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by Ian Colbeck, Mihalis Lazaridis
Aerosol Science: Technology and Applications
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Size and Shape
1.3 Size Distribution
1.4 Chemical Composition
1.5 Measurements and Sampling
References
Chapter 2: Aerosol Dynamics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Dynamic Equation
2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation
2.4 Growth by Condensation
2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration
2.6 Deposition Mechanisms
2.7 Resuspension
References
Chapter 3: Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling
3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations
3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4: Aerosol Instrumentation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Strategy
4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport
4.4 Integral Moment Measurement
4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement
4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement
4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Filtration Mechanisms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Deposition Mechanisms
5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency
5.4 Filter Randomness
5.5 Applications
5.6 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 6: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing
6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing
6.4 Summary and Future Requirements
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: Atmospheric Particle Nucleation
7.1 General Relevance
7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation
7.4 Laboratory Experiments
7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges
References
Chapter 8: Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions
8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts
8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions
8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect)
8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect)
8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates
8.8 The Way Forward
References
Chapter 9: Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols
9.1 Background
9.2 Size Fractions
9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important?
9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution?
9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols
9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs
9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body
9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure
9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure
9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment
10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition
10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung
10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles
10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy
10.7 Product Performance Testing
10.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 11: Bioaerosols and Hospital Infections
11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections
11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals
11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems
11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals
11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Nanostructured Material Synthesis in the Gas Phase
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis
12.3 Flame Synthesis
12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis
12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis
12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion
12.7 Spark Discharge
12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures
12.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: The Safety of Emerging Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials
13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Environmental Health in Built Environments
14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments
14.2 Particulate Contaminants
14.3 Gas Contaminants
References
Chapter 15: Particle Emissions from Vehicles
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies
15.3 Particle Formation
15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions
15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques
15.6 Amelioration Techniques
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere
16.3 Transport in the Earth's Boundary Layer
16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere
16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes
16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary History
References
Chapter 17: Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight
17.1 Introduction
17.2 UV Radiation
17.3 Sunlight
17.4 Selected Organisms
17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms
17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation
17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies
17.8 Testing Considerations
17.9 Discussion
References
Chapter 18: Radioactive Aerosols: Tracers of Atmospheric Processes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols
18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes
18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change
18.5 Conclusion
References
Index
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