NOTES
Preface
1. D. Lanham and A. Liu, “Not Just a Typographical Change: Why Brookings Is Capitalizing Black,” Brookings, September 23, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/brookingscapitalizesblack/.
2. History.com editors, “Emmett Till,” History, December 2, 2009, updated May 2, 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/emmett-till-1.
3. NewsOne Staff, “83 Black Men and Boys Killed by Police,” NewsOne, June 2, 2020, https://newsone.com/playlist/black-men-boy-who-were-killed-by-police/item/1.
Introduction
1. J. Williams, “IM NOT OK : Jumaane Williams on George Floyd, ahmaud arbery and Trump.” YouTube Video, 4:10. May 28, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM-lLIt2oHM
2. “H.R.5309–116th Congress (2019–2020),” https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/5309/text.
3. R. DiAngelo, White Fragility (Boston: Beacon, 2018).
4. J. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Dial, 1963), 24.
Chapter One
1. “Brown v. Board of Education,” Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court, accessed April 8, 2020, https://www.landmarkcases.org/cases/brown-v-board-of-education.
2. E. N. Winkler, “Children Are Not Colorblind: How Young Children Learn Race,” PACE, no. 3 (2009), https://inclusions.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Children-are-Not-Colorblind.pdf.
3. History.com editors, “Niagara Movement,” History, December 2, 2009, updated August 21, 2018, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/niagara-movement.
4. B. Griggs, “A black Yale graduate student took a nap in her dorm’s common room. So a white student called police,” May 12, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/us/yale-student-napping-black-trnd/index.html.
5. Open Mic Rochester and City Newspaper, “Frederick Douglass’s Rochester,” https://rocdouglass.com/.
6. V. M. Massie, “White Women Benefit Most from Affirmative Action and Are among Its Fiercest Opponents,” Vox, June 23, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11682950fisher-supreme-court-white-women-affirmative-action.
7. E. L. Green, M. Apuzzo, and K. Benner, “Trump Officials Reverse Obama’s Policy on Affirmative Action in Schools,” New York Times, July 3, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/03/us/politics/trump-affirmative-action-race-schools.html.
8. A. Brown, “Key Findings on Americans’ Views of Race in 2019,” Pew Research Center, April 9, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/09/key-findings-on-americans-views-of-race-in-2019/.
Chapter Two
1. I. X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (New York: Bold Type Books, 2017).
2. “The 1619 Project,” https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html.
3. C. Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide (New York: Bloomsbury, 2017).
4. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Free Press, 1998).
5. M. Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (New York: Penguin Books, 2008).
6. H. Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2015).
7. N. I. Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
8. M. F. Winters, We Can’t Talk about That at Work! How to Talk about Race, Religion, Politics, and Other Polarizing Topics (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2017).
9. M. F. Winters, Inclusive Conversations: Fostering Equity, Empathy, and Belonging across Differences (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2020).
10. M. Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2012).
11. J. McWhorter, “‘Racist’ Is a Tough Little Word,” Atlantic, July 24, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/racism-concept-change/594526/.
12. L. King, “Black History as Anti-racist and Non-racist,” in But I Don’t See Color: The Perils, Practices, and Possibilities of Antiracist Education, ed. Terry Husband (Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016), 63–79.
13. O. Jones, “Ibram X Kendi on Why Not Being Racist Is Not Enough,” Guardian, August 14, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/ibram-x-kendi-on-why-not-being-racist-is-not-enough.
14. “Racism Defined,” Dismantling Racism Works Web Workbook, January 2020, http://www.dismantlingracism.org/racism-defined.html.
15. “Racism Defined,” Dismantling Racism Works Web Workbook, January 2020, http://www.dismantlingracism.org/racism-defined.html.
Chapter Three
1. R. Booth and C. Barr, “Black People Four Times More Likely to Die from Covid-19, ONS Finds,” Guardian, May 7, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/black-people-four-times-more-likely-to-die-from-covid-19-ons-finds.
2. M. Kelly, “Civil Rights Legislation and Supreme Court Cases,” ThoughtCo., updated November 20, 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-civil-rights-legislation-supreme-court-104388.
