NOTES

  1. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 520.

  2. Pinker, Better Angels, 195.

  3. William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Rosetta Books LLC, 2011), loc. 31–32 of 4175, iBooks.

  4. Pinker, Better Angels, 208.

  5. Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine (New York: Doubleday, 2017), 280.

  6. Applebaum, Red Famine, 186.

  7. Applebaum, 120.

  8. Pinker, Better Angels, 331.

  9. Pinker, 343.

10. Pinker, 524–525.

11. BBC News, “Serbia Captures Fugitive Karadzic,” July 22, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7518543.stm.

12. Andrew Nagorski, Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2012), 148.

13. Nagorski, 324.

14. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: DSM-5 (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 646. (Hereafter “APA, DSM-5.”)

15. Jean Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Free Press, 2009).

16. APA, DSM-5, 659 and 669–670.

17. APA, DSM-5, 646.

18. APA, DSM-5, 669–670.

19. Twenge, Narcissism Epidemic, 45.

20. Frederick Stinson et al., “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, no. 7 (July 2008):1033–45, 1036.

21. APA, DSM-5, 659.

22. Bridget Grant et al., “Prevalence, Correlates, and Disability of Personality Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, no. 7 (July 2004): 948–58, 952.

23. Paul Babiak and Robert Hare, Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers, 2006).

24. APA, DSM-5, 662.

25. Otto Kernberg, MD, an expert on diagnosing and treating narcissists and sociopaths, stated this in a presentation at the Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Anaheim, CA, December 16, 2017, attended by the author.

26. John Gartner, “DEFCON 2: Nuclear Risk Is Rising as Donald Trump Goes Downhill,” in Rocket Man: Nuclear Madness and the Mind of Donald Trump, ed. John Gartner, Steven Buser, and Leonard Cruz (Asheville, NC: Chiron Publications, 2018), 29.

27. Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man: It’s Genius for Good and Evil (Riverdale, NY: American Mental Health Foundation; First published by Harper and Row, Publishers, New York, 1964), loc. 998 of 2243, Kindle.

28. Fromm, Heart of Man, loc. 998 of 2243.

29. Stinson et al., “Prevalence … Narcissistic Personality,” 1038.

30. United States v. Mitchell (2010) 706 F. Supp. 2d 1148.

31. Guilbeau v. Guilbeau (1996) 85F 3d 1149, 1154.

32. Pinker, Better Angels, 329.

33. Pinker, 330.

34. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 35.

35. Applebaum, Red Famine, 116.

36. Applebaum, 116.

37. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 299.

38. Theodore Millon, Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), 84.

39. Joseph Burgo, The Narcissist You Know: Defending Yourself Against Extreme Narcissists in an All-About-Me Age (New York: Touchstone, 2015).

40. Shirer, Third Reich, loc. 87–88 of 4174, iBooks.

41. Applebaum, Red Famine, 83–84.

42. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 76.

43. Nagorski, 95.

44. Applebaum, Red Famine, 90.

45. Applebaum, 7.

46. Applebaum, 35.

47. Applebaum, 37.

48. Applebaum, 126.

49. Applebaum, 280.

50. Daniel Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (New York: A Bantam Book, 2006), 40.

51. Goleman, Social Intelligence, 43.

52. Goleman, 48.

53. Applebaum, Red Famine, 231.

54. John Hibbing, Kevin Smith, and John Alford, Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences (New York: Routledge, 2014), loc. 635 of 1039, iBooks.

55. Robert Sapolski, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), 450-–451.

56. Sapolski, Behave, 452.

57. Sapolski, 451.

58. Sapolski, 452.

59. Hibbing, Predisposed, loc. 869 of 1039.

60. David Brooks, The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement (New York: Random House, 2011), 302–303.

61. John Bargh, “At Yale, We Conducted an Experiment to Turn Conservatives into Liberals. The Results Say a Lot about Our Political Divisions,” Washington Post, November 22, 2017.

62. Sapolsky, Behave, 453.

63. Bargh, At Yale.

64. Masha Gessen, The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), loc. 864 of 1507, iBooks.

65. Bob Woodward, Fear: Trump in the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018).

66. Farhad Manjoo, “We Have Reached Peak Screen. Now Revolution Is in the Air,” New York Times, June 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/technology/peak-screen-revolution.html.

67. Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral, “The Spread of True and False News Online,” Science, May 9, 2018, 1146–1141, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146.

68. Michelle Goldberg, “Democrats Should Un-friend Facebook,” New York Times, November 16, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/16/opinion/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-sheryl-sandberg-silicon-valley-antitrust.html.

