian triremes, 23
Attica, 16; demes, 17; trittyes, 17
Augustine, Saint, 71; as Bishop of Hippo, 73; as professor of rhetoric in Milan, 72; brief history, 72; City of God, 73, 75; conception of a cosmic order, 73; Confessions, 72–73; conversion to Catholicism, 72–73; Doctrine of Original Sin, 73; earthly city, 75; human life on earth, 74; influence of Manichaenism, 72; letters between Nectarius of Calama and, 75; on attaining salvation, 74; on Christianity, 76; On Free Choice of the Will, 73–74; political order, 74
B
Bacon, Francis, 108
Baron, Hans, 88
basileus, 14
Beitz, 262
Bentham, Jeremy, 194; A Fragment on Government, 162; A Theory of Legislation, 162; as a legal reformer, 163; Bentham’s Radical Reform Bill, 162; brief history, 162; classification of human motives, 168; Commentaries on the Laws of England, 162; Constitutional Code, 162–163; difference between private ethics and the art of legislation, 169; general function of government, 171; happiness, 166, 169; idea of sinister interests, 169, 173–174; Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 162; kinds of inequality, 171; link between knowledge and well-being, 165; measurement of pleasure and pain, 164–167; on goal achievment by government, 172; Plan of Parliamentary Reform, 162; political philosophy, 170–174; political society, 169–170; principle of utility, 163–169; principle of utility and punishment, 172; problems with political thoughts, 175–176; security, 171; support for French revolution, 163; The Principles of Morals and Legislation, 164; The Westminster Review, 163
biennorosso, 234
black feminism, 267
Bodies That Matter, 278
boule, 17; council, 19; decision making, 20; magistrates and their functions, 20
Buckley v. Valeo, 250
Butler, Judith, 267; Antigone’s Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death, 277; Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex,” 277; effects of sex/gender system, 267; Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, 277; gender and the heterosexual matrix, 279; gender as performativity, 277–278; Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 277–278; queer politics, 279–281; social practice of gender, 279; Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France, 277; Undoing Gender, 277
C
Calvinist church, 105
Catholic Church: corruption of, 105; religious conflict and, 104–106
Catholicism, 103, 106, 125; conciliar movement and, 81–83
Cephalus, 31
Christianity: conciliar movement and, 81–83; early history of, 71; Roman Empire and, 71–72; spread of, 72
Church of England, 105
civil religion, 155
civil society, 132–134, 209–210, 237–241
Clarendon Code, 106
class struggle, theory of, 226–227
Cleisthenes, 17; reforms of 508/507 BCE, 16–17
commercial revolution, 104
committee of landlords, 103
Communist Party (Partito Communista Italiano—PCI), 232–233
Constantine, Roman Emperor, 71
Council of Areopagus, 14
Council of Constance, 1418, 83
Cranston, Maurice, 126
D
d’Epinay, Madame, 143
Darius, Persian King, 15
Declaration of Indulgence, 125
deme, 20
Descartes, 108
direct democracy, 8
dispossessed subject, 280
distributive justice, 247
E
ekklesia, 17–18, 20, 31; quorum of, 18; scheduled meeting of, 18; treatment of accusation against any leader, 19
England: political conflict, 106–110; religious conflict, 104–106; religious groups of England, 17th century, 105–106
English Civil War of 1642, 103–104, 106
English Romantics, 179
Ephialtes, 16
equality: economic, 97; for women, 180–184; in state of nature, 129–131; link between liberty and, 195
estrangement of the object of labour, 218–219
Eudaemonics, 165
Eudaemonist Axiom, 27
European Union, 1
Exclusion Crisis, 126
exploitation, theory of, 222–223
F
feminism, 267
Filmer, Sir Robert, 127; absolute power of contemporary kings, 127; Patriarcha, 127
freedom: embodiment of, 206–212; Hegelian philosophy, 200–212; in modern state, 211; individual, 204; principle of subjective, 212; self-determination for, 204
French Revolution, 199
G
Galileo, 108
Gassendi, 108
gender performativity, 279
Geneva, 1707–1738, 142
German Enlightenment, 199