3. J. Ross and National Journal, “African-Americans with College Degrees Are Twice as Likely to Be Unemployed as Other Graduates,” Atlantic, May 27, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/05/african-americans-with-college-degrees-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-unemployed-as-other-graduates/430971/.
4. N. Lakhani, “America Has an Infant Mortality Crisis. Meet the Black Doulas Trying to Change That,” Guardian, November 25, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/25/african-american-doula-collective-mothers-toxic-stress-racism-cleveland-infant-mortality-childbirth.
5. E. Gould, “Stark Black–White Divide in Wages Is Widening Further,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, February 27, 2019, https://www.epi.org/blog/stark-black-white-divide-in-wages-is-widening-further/.
6. “Median Value of Family Net Worth, by Race or Ethnicity, 2016,” Tax Policy Center, March 11, 2019, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/fiscal-fact/median-value-wealth-race-ff03112019.
7. V. Wilson, “10 Years after the Start of the Great Recession, Black and Asian households Have Yet to Recover Lost Income,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, September 12, 2018, https://www.epi.org/blog/10-years-after-the-start-of-the-great-recession-black-and-asian-households-have-yet-to-recover-lost-income/.
8. K. Zaw et al., Women, Race & Wealth, vol. 1, Research Brief Series (Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center for Community Economic Development, January 2017), http://www.insightcced.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/January2017_ResearchBriefSeries_WomenRaceWealth-Volume1-Pages-1.pdf.
9. C. Collins, D. Asante-Muhammad, J. Hoxie, and S. Terry, “Dreams Deferred,” 2019, https://inequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IPS_RWD-Report_FINAL-1.15.19.pdf.
10. A. Elejalde-Ruiz, “Hiring Bias Study: Resumes with Black, White, Hispanic Names Treated the Same,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 2016, https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-bias-hiring-0504-biz-20160503-story.html.
11. A. Hanks, D. Solomon, and C. E. Weller, “Systematic Inequality,” Center for American Progress, February 21, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2018/02/21/447051/systematic-inequality/.
12. V. Wilson, “Black Unemployment Is Significantly Higher Than White Unemployment Regardless of Educational Attainment,” Economic Policy Institute, December 17, 2015, https://www.epi.org/publication/black-unemployment-educational-attainment/.
13. “Unemployment Rate 3.6 Percent in April 2019, Lowest since December 1969,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 8, 2019, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/unemployment-rate-3-point-6-percent-in-april-2019-lowest-since-december-1969.htm.
14. A. Glantz and E. Martinez, “Modern-Day Redlining: Banks Discriminate in Lending,” Reveal, February 15, 2018, https://www.revealnews.org/article/for-people-of-color-banks-are-shutting-the-door-to-homeownership/.
15. “Demographic Trends and Economic Well-Being,” Pew Research Center, June 27, 2016, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/1-demographic-trends-and-economic-well-being/.
16. “Community Reinvestment Act,” FFIEC, accessed February 27, 2020, https://www.ffiec.gov/cra/.
17. B. Mock, “Is Gentrification a National Emergency?,” Bloomberg CityLab, April 5, 2019, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/04/where-gentrification-happens-neighborhood-crisis-research/586537/.
18. National Fair Housing Alliance, The Case for Fair Housing: 2017 Fair Housing Trends Report (Washington, DC: National Fair Housing Alliance, 2017), 6, https://nationalfairhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/TRENDS-REPORT-2017-FINAL.pdf.
19. K. Shakir, “GENTRIFICATION IS “NEGRO REMOVAL”: A PARASITICALLY VICIOUS ATTACK AGAINST POC COMMUNITIES,”
20. J. Williams and V. Wilson, “Black Workers Endure Persistent Racial Disparities in Employment Outcomes,” Economic Policy Institute, August 27, 2019, https://www.epi.org/publication/labor-day-2019-racial-disparities-in-employment/.
21. Center for Talent Innovation, Being Black in Corporate America: An Intersectional Exploration (Center for Talent Innovation, 2019), https://www.talentinnovation.org/_private/assets/BeingBlack-KeyFindings-CTI.pdf.
22. “Who We Are,” Ascend, accessed February 21, 2020, https://www.ascendleadership.org/page/whoweare.
