Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Size and Shape

1.3 Size Distribution

1.4 Chemical Composition

1.5 Measurements and Sampling

References

Chapter 2: Aerosol Dynamics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 General Dynamic Equation

2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation

2.4 Growth by Condensation

2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration

2.6 Deposition Mechanisms

2.7 Resuspension

References

Chapter 3: Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling

3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations

3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Aerosol Instrumentation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 General Strategy

4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport

4.4 Integral Moment Measurement

4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement

4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement

4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement

4.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Filtration Mechanisms

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Deposition Mechanisms

5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency

5.4 Filter Randomness

5.5 Applications

5.6 Conclusions

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 6: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing

6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing

6.4 Summary and Future Requirements

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Atmospheric Particle Nucleation

7.1 General Relevance

7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles

7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation

7.4 Laboratory Experiments

7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 8: Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions

8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts

8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions

8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect)

8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect)

8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates

8.8 The Way Forward

References

Chapter 9: Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols

9.1 Background

9.2 Size Fractions

9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important?

9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution?

9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols

9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs

9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body

9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure

9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure

9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 10: Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment

10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition

10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung

10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles

10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy

10.7 Product Performance Testing

10.8 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 11: Bioaerosols and Hospital Infections

11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections

11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals

11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems

11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals

11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control

11.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Nanostructured Material Synthesis in the Gas Phase

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis

12.3 Flame Synthesis

12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis

12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis

12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion

12.7 Spark Discharge

12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures

12.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: The Safety of Emerging Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials

13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials

13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials

13.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Environmental Health in Built Environments

14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments

14.2 Particulate Contaminants

14.3 Gas Contaminants

References

Chapter 15: Particle Emissions from Vehicles

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies

15.3 Particle Formation

15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions

15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques

15.6 Amelioration Techniques

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 16: Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere

16.3 Transport in the Earth's Boundary Layer

16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere

16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes

16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary History

References

Chapter 17: Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight

17.1 Introduction

17.2 UV Radiation

17.3 Sunlight

17.4 Selected Organisms

17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms

17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation

17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies

17.8 Testing Considerations

17.9 Discussion

References

Chapter 18: Radioactive Aerosols: Tracers of Atmospheric Processes

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols

18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes

18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change

18.5 Conclusion

References

Index