- bash Cookbook
- A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
- Preface
- 1. Beginning bash
- 0. Why bash?
- 0. The bash Shell
- 1.1. Decoding the Prompt
- 1.2. Showing Where You Are
- 1.3. Finding and Running Commands
- 1.4. Getting Information About Files
- 1.5. Showing All Hidden (dot) Files in the Current Directory
- 1.6. Using Shell Quoting
- 1.7. Using or Replacing Built-ins and External Commands
- 1.8. Determining If You Are Running Interactively
- 1.9. Setting bash As Your Default Shell
- 1.10. Getting bash for Linux
- 1.11. Getting bash for xBSD
- 1.12. Getting bash for Mac OS X
- 1.13. Getting bash for Unix
- 1.14. Getting bash for Windows
- 1.15. Getting bash Without Getting bash
- 1.16. Learning More About bash Documentation
- 2. Standard Output
- 2.1. Writing Output to the Terminal/Window
- 2.2. Writing Output but Preserving Spacing
- 2.3. Writing Output with More Formatting Control
- 2.4. Writing Output Without the Newline
- 2.5. Saving Output from a Command
- 2.6. Saving Output to Other Files
- 2.7. Saving Output from the ls Command
- 2.8. Sending Both Output and Error Messages to Different Files
- 2.9. Sending Both Output and Error Messages to the Same File
- 2.10. Appending Rather Than Clobbering Output
- 2.11. Using Just the Beginning or End of a File
- 2.12. Skipping a Header in a File
- 2.13. Throwing Output Away
- 2.14. Saving or Grouping Output from Several Commands
- 2.15. Connecting Two Programs by Using Output As Input
- 2.16. Saving a Copy of Output Even While Using It As Input
- 2.17. Connecting Two Programs by Using Output As Arguments
- 2.18. Using Multiple Redirects on One Line
- 2.19. Saving Output When Redirect Doesn’t Seem to Work
- 2.20. Swapping STDERR and STDOUT
- 2.21. Keeping Files Safe from Accidental Overwriting
- 2.22. Clobbering a File on Purpose
- 3. Standard Input
- 4. Executing Commands
- 4.1. Running Any Executable
- 4.2. Telling If a Command Succeeded or Not
- 4.3. Running Several Commands in Sequence
- 4.4. Running Several Commands All at Once
- 4.5. Deciding Whether a Command Succeeds
- 4.6. Using Fewer if Statements
- 4.7. Running Long Jobs Unattended
- 4.8. Displaying Error Messages When Failures Occur
- 4.9. Running Commands from a Variable
- 4.10. Running All Scripts in a Directory
- 5. Basic Scripting: Shell Variables
- 5.1. Documenting Your Script
- 5.2. Embedding Documentation in Shell Scripts
- 5.3. Promoting Script Readability
- 5.4. Separating Variable Names from Surrounding Text
- 5.5. Exporting Variables
- 5.6. Seeing All Variable Values
- 5.7. Using Parameters in a Shell Script
- 5.8. Looping Over Arguments Passed to a Script
- 5.9. Handling Parameters with Blanks
- 5.10. Handling Lists of Parameters with Blanks
- 5.11. Counting Arguments
- 5.12. Consuming Arguments
- 5.13. Getting Default Values
- 5.14. Setting Default Values
- 5.15. Using null As a Valid Default Value
- 5.16. Using More Than Just a Constant String for Default
- 5.17. Giving an Error Message for Unset Parameters
- 5.18. Changing Pieces of a String
- 5.19. Using Array Variables
- 6. Shell Logic and Arithmetic
- 6.1. Doing Arithmetic in Your Shell Script
- 6.2. Branching on Conditions
- 6.3. Testing for File Characteristics
- 6.4. Testing for More Than One Thing
- 6.5. Testing for String Characteristics
- 6.6. Testing for Equal
- 6.7. Testing with Pattern Matches
- 6.8. Testing with Regular Expressions
- 6.9. Changing Behavior with Redirections
- 6.10. Looping for a While
- 6.11. Looping with a read
- 6.12. Looping with a Count
- 6.13. Looping with Floating-Point Values
- 6.14. Branching Many Ways
- 6.15. Parsing Command-Line Arguments
- 6.16. Creating Simple Menus
- 6.17. Changing the Prompt on Simple Menus
- 6.18. Creating a Simple RPN Calculator
- 6.19. Creating a Command-Line Calculator
- 7. Intermediate Shell Tools I
- 7.1. Sifting Through Files for a String
- 7.2. Getting Just the Filename from a Search