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24. A. Brown and S. Atske, “Blacks Have Made Gains in U.S. Political Leadership, but Gaps Remain,” Pew Research Center, January 18, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/18/blacks-have-made-gains-in-u-s-political-leadership-but-gaps-remain/.
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28. History.com editors, “Voting Rights Act of 1965,” History, November 9, 2009, updated June 6, 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act.
29. “Top Court Strikes Down Part of Voting Rights Act,” CNBC, June 25, 2013, https://www.cnbc.com/id/100842178.
30. R. Ray and M. Whitlock, “Setting the record straight on Black voter turnout,” September 12, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2019/09/12/setting-the-record-straight-on-black-voter-turnout/.
31. D. Solomon, C. Maxwell, and A. Castro, “Systematic Inequality and Economic Opportunity,” August 7, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2019/08/07/472910/systematic-inequality-economic-opportunity/.
32. D. Solomon, C. Maxwell, and A. Castro, “Systematic Inequality and Economic Opportunity,” August 7, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2019/08/07/472910/systematic-inequality-economic-opportunity/.
33. D. Solomon, C. Maxwell, and A. Castro, “Systematic Inequality and Economic Opportunity,” August 7, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2019/08/07/472910/systematic-inequality-economic-opportunity/.
34. J. Cobb, “The Supreme Court Just Legitimized a Cornerstone Element of Voter Suppression,” New Yorker, July 3, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-supreme-court-just-legitimized-a-cornerstone-element-of-voter-suppression).
35. L. Noe-Bustamante, A. Budiman, and M. H. Lopez, “Where Latinos Have the Most Eligible Voters in the 2020 Election,” Pew Research Center, January 31, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/31/where-latinos-have-the-most-eligible-voters-in-the-2020-election/.
36. J. Boschma and R. Brownstein, “Students of Color Are Much More Likely to Attend Schools Where Most of Their Peers Are Poor,” Atlantic, February 29, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/.
37. E. Lieb, “Which Came First: Segregated Schools or Segregated Neighborhoods?,” Bloomberg CityLab, February 2, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/02/how-segregated-schools-built-segregated-cities/515373/.
38. N. McArdle and D. Acevedo-Garcia, “Consequences of Segregation for Children’s Opportunity and Wellbeing” (paper presented at “A Shared Future: Fostering Communities of Inclusion in an Era of Inequality,” Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, April 2017), https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/a_shared_future_consequences_of_segregation_for_children.pdf.
39. A. S. Wells, L. Fox, and D. Cordova-Cobo, “How Racially Diverse Schools and Classrooms Can Benefit All Students,” Century Foundation, February 9, 2016, https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/?agreed=1&session=1.
40. “Nonwhite School Districts Get $23 Billion Less Than White Districts Despite Serving the Same Number of Students,” EdBuild, accessed February 27, 2020, https://edbuild.org/content/23-billion.
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42. C. Jencks and M. Phillips, “The Black-White Test Score Gap: Why It Persists and What Can Be Done,” Brookings, March 1, 1998, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-black-white-test-score-gap-why-it-persists-and-what-can-be-done/.
43. “K-12 Disparity Facts and Statistics,” https://uncf.org/pages/k-12-disparity-facts-and-stats.
44. “K-12 Disparity Facts and Statistics,” https://uncf.org/pages/k-12-disparity-facts-and-stats.
45. “K-12 Disparity Facts and Statistics,” https://uncf.org/pages/k-12-disparity-facts-and-stats.
46. R. Miller, “Betsy DeVos Uses a Racist Research Study to Defend Rescinding Obama-Era Discipline Guidance,” Progressive, April 11, 2019, https://progressive.org/public-school-shakedown/betsy-devos-uses-racist-research-study-miller-190411/.
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50. B. Mock, “Reversing the ‘Reverse Racism’ Effect,” Bloomberg CityLab, February 8, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/02/is-reverse-racism-among-police-real/513503/.
51. NewsOne Staff, “83 Black Men and Boys Killed by Police,” NewsOne, June 2, 2020, https://newsone.com/playlist/black-men-boy-who-were-killed-by-police/item/1/.
52. A. Sastry and K. G. Bates, “When LA Erupted in Anger: A Look Back at the Rodney King Riots,” NPR, April 26, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots.