69. The Editorial Board, “The War on Truth Spreads,” New York Times, December 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/09/opinion/media-duterte-maria-ressa.html.

70. Marshall McLuhan, The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (New York: Penguin Books, 1964).

71. Manjoo, “Peak Screen.”

72. Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Viking, An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC, 2018).

73. Pinker, Enlightenment, 42.

74. Pinker, 50.

75. McKay Coppins, “The Man Who Broke Politics,” Atlantic, October 17, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/newt-gingrich-says-youre-welcome/570832/.

76. Coppins, “The Man.”

77. Brooks Boliek, “FCC Finally Kills Off Fairness Doctrine,” Politico, August 22, 2018, https://www.politico.com/story/2011/08/fcc-finally-kills-off-fairness-doctrine-061851.

78. Gabriel Sherman, The Loudest Voice in the Room: How the Brilliant, Bombastic Roger Ailes Built Fox News—And Divided a Country (New York: Random House, 2014, 2017).

79. Sherman, Loudest Voice, 699–702 of 1763, iBooks.

80. Sherman, 27. (All of these page numbers for Sherman are “of 1763.”)

81. Sherman, 978.

82. Sherman, 28.

83. Sherman, 26.

84. Pinker, Enlightenment, 51.

85. Pinker, 52.

86. Benjamin Franklin, “One Of The Central Documents In The History Of Western Civilization … The Symbol Of Political Liberty”: The Magna Carta, Boston, 1721, Printed By The Firm Of 15-Year-Old Apprentice Benjamin Franklin.

87. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 99–100.

88. Abigail Tracy, “George W. Bush Finally Says What He Thinks about Trump. He Didn’t Even Have to Say the President’s Name.” Vanity Fair, October 19, 2017, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/10/george-w-bush-donald-trump.

89. Shirer, Third Reich, 63 of 4174.

90. Shirer, 56. (All of these page numbers for Shirer are “of 4174”)

91. Shirer, 56–58.

92. Shirer, 78–79.

93. Shirer, 103–104.

94. Peter Ross Range, 1924: The Year That Made Hitler (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2016), 52 of 817, iBooks.

95. Range, 1924, 36 of 817.

96. Shirer, Third Reich, 121 of 4175.

97. Shirer, 233 of 4174.

98. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Germany: Jewish Population in 1933, Holocaust Encyclopedia, retrieved on November 3, 2018. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/germany-jewish-population-in-1933.

99. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Random House, 1996, 1997).

100. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 85.

101. Nagorski, 68–69.

102. Nagorski, 84.

103. Nagorski, 95.

104. Nagorski, 105.

105. Nagorski, 163.

106. Nagorski, 101.

107. Orlando Figes, “From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russian’s Chaotic Year of Revolution,” National Geographic History Magazine, Oct. 25, 2017, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/09-10/russian-revolution-history-lenin/.

108. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin (New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2007), 23.

109. Montefiore, Young Stalin, 29.

110. Montefiore, 28.

111. Montefiore, 34.

112. Montefiore, 32.

113. Montefiore, 37.

114. Montefiore, 38.

115. Keith Gessen, “How Stalin Became Stalinist,” New Yorker, November 6, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/how-stalin-became-stalinist.

116. Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), loc. 411–412 of 740, Kindle.

117. K. Gessen, “How Stalin.”

118. Montefiore, 42.

119. Montefiore, 42.

120. Appelbaum, Red Famine, 82.

121. K. Gessen, “How Stalin.”

122. K. Gessen, “How Stalin.”

123. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 299.

124. Pinker, Better Angels, 195.

125. Wikipedia, “Republic of China (1912-1949),” retrieved on 12/17/18 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949).

126. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Anchor Books, a division of Random House, 2005, 2006), loc. 69 of 4089, iBooks.

127. Chang, Mao, loc. 74 of 4089.

128. Chang, 132. (All of these page numbers for Chang are “of 4089.”)

129. Chang, 102–03.

130. Chang, 106–08.

131. Chang, 134–35.

132. Chang, 710.

133. Chang, 708.

134. Chang, 718–20.

135. Chang, 768.

136. Chang, 747.

137. Chang, 521–22.

138. Pinker, Better Angels, 332.

139. Pinker, 322.

140. Chang, Mao, 2477–2478.

141. Chang, 2479.

142. I personally saw his tomb and photo when I was in Tiananmen Square in Beijing China in 2014.

143. Steven Lee Myers, The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin (New York: A Borzoi Book, Published by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House, Ltd., 2015), 15.