- 7.3. Getting a Simple True/False from a Search
- 7.4. Searching for Text While Ignoring Case
- 7.5. Doing a Search in a Pipeline
- 7.6. Paring Down What the Search Finds
- 7.7. Searching with More Complex Patterns
- 7.8. Searching for an SSN
- 7.9. Grepping Compressed Files
- 7.10. Keeping Some Output, Discarding the Rest
- 7.11. Keeping Only a Portion of a Line of Output
- 7.12. Reversing the Words on Each Line
- 7.13. Summing a List of Numbers
- 7.14. Counting String Values
- 7.15. Showing Data As a Quick and Easy Histogram
- 7.16. Showing a Paragraph of Text After a Found Phrase
- 8. Intermediate Shell Tools II
- 8.1. Sorting Your Output
- 8.2. Sorting Numbers
- 8.3. Sorting IP Addresses
- 8.4. Cutting Out Parts of Your Output
- 8.5. Removing Duplicate Lines
- 8.6. Compressing Files
- 8.7. Uncompressing Files
- 8.8. Checking a tar Archive for Unique Directories
- 8.9. Translating Characters
- 8.10. Converting Uppercase to Lowercase
- 8.11. Converting DOS Files to Linux Format
- 8.12. Removing Smart Quotes
- 8.13. Counting Lines, Words, or Characters in a File
- 8.14. Rewrapping Paragraphs
- 8.15. Doing More with less
- 9. Finding Files: find, locate, slocate
- 9.1. Finding All Your MP3 Files
- 9.2. Handling Filenames Containing Odd Characters
- 9.3. Speeding Up Operations on Found Files
- 9.4. Finding Files Across Symbolic Links
- 9.5. Finding Files Irrespective of Case
- 9.6. Finding Files by Date
- 9.7. Finding Files by Type
- 9.8. Finding Files by Size
- 9.9. Finding Files by Content
- 9.10. Finding Existing Files and Content Fast
- 9.11. Finding a File Using a List of Possible Locations
- 10. Additional Features for Scripting
- 11. Working with Dates and Times
- 11.1. Formatting Dates for Display
- 11.2. Supplying a Default Date
- 11.3. Automating Date Ranges
- 11.4. Converting Dates and Times to Epoch Seconds
- 11.5. Converting Epoch Seconds to Dates and Times
- 11.6. Getting Yesterday or Tomorrow with Perl
- 11.7. Figuring Out Date and Time Arithmetic
- 11.8. Handling Time Zones, Daylight Saving Time, and Leap Years
- 11.9. Using date and cron to Run a Script on the Nth Day
- 12. End-User Tasks As Shell Scripts
- 13. Parsing and Similar Tasks
- 13.1. Parsing Arguments for Your Shell Script
- 13.2. Parsing Arguments with Your Own Error Messages
- 13.3. Parsing Some HTML
- 13.4. Parsing Output into an Array
- 13.5. Parsing Output with a Function Call
- 13.6. Parsing Text with a read Statement
- 13.7. Parsing with read into an Array
- 13.8. Getting Your Plurals Right
- 13.9. Taking It One Character at a Time
- 13.10. Cleaning Up an SVN Source Tree
- 13.11. Setting Up a Database with MySQL
- 13.12. Isolating Specific Fields in Data
- 13.13. Updating Specific Fields in Data Files
- 13.14. Trimming Whitespace
- 13.15. Compressing Whitespace
- 13.16. Processing Fixed-Length Records
- 13.17. Processing Files with No Line Breaks
- 13.18. Converting a Data File to CSV
- 13.19. Parsing a CSV Data File
- 14. Writing Secure Shell Scripts
- 14.1. Avoiding Common Security Problems
- 14.2. Avoiding Interpreter Spoofing
- 14.3. Setting a Secure $PATH
- 14.4. Clearing All Aliases
- 14.5. Clearing the Command Hash
- 14.6. Preventing Core Dumps
- 14.7. Setting a Secure $IFS
- 14.8. Setting a Secure umask
- 14.9. Finding World-Writable Directories in Your $PATH
- 14.10. Adding the Current Directory to the $PATH
- 14.11. Using Secure Temporary Files
- 14.12. Validating Input
- 14.13. Setting Permissions
- 14.14. Leaking Passwords into the Process List
- 14.15. Writing setuid or setgid Scripts
- 14.16. Restricting Guest Users
- 14.17. Using chroot Jails
- 14.18. Running As a Non-root User
- 14.19. Using sudo More Securely
- 14.20. Using Passwords in Scripts
- 14.21. Using SSH Without a Password
- 14.22. Restricting SSH Commands
- 14.23. Disconnecting Inactive Sessions
- 15. Advanced Scripting
- 15.1. Finding bash Portably for #!