53. J. Fritsch, “The Diallo Verdict: The Overview; 4 Officers in Diallo Shooting Are Acquitted of All Charges,” New York Times, February 26, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/26/nyregion/diallo-verdict-overview-4-officers-diallo-shooting-are-acquitted-all-charges.html.
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55. B. Everett, “Rand Paul Battles Kamala Harris and Cory Booker on Anti-lynching Bill,” Politico, June 4, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/04/rand-paul-anti-lynching-bill-301617.
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Chapter Four
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33. J. C. Williams, “Black Americans Don’t Trust Our Healthcare System—Here’s Why,” The Hill, August 24, 2017, https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/healthcare/347780-black-americans-dont-have-trust-in-our-healthcare-system.
34. N. Martin and R. Montagne, “Black Mothers Keep Dying after Giving Birth. Shalon Irving’s Story Explains Why,” NPR, December 7, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/12/07/568948782/black-mothers-keep-dying-after-giving-birth-shalon-irvings-story-explains-why.
35. “About the IAT,” Project Implicit, accessed March 16, 2020, https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/iatdetails.html.
36. K. Brooks, “Research Shows Food Deserts More Abundant in Minority Neighborhoods,” Johns Hopkins Magazine, Spring 2014, https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2014/spring/racial-food-deserts/.
37. V. R. Newkirk II, “Trump’s EPA Concludes Environmental Racism Is Real,” Atlantic, February 28, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/the-trump-administration-finds-that-environmental-racism-is-real/554315/.
38. S. L. Hayes et al., “Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference?,” Commonwealth Fund, August 24, 2017, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/reducing-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-access-care-has.
39. S. Artiga, K. Orgera, and A. Damico, “Changes in Health Coverage by Race and Ethnicity since the ACA, 2010–2018,” Kaiser Family Foundation, March 5, 2020, https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/changes-in-health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-since-the-aca-2010-2018/.
40. “Black/African American,” National Alliance on Mental Illness, accessed October 18, 2019, https://www.nami.org/find-support/diverse-communities/african-americans.
41. “Health Disparities: African-American or Black Population,” Cigna, 2016, https://www.cigna.com/static/www-cigna-com/docs/health-care-providers/african-american-health-disparities.pdf.
42. K. Armstrong et al., “Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physician Distrust in the United States” American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 7 (2007): 1283–1289, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080762.
43. “Coronavirus: France Racism Row over Doctors’ Africa Testing Comments,” BBC, April 3, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52151722.
44. R. Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (New York: Crown, 2010).
45. M. Mills, review of Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present, by Harriet A. Washington, Journal of African American History 94, no. 1 (2009): 101–103, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25610054.
46. V. B. Jernigan et al., “An Examination of Cultural Competence Training in US Medical Education Guided by the Tool for Assessing Cultural Competence Training,” Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice 9, no. 3 (2016): 150–167.
47. M. Trent, “AAP Issues First Policy on Racism’s Impact on Child Health and How to Address It,” AAP News, July 29, 2019, https://www.aappublications.org/news/2019/07/29/racism072919.
48. “Importance of Religion in One’s Life by Race/Ethnicity,” Pew Research Center, accessed April 27, 2020, https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/importance-of-religion-in-ones-life/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/.
49. J. Diamant, “Blacks More Likely Than Others in U.S. to Read the Bible Regularly, See It as God’s Word,” Pew Research Center, May 7, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/07/blacks-more-likely-than-others-in-u-s-to-read-the-bible-regularly-see-it-as-gods-word/.
50. R. V. Magee, The Inner Work of Racial Justice: Healing Ourselves and Transforming Our Communities through Mindfulness (New York: TarcherPerigee, 2019), 6.
51. “Historical Perspective,” Safe Black Space, accessed April 4, 2020, https://www.safeblackspace.org/about-us, accessed April 4, 2020.
52. T. Subramanian, “Managing the Toll of DEI Work: Reclaiming ‘Resilience’ & Moving from Paradox to Progress,” Inclusion Solution, January 23, 2020, emphasis in original, http://www.theinclusionsolution.me/managing-the-toll-of-dei-work-reclaiming-resilience-moving-from-paradox-to-progress/.
Chapter Five
1. “Attitudes on Same-Sex Marriage,” Pew Research Center, May 14, 2019, https://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage/.