144. Myers, New Tsar, 15.

145. Myers, 16.

146. Myers, 17.

147. M. Gessen, Future Is History, 588–589 of 1507.

148. M. Gessen, 588–89.

149. M. Gessen, 202.

150. McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018), 886 of 1928.

151. M. Gessen, Future Is History, 593.

152. M. Gessen, 639–40.

153. M. Gessen, 642.

154. McFaul, Cold War, loc. 845–847 of 1928.

155. McFaul, 887.

156. McFaul, 894.

157. McFaul, 230–31.

158. Misha Friedman, “Babushkas for Putin,” New York Times, March 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/opinion/sunday/babushkas-for-putin.html.

159. McFaul, 223–24.

160. Neil Buckley and Andrew Byrne, “The Rise and Rise of Viktor Orban,” Financial Times, January 24, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/dda50a3e-0095-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5.

161. Patrick Kingsley, “As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What’s Possible,” New York Times, February 10, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/world/europe/hungary-orban-democracy-far-right.html.

162. Kingsley, “As the West.”

163. Michael Steinberger, “George Soros Bet Big on Liberal Democracy. Now He Fears He Is Losing,” New York Times, July 18, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/magazine/george-soros-democrat-open-society.html.

164. New York Times Board, “Viktor Orban’s Perversion of Democracy in Hungary,” New York Times, April 5, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/opinion/viktor-orban-hungary-election.html.

165. Kingsley, “As the West.”

166. Marc Santora, “Hungary Election Gives Orban Big Majority, and Control of Constitution,” New York Times, April 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/08/world/europe/hungary-election-viktor-orban.html.

167. Santora, “Hungary Election.”

168. Floyd Whaley, “30 Years After Revolution, Some Filipinos Yearn for ‘Golden Age’ of Marcos,” New York Times, February 23, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/world/asia/30-years-after-revolution-some-filipinos-yearn-for-golden-age-of-marcos.html.

169. “Rodrigo Duterte Biography,” thefamouspeople.com, retrieved on December 20, 2018, from https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/rodrigo-duterte-7713.php.

170. “Rodrigo Duterte Biography.”

171. Christopher Caldwell, “The Killa in Manila,” Weekly Standard, August 11, 2018, https://www.weeklystandard.com/christopher-caldwell/understanding-the-popularity-of-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte.

172. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

173. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

174. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

175. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

176. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

177. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

178. Caldwell, “The Killa.”

179. Jon Lee Anderson, “Nicolas Maduro’s Accelerating Revolution,” New Yorker, December 11, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/search/q/Accelerating%20Revolution.

180. Anderson, “Maduro’s Revolution.”

181. Eduardo Sanchez, “Maduro—Traits of a Paranoid Personality,” Center for Conflict Studies: Leader Profiles, January 13, 2014, http://sites.miis.edu/ccsprofilesofworldleaders/2014/01/13/maduro-traits-of-a-paranoid-personality/.

182. Associated Press, “Venezuela’s Maduro: US Leads Assassination Plot against Him,” New York Times, December 12, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/12/12/world/americas/ap-lt-venezuela-maduro.html.

183. Anderson, “Maduro’s Revolution.”

184. Associated Press, “Maduro’s Grip on Venezuela Tightens, Warns of Trump Threat,” New York Times, December 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/12/09/world/americas/ap-lt-venezuela-local-elections.html.

185. Anderson, “Maduro’s Revolution.”

186. Anderson, “Maduro’s Revolution.”

187. Alan Friedman, Berlusconi: The Epic Story of the Billionaire Who Took Over Italy (New York: Hachette Books, 2015), loc. 31–33 of 703, iBooks.

188. Alan Friedman, Berlusconi, 50 of 703.

189. Friedman, 42–50. (All of these page numbers for Friedman are “of 703”.)

190. Friedman, 17.

191. The Local, “’Berlusconi Has a Personality Disorder,’” thelocal.it, November 27, 2013, https://www.thelocal.it/20131127/berlusconi-has-a-personality-disorder.

192. Friedman, 201–235.

193. Friedman, 548.

194. Michael Hirst, “Berlusconi Says He Is Like Jesus,” Telegraph, February 13, 2006, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1510375/Berlusconi-says-he-is-like-Jesus.html.

195. Friedman, 386.

196. Darien Pavli, “Berlusconi’s Chilling Effect on Italian Media,” Open Society Foundations, March 30, 2010, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/berlusconi-s-chilling-effect-italian-media.

197. Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, How Democracies Die (New York: Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, 2018), 105.

198. Levitsky and Ziblatt, How Democracies, 99–104.

199. Jeff Guin, The Road to Jonestown: Jim Jones and Peoples Temple (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017).