German Idealism, 198
German Romanticism, 199
global egalitarian principle, 260
Global Resources Dividend, 262
Glorious Revolution, 108
Gorgias, 31
Government of Cities, The, 89
Gramsci, Antonio: brief history, 232–233; centrality of political, 233–237; characterization of the purpose of science, 234; civil society, 237–241; concept of hegemony, 237–241; conception of the state, 240; establishment of factory councils in Turin, 234–235; fundamental social class and the universal interest, 238; human beings, 233; in prison, 233; Notes on the Southern Question, 237; on Marxist theory, 234; passive revolution, 241–242; political society, 239–240; state function under capitalism, 240
graphe paranomon, 19
Greco–Persian wars, 15
Greek city-states, 2, 14; oligarchic forms of government, 14; population, 15; rulers of, 14; spread, 13–14
Greek colonies, 14
Greek peninsula, 13
Grotius, 128
Guardians of the Laws, 43
Guicciardini, 88
gymnasia (exercise halls), 23
H
happiness, 27
Harvard Review of Philosophy, 245
Hegel, G. W. F., 198, 217; ‘other,’ 204–205; as a newspaper editor, 199; brief history, 198; concept of civil society, 209–210; consciousness of freedom, 200–206; criticism against, 212–213; Early Theological Writings, 198; elements of will, 201–203; embodiment of freedom, 206–212; Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, 199; family, 208–209; idea of the state, 211; individual freedom, 204; Lectures on Aesthetics, 199; Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 199; Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 199; on world history, 206; Phenomenology of Spirit, 199, 206; Philosophy of History, 205–206; Philosophy of Right, 199, 208; principle of political equality, 211; Science of Logic, 199; self-determination for freedom, 204; sense of being a ‘self,’ 205; state and its practices, 208
hektemorioi, 16
Hellenistic philosophy, 9
Henry VIII, King, 105
Hess, Moses, 216
historical materialism, 223–225, 233
Hobbes, Thomas, 103, 148; absolute sovereignty, 116; Artificial Man, 109–110; concept of political covenant, 117; concept of state of nature, 111–112; context for writings, 103–110; creation of commonwealth, 114–115, 117; De Cive, 109; De corpore politico, 108; definition of happiness, 110–111; distinction between good and bad laws, 117–118; distinction between sovereign and state, 115–116; education, 107; English translation of Thucydides’s History of the Peloponnesian War, 108; Greek view of reason, 110; Human Nature, 108; Human Nature and De corpore politico, 109; idea of social contract, 114–116; individualism, 117; laws of nature, 112–114; laws of sovereign, 118; Leviathan, 108–109, 113, 116, 120–121; liberty, 109; on appetites and aversions, 110; on human nature, 110–111; on liberty, 119; on natural rights, 113; on sovereignty, 116–119; on vital motions, 110; on voluntary motions or ‘endeavour,’ 110; Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society, 108; problems in political ideas of, 121–122; right to life, 116; state of war, 112; subjective nature of good and evil, 111; The elements of law, moral and politick, 108; the Fundamental Elements of Policie, 108; The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, 109; theory of political obligation, 120–121
Hobbesian individual, 165
homosexuality, 23
human beings, 27, 217–218, 233
human nature, concept of, 110–111, 145, 274
Hume, David, 143
I
Il Gridodel Popolo, 232
individualism, 59, 117, 139, 150, 180, 253, 273, 280
inequalities, 143, 145–148, 171
Ionian Greeks, 15
Islamic Republic of Iran, 1
Italian fascism, 241
Italian Renaissance, 89
Italian Risorgimento, 241
Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano—PSI), 232, 235
Italy: city-republics of northern, 87; Consiglio Grande (Great Council), 87; Florence, 87; gonfaloniere, 87; medieval, 86; podesta system of ruling, 86–88; Republican City-states of, 86–88; signori system, 87
J
Jacobin party, 235
Jaeger, Werner, 55
K
Kant, Immanuel: Critique of Pure Reason, The, 198
L
L’Avanti!, 232
landholding, commercialization of, 104
Leo XIII, Pope, 81