2. D. Cox, R. Lienesch, and R. P. Jones, “Who Sees Discrimination? Attitudes on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Race, and Immigration Status,” Public Religion Research Institute, June 21, 2017, https://www.prri.org/research/americans-views-discrimination-immigrants-blacks-lgbt-sex-marriage-immigration-reform/.
3. C. Poitras, “The ‘Global Closet’ Is Huge—Vast Majority of World’s Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Population Hide Orientation, YSPH Study Finds,” Yale School of Medicine, June 13, 2019, https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/20510/.
4. E. Kozuch, “HRC Report: Startling Data Reveals Half of LGBTQ Employees in the U.S. Remain Closeted at Work,” Human Rights Campaign, June 25, 2018, https://www.hrc.org/blog/hrc-report-startling-data-reveals-half-of-lgbtq-employees-in-us-remain-clos.
5. P. Williams, “In Landmark Case, Supreme Court Rules LGBTQ Workers Are Protected from Job discrimination,” NBC News, June 15, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-existing-civil-rights-law-protects-gay-lesbian-n1231018.
6. J. H. Katz, “Heterosexual Privilege: Owning My Advantage, Uncovering My Collusion,” Cultural Diversity at Work 10, no. 2 (November 1997): 7.
7. K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum, no. 1 1989): 139–167, https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8.
8. S. Allen, “1 in 5 Non-binary People Denied Medical Treatment Based on Their Identity,” Daily Beast, January 10, 2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/1-in-5-non-binary-people-denied-medical-treatment-based-on-their-identity.
9. S. McBride, “HRC Releases Annual Report on Epidemic of Antitransgender Violence,” Human Rights Campaign, November 18, 2019, https://www.hrc.org/blog/hrc-releases-annual-report-on-epidemic-of-anti-transgender-violence-2019.
10. C. L. Gonzalez, “Study: Women of Color Living in Poverty Face Highest Risk of Eviction,” Colorlines, April 9, 2018, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/study-women-color-living-poverty-face-highest-risk-eviction.
11. M. Desmond, “Poor Black Women Are Evicted at Alarming Rates, Setting Off a Chain of Hardship,” policy research brief, MacArthur Foundation, March 2014, https://www.macfound.org/media/files/HHM_Research_Brief_-_Poor_Black_Women_Are_Evicted_at_Alarming_Rates.pdf.
12. “Why Eviction Matters,” Eviction Lab, accessed April 20, 2020, https://evictionlab.org/why-eviction-matters/.
13. C. L. Gonzalez, “Study: Women of Color Living in Poverty Face Highest Risk of Eviction,” Colorlines, April 9, 2018, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/study-women-color-living-poverty-face-highest-risk-eviction.
14. H. Matthews et al., Implementing the Child Care and Development Block Grant Reauthorization: A Guide for States (Washington, DC: National Women’s Law Center and Center for Law and Social Policy, 2017), 2, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED561773.pdf.
15. K. Capps, “A Brief History of Donald Trump’s War on Welfare,” Bloomberg CityLab, April 12, 2018, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/04/trump-work-requirements-housing-medicaid-snap-federal-aid/557747/.
16. C. R. Emery, “I Am a Black Woman with a Disability. Hear Me Roar,” Time, July 20, 2016, https://time.com/4401986/black-disabled-woman-power/.
Chapter Six
1. C. Maxwell and D. Solomon, “Mass Incarceration, Stress, and Black Infant Mortality,” Center for American Progress, June 5, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2018/06/05/451647/mass-incarceration-stress-black-infant-mortality/.
2. K. Patrick, “National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women & Families, 2016,” fact sheet, National Women’s Law Center, September 2017, https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Poverty-Snapshot-Factsheet-2017.pdf.
3. M. S. Jacobs, “The Violent State: Black Women’s Invisible Struggle against Police Violence,” William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 24, no. 1 (2017): 39–100, https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol24/iss1/4.
4. K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum, no. 1 1989): 139–167, https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/issi/8.
5. African American Policy Forum and Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women (New York: African American Policy Forum and Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, July 2015), http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/560c068ee4b0af26f72741df/1443628686535/AAPF_SMN_Brief_Full_singles-min.pdf.