200. “Joseph McCarthy Biography,” Encyclopedia of World Biography, December 24, 2018, https://www.notablebiographies.com/Ma-Mo/McCarthy-Joseph.html.

201. Editors, “McCarthy Says Communists Are in State Department,” History.com, December 13, 2018, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mccarthy-says-communists-are-in-state-department.

202. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Group, 1983, 1991, 1997), 593.

203. Levitsky and Ziblatt, How Democracies, 140.

204. Levitsky and Ziblatt, 141.

205. Levitsky and Ziblatt, 102–03.

206. Vamik Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, and Andrew Dod, Richard Nixon: A Psychobiography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 32–35.

207. Volkan, Richard Nixon, 91.

208. Volkan, 95.

209. Patrick Buchanan, The Greatest Comeback: How Richard Nixon Rose from Defeat to Create the New Majority (New York: Crown Forum, an imprint of Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House LLC, 2014), 119.

210. Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York: Harper-Collins Publishers, 2007), 66.

211. Volkan, Richard Nixon, 129.

212. Oscar Winberg, “When It Comes to Harassing the Media, Trump Is No Nixon,” Washington Post, October 16, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/10/16/when-it-comes-to-harassing-the-media-trump-is-no-nixon/?utm_term=.aa2323ceaf86.

213. Winberg, “Trump Is No Nixon.”

214. Paul Schwartzman and Michael Miller, “Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny Was a Lot Like Candidate Donald Trump,” Washington Post, June 22, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/young-donald-trump-military-school/2016/06/22/f0b3b164-317c-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html?utm_term=.a28c307bb9e3.

215. Joseph Burgo, The Narcissist You Know: Defending Yourself against Extreme Narcissists in an All-About-Me Age (New York: Touchstone, an imprint of Simon and Schuster, 2015), loc. 502 of 757, iBooks.

216. Burgo, The Narcissist, loc. 510–511 of 757.

217. Woodward, Fear, loc. 27 of 210.

218. Julia Glum, “Some Republicans Still Think Obama Was Born in Kenya as Trump Resurrects Birther Conspiracy Theory,” Newsweek, December 11, 2017, https://www.newsweek.com/trump-birther-obama-poll-republicans-kenya-744195.

219. John Sides, Michael Tesler and Lynn Vavreck, Identity Crisis: The 2016 Presidential Campaign and the Battle for the Meaning of America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018), loc. 1864 of 9466, Kindle.

220. David Brooks, “A Little Reality on Immigration,” New York Times, February 19, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/opinion/a-little-reality-on-immigration.html.

221. Time Staff, “Here’s Donald Trump’s Presidential Announcement Speech,” Time, June 16, 2015, http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/.

222. Time, “Here’s Donald.”

223. Yoni Appelbaum, “’I Alone Can Fix It,’” Atlantic, July 21, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/07/trump-rnc-speech-alone-fix-it/492557/.

224. Time, “Here’s Donald.”

225. “Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: The Public’s Views on the ACA,” Kaiser Family Foundation, November 28, 2018, https://www.kff.org/interactive/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-the-publics-views-on-the-aca/#?response=Favorable--Unfavorable&aRange=twoYear.

226. Jenna Johnson, “Trump’s Grand Promises to ‘Very, Very Quickly’ Repeal Obamacare Run into Reality,” Washington Post, July 18, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-grand-promises-to-very-very-quickly-repeal-obamacare-run-into-reality/2017/07/18/91b5f220-6bd3-11e7-9c15-177740635e83_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.acdfc3b7221f.

227. Louis Jacobson, “Trump Says U.S. Pulling Out of Paris Climate Agreement,” Politifact, June 1, 2017, https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/trumpometer/promise/1379/cancel-paris-climate-agreement/.

228. Woodward, Fear, 1037 of 1354.

229. Glenn Thrush, “Trump Claims Nafta Victory but Deal Faces Long Odds in U.S.,” New York Times, November 30, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/us/trump-nafta-usmca-signing.html.

230. Stanley B. Greenberg, “Trump Is Beginning to Lose His Grip,” New York Times, Nov. 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/17/opinion/sunday/trump-is-beginning-to-lose-his-grip.html.

231. David Wasserman, “2016 National Popular Vote Tracker, Cook Report.” Retrieved on 12/15/18 from https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/133Eb4qQmOxNvtesw2hdVns073R68EZx4SfCnP4IGQf8/htmlview?sle=true#gid=19.

232. “Voting and Registration in the Election of 2016,” United States Census Bureau, May 2017, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/voting-and-registration/p20-580.html.

