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Appendix A: Filters for Light Balancing and Color Compensating
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Appendix A: Filters for Light Balancing and Color Compensating
by Richard Ferncase
Basic Lighting Worktext for Film and Video
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgments
CHAPTER ONE THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM
Introduction
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
White Light
Specular and Diffused Light
Properties of Light
Reflection
Absorption
Transmission
Refraction
Self-Study
Project 1.1: Splitting White Light
Project 1.2: Properties of Visible Light
CHAPTER TWO FILM AND EXPOSURE
Introduction
How Film Works
Negative and Reversal Films
Sensitometry
Exposure Index
The Characteristic Curve
Film Speed
Latitude
Pushing Film
Flashing Film
Reciprocity
Film Storage
Self-Study
Project 2.1: Using Fast and Slow Films
CHAPTER THREE USING ELECTRICITY
Introduction
Elements of Electricity
Electrical Units
Direct Current
Circuits
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
Resistance, Voltage Drop, and Color Temperature
Cables and Connectors
Self-Study
Project 3.1: Location Preview—Determining Electrical Loads
CHAPTER FOUR VIDEO, THE ELECTRONIC MEDIUM
Introduction
Video and Film Compared
Video Imaging
The Pickup Tube
The Charge-Coupled Device
Light Levels
Contrast Ratio
The Waveform Monitor
Self-Study
Project 4.1: Using the Waveform Monitor
CHAPTER FIVE CONTROLLING COLOR TEMPERATURE: LIGHT SOURCES AND FILTERS
Introduction
Color Temperature
The Kelvin Scale
Variance of Color Temperature
Photographic Daylight
Tungsten Illumination
Standard Incandescent Lamps
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
How the Fluorescent Lamp Works
Color Temperature Problems
Carbon Arc Lamps
Enclosed Arc Lamps
HMI Lamps
Industrial Discharge Lamps
Filters
General Purpose Filters
Color-Balancing Filters
Filtering Fluorescent Lamps
Filtering Arc-Type Lamps
Self-Study
Project 5.1: Identifying Artificial Sources
Project 5.2: Using Color-Balancing and Color-Compensating Filters
CHAPTER SIX CONTROLLING LIGHT QUALITY: LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
Introduction
Light Quality
Controlling Light Quality
The Lighting Fixture
Lensed Fixtures
Reflector Design
Lens Design
The Ellipsoidal Fixture
The Follow Spot
The Fresnel Fixture
Sealed-Beam (PAR) Lamps
Open-Faced Fixtures
Prime and Compact Fixtures
Scoop and Broad Fixtures
Softlight Fixtures
Background Fixtures
Safety Precautions
Lighting Accessories
Fixture-Mounted Accessories
Gobos
Reflectors
Other Accessories
Expendables
Self-Study
Project 6.1: Qualities of Various Fixtures and Accessories
CHAPTER SEVEN MEASURING LIGHT INTENSITY
Introduction
Photometry
Incident Light
Lumens and Watts
The Inverse Square Law
Reflected Light
The Exposure Meter
Light Meter Designs
Reflected Light Meters
Spot Meters
Through-the-Lens Meters
Incident Meters
Care and Feeding of Light Meters
Self-Study
Project 7.1: lntepreting Reflected Meter Readings
CHAPTER EIGHT MANIPULATING LIGHT: DIRECTION AND BALANCE
Introduction
The Key Light and Key Light Placement
Front-Back Key Placement
High-Low Key Placement
Hard-Soft Key Quality
Balance
Measuring the Lighting Ratio
The Separation Light
The Background Light
Self-Study
Project 8.1: Setting Light Ratios
CHAPTER NINE LIGHTING CONCEPTS IN PRACTICE
Introduction
Lighting Style
High-Key Lighting
Low-Key Lighting
Modulated Value Lighting
Project 9.1: Three Styles for Motivated Interior Window Lighting
Basic Lighting Configurations
Basic Three-Point Setup
The Controlled Interview
Project 9.2: Lighting an Interview
Cross-Key Lighting
Project 9.3: Cross-Key Lighting
Semicontrolled Action
Project 9.4: 360° Lighting
CHAPTER TEN LIGHTING IN THE STUDIO
Introduction
The Production Crew
The Studio
The Television Studio vs. The Motion Picture Soundstage
The Cyclorama
Project 10.1: The Limbo Effect
Day Interiors
Lighting Designs
Project 10.2: High-Key Living Room—Afternoon
Project 10.3: Bedroom Side Lighting—Early Morning
Night Interiors
Project 10.4: The Night Office
Project 10.5: Living Room Cross-Key Lighting—Evening
Night Exteriors
Project 10.6: Moonlit Night by a Campfire
CHAPTER ELEVEN LIGHTING ON LOCATION
Introduction
Location Scouting and Planning
Day Exteriors
Project 11.1: Lighting a Daylight Exterior
Night Exteriors
Day-for-Night
Night-for-Night
Using Ambient Sources
Project 11.2: Night Exterior—Sidewalk on a Residential Street
Day Interiors
Project 11.3: Balancing Sources in a Daytime Office
Pre-Rigging
The Location Lighting Grid
Lighting a Controlled Group
Project 11.4: Lighting a Controlled Croup (Table)
Lighting in the Real World
Appendix A: Filters for Light Balancing and Color Compensating
Appendix B: Some Additional Rosco Filters for Special Applications
Glossary
Bibliography
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CHAPTER ELEVEN LIGHTING ON LOCATION
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Appendix B: Some Additional Rosco Filters for Special Applications
APPENDIX A
Filters for Light Balancing and Color Compensating
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