- 15.2. Setting a POSIX $PATH
- 15.3. Developing Portable Shell Scripts
- 15.4. Testing Scripts in VMware
- 15.5. Using for Loops Portably
- 15.6. Using echo Portably
- 15.7. Splitting Output Only When Necessary
- 15.8. Viewing Output in Hex
- 15.9. Using bash Net-Redirection
- 15.10. Finding My IP Address
- 15.11. Getting Input from Another Machine
- 15.12. Redirecting Output for the Life of a Script
- 15.13. Working Around “argument list too long” Errors
- 15.14. Logging to syslog from Your Script
- 15.15. Sending Email from Your Script
- 15.16. Automating a Process Using Phases
- 16. Configuring and Customizing bash
- 16.1. bash Startup Options
- 16.2. Customizing Your Prompt
- 16.3. Change Your $PATH Permanently
- 16.4. Change Your $PATH Temporarily
- 16.5. Setting Your $CDPATH
- 16.6. Shortening or Changing Command Names
- 16.7. Adjusting Shell Behavior and Environment
- 16.8. Adjusting readline Behavior Using .inputrc
- 16.9. Keeping a Private Stash of Utilities by Adding ~/bin
- 16.10. Using Secondary Prompts: $PS2, $PS3, $PS4
- 16.11. Synchronizing Shell History Between Sessions
- 16.12. Setting Shell History Options
- 13. Creating a Better cd Command
- 16.14. Creating and Changing into a New Directory in One Step
- 16.15. Getting to the Bottom of Things
- 16.16. Adding New Features to bash Using Loadable Built-ins
- 16.17. Improving Programmable Completion
- 16.18. Using Initialization Files Correctly
- 16.19. Creating Self-Contained, Portable RC Files
- 16.20. Getting Started with a Custom Configuration
- 17. Housekeeping and Administrative Tasks
- 17.1. Renaming Many Files
- 17.2. Using GNU Texinfo and Info on Linux
- 17.3. Unzipping Many ZIP Files
- 17.4. Recovering Disconnected Sessions Using screen
- 17.5. Sharing a Single bash Session
- 17.6. Logging an Entire Session or Batch Job
- 17.7. Clearing the Screen When You Log Out
- 17.8. Capturing File Metadata for Recovery
- 17.9. Creating an Index of Many Files
- 17.10. Using diff and patch
- 17.11. Counting Differences in Files
- 17.12. Removing or Renaming Files Named with Special Characters
- 17.13. Prepending Data to a File
- 17.14. Editing a File in Place
- 17.15. Using sudo on a Group of Commands
- 17.16. Finding Lines in One File But Not in the Other
- 17.17. Keeping the Most Recent N Objects
- 17.18. Grepping ps Output Without Also Getting the grep Process Itself
- 17.19. Finding Out Whether a Process Is Running
- 17.20. Adding a Prefix or Suffix to Output
- 17.21. Numbering Lines
- 17.22. Writing Sequences
- 17.23. Emulating the DOS Pause Command
- 17.24. Commifying Numbers
- 18. Working Faster by Typing Less
- 19. Tips and Traps: Common Goofs for Novices
- 19.1. Forgetting to Set Execute Permissions
- 19.2. Fixing “No such file or directory” Errors
- 19.3. Forgetting That the Current Directory Is Not in the $PATH
- 19.4. Naming Your Script Test
- 19.5. Expecting to Change Exported Variables
- 19.6. Forgetting Quotes Leads to “command not found” on Assignments
- 19.7. Forgetting That Pattern Matching Alphabetizes
- 19.8. Forgetting That Pipelines Make Subshells
- 19.9. Making Your Terminal Sane Again
- 19.10. Deleting Files Using an Empty Variable
- 19.11. Seeing Odd Behavior from printf
- 19.12. Testing bash Script Syntax
- 19.13. Debugging Scripts
- 19.14. Avoiding “command not found” When Using Functions
- 19.15. Confusing Shell Wildcards and Regular Expressions
- A. Reference Lists
- A.1. bash Invocation
- A.2. Prompt String Customizations
- A.3. ANSI Color Escape Sequences
- A.4. Built-in Commands and Reserved Words
- A.5. Built-in Shell Variables
- A.6. set Options
- A.7. shopt options
- A.8. Adjusting Shell Behavior Using set, shopt, and Environment Variables
- A.9. Test Operators
- A.10. I/O Redirection
- A.11. echo Options and Escape Sequences
- A.12. printf
- A.13. Date and Time String Formatting with strftime
- A.14. Pattern-Matching Characters
- A.15. extglob Extended Pattern-Matching Operators
- A.16. tr Escape Sequences
- A.17. Readline Init File Syntax
- A.18. emacs Mode Commands
- A.19. vi Control Mode Commands
- A.20. Table of ASCII Values
- B. Examples Included with bash
- C. Command-Line Processing
- D. Revision Control
- E. Building bash from Source
- Index
- About the Authors
- Colophon
- Copyright
Use the pwd built-in command, or set a more useful prompt (as in Customizing Your Prompt). For example:
bash-2.03$ pwd /tmp bash-2.03$ export PS1='[u@h w]$ ' [jp@solaris8 /tmp]$
pwd stands for print working
directory and takes two options. -L displays
your logical path and is the default. -P displays your physical location, which may
differ from your logical path if you have followed a symbolic link.The
cd command also provides the -P
and -L switches.
bash-2.03$ pwd /tmp/dir2 bash-2.03$ pwd -L /tmp/dir2 bash-2.03$ pwd -P /tmp/dir1
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