233. Sides, Identity Crisis, 1844 of 9466. (All of these page numbers for Sides are “of 9466.”)

234. Sides, 3226.

235. Sides, 3417.

236. Samara Klar and Yanna Krupnikov, “How to Win Swing Voters (and How to Lose Them),” New York Times, October 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/opinion/midterms-independents-swing-voters-.html.

237. Samara Klar and Yanna Krupnikov, Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political Inaction (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 7.

238. Klar and Krupnikov, “Swing Voters.”

239. Sides, Identity Crisis, 2401.

240. Sides, 3394.

241. David Leonhardt, “Voter Suppression Is No Excuse,” New York Times, October 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/opinion/voter-suppression-minorities-republican-party-.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion-columnists.

242. Michael D. Shear and Thomas Gibbons-Neff, “Trump Sending 5,200 Troops to the Border in an Election-Season Response to Migrants,” New York Times, October 29, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/us/politics/border-security-troops-trump.html?module=inline.

243. Shear, “Trump Sending.”

244. Maggie Haberman and Mark Landler, “A Week After the Midterms, Trump Seems to Forget the Caravan,” New York Times, Nov. 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/us/politics/trump-caravan-midterms.html.

245. Greenberg, “Trump Is Beginning.”

246. Charles Bethea, “Word of the Day: Stumped,” New Yorker, April 11, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/11/examining-the-vocabulary-of-the-presidential-race.

247. Shawn Musgrave and Matthew Nussbaum, “Trump Thrives in Areas That Lack Traditional News Outlets,” April 8, 2018, https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/news-subscriptions-decline-donald-trump-voters-505605.

248. Ross Douthat, “Trump Hacked the Media Right Before Our Eyes,” New York Times, March 21, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/opinion/trump-facebook-cambridge-analytica-media.html.

249. Sides, Identity Crisis, 374.

250. Sides, 4633.

251. Sides, 3727.

252. Sides, 1210.

253. Eric Levitz, “Here’s Why Trump’s Approval Rating Has Gone Up,” New York Magazine, May 16, 2018, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/heres-why-president-trumps-approval-rating-has-gone-up.html.

254. Kareem Fahim, “Erdogan Capitalizes on Trump’s Effort to Break and Isolate Turkey,” Washington Post, August 19, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/erdogan-capitalizes-on-trumps-effort-to-break-and-isolate-turkey/2018/08/19/3f6154ba-a17e-11e8-a3dd-2a1991f075d5_story.html?utm_term=.ca03307cb8f2.

255. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 3–4.

256. Nagorski, 92.

257. Jens Manuel Krogstad and Mark Hugo Lopez, “Black Voter Turnout Fell in 2016, Even as a Record Number of Americans Cast Ballots,” Pew Research, May 12, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/12/black-voter-turnout-fell-in-2016-even-as-a-record-number-of-americans-cast-ballots/.

258. Nagorski, Hitlerland, 69.

259. Pinker, Better Angels, 521.

260. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 150.

261. Michelle Obama, Becoming Michelle Obama (Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2018), 407.

262. Shirer, Rise, 87–88 of 4174.

263. Krogstad and Lopez, “Black Voter.”

264. Lauren Gambino, “John McCain: 10 Moments That Will Shape the Senator’s Legacy,” Guardian, August 25, 2018, https://www.theguadian.com/us-news/2018/aug/25/john-mccain-death-moments-life-shape-legacy.

265. Tracey Jan, “They Said I Was Going to Work Like a Donkey. I Was So Grateful,” Washington Post, July 11, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/11/they-said-i-was-going-to-work-like-a-donkey-i-was-grateful/?utm_term=.90be41d949fd.

266. Anna Flagg, “The Myth of the Criminal Immigrant,” New York Times, March 30, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/30/upshot/crime-immigration-myth.html.

267. Michael Barbarro, “Once Impervious, Marco Rubio Is Diminished by a Caustic Chris Christie, New York Times, February 7, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/us/politics/chris-christie-marco-rubio-gop-debate.html.

268. Cass R. Sunstein and Reid Hastie, Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups Smarter (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 86.

269. Sherman, Loudest Voice, 324.

270. Jeremy Heimans and Henry Timms, New Power: How Power Works in Our Hyperconnected World—And How to Make It Work for You (New York: Doubleday, a division of Penguin Random House, 2018), 11 of 325, Kindle.

271. Heimans and Timms, New Power, 168 of 325.

272. Nicholas Kristoff, “A War Hero or a Phony?” New York Times, September 18, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/18/opinion/a-war-hero-or-a-phony.html.

273. Mike Wendling, “The (Almost) Complete History of ‘Fake News.’” BBC Trending, January 22, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42724320.