liberal feminism, 267
liberty: Hobbes’s conception of, 119; Hobbes’s thoughts, 109; individual, 95–96, 184–189; Locke’s views, 130; of citizens, 94–98; preserving liberty in republican form of government, 95; relating civic virtu to individual liberty, 96; religious, 103
limited government, principle of, 136–137
linguistic context in study of political thought, 7–8
Locke, John, 148; A Letter Concerning Toleration, 137; at Christ Church College, 126; brief history, 125–126; civil/political society, 132–134; conception of property, 4–5; definition of political power, 128–129; distinction between license and liberty, 129–130; Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 127; Essay on Toleration, 127, 137; Essays on the Law of Nature, 126; exile in Europe, 126; father’s right of command over his children, 128; Four Letters Concerning Toleration, 127; freedom and equality in state of nature, 129–131; labour power, 132; limitation of Locke’s liberalism, 138–139; limitations on government, 134–135; on civil magistrate, 126; on inconveniences of the state of nature, 133; on legislative power, 135; paternal authority and political power, 127–129; philosophical and religious basis of limited government, 136–137; Prerogative of the monarch, 135; principle of limited government, 136–137; principle of toleration, 136–137; private property in state of nature, 131–132; public good, 134; religious belief, 126; response to the political struggles, 139; right of people to change their government, 138; right to resistance, 137–138; Second Letter on Toleration, 127; Shaftesbury’s influence on, 126–127; Two Tracts on Government, 126; Two Treatises of Government, 127
London and Westminster Review, 179
M
Machiavelli, 7, 109, 235; advice-books for princes, 88–94; Art of War, 88; brief history, 87–88; civic virtu, 94–100; dealing with Fortuna and corruption, 92; dealings with women, 101; defence of city-state and citizen army, 96; diplomatic missions, 88; Discourse on the Reform of the Government of Florence, 88, 95, 97; Discourses, 88; economic equality, 97; History of Florence, 88; importance of changing with the times, 91; importance of religion, 99–100; liberty of citizens, 94–98; link between public good and private interests, 94; need for a healthy public sphere, 93–94; political efficacy, 92; political theory of republicanism, 88; preserving liberty in republican form of government, 95; prince of virtu, 91–92; problems in political thoughts, 100–101; role of fortune in human affairs, 90; success of politics, 93; The Prince, 88–90, 97, 100
MacIntyre, A., 77
Macpherson, 4
Marx, Karl, 21–22; A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 217; alienation of labour, 219; brief history, 216; Capital, 217; class struggle, theory of, 226–227; commodity fetishism, 221–222; Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy, 223; critique of capitalism, 216; defining labour, 219; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, 216, 218; estrangement of the object of labour, 218–219; exploitation, theory of, 222–223; historical materialism, 223–225; impact on the social sciences, 230; individual as a member of civil society, and as a member of the political community, 220; Manifesto of the Communist Party, 217, 226; objectification of labour, 218–219; on human beings, 217–218; relevance in new millennium, 228–230; state and revolution, theory of the, 227–228; The Civil War in France, 217; The German Ideology, 217; The Poverty of Philosophy, 217; theory of alienation, 218–221; theory of the lack of freedom, 216; Theses on Feuerbach, 218
Medici family, 87
medimnos, 16
Mersenne, 108
Mill, J.S., 3, 174; A System of Logic, 180; advocacy of plural voting in politics, 196; Autobiography, 180; brief history, 179; Considerations on Representative Government, 180; defence of utilitarianism, 193–196; equality for women, 180–184; History of British India, 195; importance of individual liberty, 184–189; link between equality and liberty, 195; On Liberty, 180; pedagogic principles, 179; pleasure, 194–195; Principles of Political Economy, 180; representative government, 189–193; social ill effects of subordination of women, 183; The Subjection of Women, 180–184, 195; Three Essays on Religion, 180; Utilitarianism, 180
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 89; An Oration on the Dignity of Man, 89
monarch, definition of, 103
monarchy, 61
Monmouth Rebellion, 126
Mussolini, 242
N
Napoleonic conquests, 199
National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista–PNF), 233
neo-Platonism, 50
Nichomachean Ethics, 3
Nocturnal Council, 43
Nussbaum, M. C., 9, 58, 67, 267; Aristotle’s influence on, 272, 275; feminist liberalism, 273–275; focus on individualism, 273; Frontiers of Justice, 277; human life, 274; rights of women, 272; Sex and Social Justice, 273; The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, 272; The Political Emotions, 277; The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics, 272; transformation of human capacities into human capabilities, 275; Women and Human Development – The Capabilities Approach, 273
O
objectification of labour, 218–219
Oedipus complex, 279
On Liberty, 3
P
Paris is Burning, 278
parrhesia, 19
Pastoral Eye, The, 89
Pateman, Carole, 267; critique of the social contract, 269; domination through contract in modern society, 269–271; linkages between employment, contract and modern citizenship, 271–272; Participation and Democratic Theory, 268; social-sexual contract, 269; The Problem of Political Obligation, 268–269; The Sexual Contract, 269
Patrizi, 89
Peace of Augsburg, 1555, 105
Peisistratus, 17
Philip II of Spain, 107
Philosophical Radicals, 163
Piraeus, 31
Plato, 2–3, 13, 15, 23; Academy, 26; analogies of cave and of divided line, 41; Apology, 32; Athenian demos (people), 41; concept of ideal state, 38, 44; criticism against, 44; Crito, 32; dramatis personae, 31; early travels, 26; elements of a private life, 41; Forms, 40–41; full blown city of, 35; goal of human life, 40; impact of death of Socrates, 26; in Italy as a political advisor, 26; just individual, 37–38; justice, conception of, 36–39; Laws, 32, 43–44; life of reason, 32; military training, 36; on gender relations, 42–43; on good as the object of knowledge, 40; on guardians, 40; on need for uniting political power and knowledge, 39; philosopher, conception of, 39; political analysis, 31; political structure, 43; political theory, 30–39, 44; producing class, 37; rationalism, 39–43; relationship between contribution and benefit, 39; Republic, 2, 23, 30–32, 34–35, 41, 44, 52–53; Seventh Letter, 26; Socratic ideas, influence of, 29–30; state to defend individual rights, conception of, 8; state-run educational system for the children, 36; Statesman, 32, 43; Symposium, 31; theory of the individual psyche, 35–36; views on the demos, 42
Platonic dialogues, 30–31, 46n17
Platonic justice, 37
pleasure, 59, 164–170, 173, 175–176, 194–195, 251
podesta system of ruling, 86–88
Pogge, T., 262
polemarch, 14
political authority, 10
political efficacy, 92
political equality, principle of, 211
political order, 74
political philosophy, 2, 6, 13, 32–33, 49, 55–60, 108–109, 163, 169–174, 180, 198, 200, 245–247
political society, 132–134, 150, 169–170, 173, 239–240, 249, 256
political theory of republicanism, 88
Politics, 2
polity, 61
Pontano, Giovanni, 89
Popper, Karl, 44
possessive individualism, 139
post-colonial feminism, 267
Prerogative of the monarch, 135
prison building, 175
prisoner’s dilemma, 112
property: classes in Athenian democracy, 16; Locke’s views, 4–5; private property in state of nature, 131–132; Rousseau’s views, 147
Protagoras, 28
Protestantism, 105
public good, 10, 33, 41, 94, 100–101, 118, 128, 134–135, 256
Puritan churches, 105
Putney debates, 107
Q
queer feminism, 267
R
radical feminism, 267
Rainsborough, Colonel, 107
Rawls, John: A Theory of Justice, 245; behavioralism, 245–246; brief history, 245; burdens of judgement, 254; concept of justice for social cooperation, 247; conception of an overlapping consensus, 253–257; critical responses against, 260–263; difference principle, 251–257; distributive justice, 247; fair equality of opportunity, 250; fair value of the political liberties, 250; free speech, 251; justice as fairness, assumptions, 247–251; Political Liberalism, 245–246; political philosophy, 245; principles of international justice, 257–260; society as a fair system of cooperation, 246; The Law of Peoples, 245–246, 257; theory of justice, 246; two principles of justice, 249–250; veil of ignorance, 248–251
relational properties, 168
religious conflict, 104–106; Catholic Church and, 104–106
religious dissent, 103, 105, 125
religious groups of England, 17th century, 105–106
religious liberty, 103
Renaissance humanism, 89
right of people to change their government, 138
Roman Catholic Church, 72, 81, 105; hierarchy of, 72; organization of, 72
Ross, W. D., 55
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 8; absolute sovereignty of people, 156; amour propre, 145; brief history, 142–143; civil religion, 155; concept of human nature, 145; concept of private property, 147; Confessions, 143; Constitution for Corsica, 143; conversion to Catholicism, 143; Discourse on Inequality, 143, 145; Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, 143, 145; Emile, 143, 149–150; general will, 152–155; Government of Poland, 143; kinds of social inequalities, 147; liberal principles, 156–157; natural and moral inequality, 148; natural differences and social inequalities, 145–148; on human agency and human perfectibility, 146; paradoxes, 155–157; Political Economy, 143; position of women, 156; Reveries of the Solitary Walker, 143; romanticism and, 144–145; Rousseau: Judge of Jean Jacques, 143; Social Contract, 143, 145, 150; social contract and creation of the body politic, 151; social contract tradition of political thought, 157–159; social institutions and moral man, 148–152
Rye House Plot, 126
S
Saachi, Bartolomeo, 89
salvation, 74
Sardinians, 232
security, 171
Segovia, Juan de, 82
self-consciousness, 204
sinister interests, 169, 173–174, 190–191
Skinner, Q., 7, 88, 96; distinction between monarch and state, 116
social context method in study of political thought, 4–5
social contract tradition of political thought, 114–116, 151, 157–159
social liberalism, 259
social-sexual contract, 269
socialist feminism, 267
Socrates, 13, 15, 23, 26, 43; being virtuous, 28; concept of virtue, 28–29, 33; conceptions of justice, 34–35; definition of beauty, 29; development of Greek thought, 27; development of individual’s reason, 33; Eudaemonist Axiom, 27; formation of city, 35; goal of human beings, 27; Gorgias, 31; in Apology, 32; in Crito, 33; method of investigation of moral questions (Socratic Elenchus), 29–30; political philosophy, 31; questions of eudaimonia and arête, 32; questions of human conduct, 27; religious knowledge, 32; trial and punishment, 32; truth of proclamation of the Delphic oracle, 32; views on, happiness and virtue, 27–29
Solon, 15–17; classification of Athenians, 16, 22; democratic reforms, 17; economic reforms, 16–17; judicial reforms, 17
sovereignty, 116–119, 150; absolute, 116, 156
Spartan oligarchy, 2
state and revolution, theory of the, 227–228
strategoi, 20
Stuart kings, 103
surplus value, 223
T
Tasca, Angelo, 232
Taylor–Warrender thesis, 120
Thales, 27
Theodosius I, Roman Emperor, 71
thetes, 16
Thrasymachus, 34
Togliatti, Palmiro, 232
Toleration Act of 1689, 106
toleration, principle of, 136–137
Tories, 106
U
unitary subjectivity, 281
utilitarianism, 163–169, 176, 193–195
V
Vettori, Francesco, 88
virtues: being virtuous, 28; different elements of virtuous action, 53; individual, 66; language of virtue, 9–10; Socrates concept of, 28–29, 33; theory of moral virtues, 51–55; virtuous actions, 54
Vlastos, Gregory, 30
W
Warens, Madame de, 143
Western tradition of political thought: Cambridge school, 3, 6–7; criticism, 3
Westminster Review, 179
Whigs, 106
women: Mills’ views on women’s equality, 180–184; movement, 1, 266; Rousseau’s view on position of, 156; status in ancient Greece, 21, 23
Wood, E. M., 22
World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), 272
Z
zeugitai, 16