6. “Black Women & Domestic Violence,” Blackburn Center, February 26, 2020, https://www.blackburncenter.org/post/2020/02/26/black-women-domestic-violence.
7. K. W. Savali, “Black Women Have Fought Tirelessly to Protect Our Communities While Placing Our Lives on the Back Burner. No More. It’s Time to Prioritize Ourselves,” Essence, November 8, 2018, https://www.essence.com/news/politics/a-culture-of-silence/.
8. J. A. Degruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing (n.p.: Joy Degruy Publications, 2005), 9.
9. K. Cox and J. Diamant, “Black Men Are Less Religious Than Black Women, but More Religious Than White Women and Men,” Pew Research Center, September 26, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/26/black-men-are-less-religious-than-black-women-but-more-religious-than-white-women-and-men/.
10. C. G. Ellison, M. A. Musick, and A. K. Henderson, “Balm in Gilead: Racism, Religious Involvement, and Psychological Distress among African-American Adults,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47, no. 2 (2008): 291–309, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20486913.
11. B. Kesslen, “Aunt Jemima Brand to Change Name, Remove Image That Quaker Says Is ‘Based on a Racial Stereotype,’” NBC News, June 17, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/aunt-jemima-brand-will-change-name-remove-image-quaker-says-n1231260.
12. A. G. Bauer et al., “Do Black Women’s Religious Beliefs about Body Image Influence Their Confidence in Their Ability to Lose Weight?,” Preventing Chronic Disease 14 (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170153.
13. G. H. Awad et al., “Beauty and Body Image Concerns among African American College Women,” Journal of Black Psychology 41, no. 6 (2015): 540–564, https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414550864.
14. S. Reidy and M. Kanigiri, “How Are Ethnic Hairstyles Really Viewed in the Workplace?,” ILR School, Cornell University, 2016, https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=student.
15. A. Folley, “Gabrielle Union Reportedly Fired from ‘America’s Got Talent’ after Being Told Her Hairstyles Were ‘Too Black’: Report,” The Hill, November 27, 2019, https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/472362-gabrielle-union-told-her-hairstyles-were-too-black-for-americas.
16. “Black Women and the Wage Gap,” fact sheet, National Partnership for Women and Families, March 2020, https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/economic-justice/fair-pay/african-american-women-wage-gap.pdf.
17. S. O’Brien, “Here’s How the Wage Gap Affects Black Women,” CNBC, August 22, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/22/heres-how-the-gender-wage-gap-affects-this-minority-group.html.
18. A. Hegewisch and H. Hartmann, “The Gender Wage Gap: 2018 Earnings Differences by Race and Ethnicity,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, March 7, 2019, https://iwpr.org/publications/gender-wage-gap-2018/.
19. N. Banks, “Black Women’s Labor Market History Reveals Deep-Seated Race and Gender Discrimination,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, February 19, 2019, https://www.epi.org/blog/black-womens-labor-market-history-reveals-deep-seated-race-and-gender-discrimination/.
20. G. B. White, “Black Women: Supporting Their Families—with Few Resources,” Atlantic, June 12, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/06/black-women-economy/530022/.
21. N. Banks, “Black Women’s Labor Market History Reveals Deep-Seated Race and Gender Discrimination,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, February 19, 2019, https://www.epi.org/blog/black-womens-labor-market-history-reveals-deep-seated-race-and-gender-discrimination/.
22. Center for Talent Innovation, Being Black in Corporate America: An Intersectional Exploration (Center for Talent Innovation, 2019), https://fearlesstalentdev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Being-Black-KeyFindings-Center-Talent-Innovation.pdf.
23. B. J. Harris, “Demystifying Internalized Oppression: On Being an ‘Angry Black Woman,’” Inclusion Solution, August 15, 2019, http://www.theinclusionsolution.me/demystifying-internalized-oppression-on-being-an-angry-black-woman/.
24. D. J. Travis and J. Thorpe-Moscon, Day-to-Day Experiences of Emotional Tax among Women and Men of Color in the Workplace (Catalyst, February 15, 2018), https://www.catalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/emotionaltax.pdf.
25. D. J. Travis, J. Thorpe-Moscon, and C. McCluney, “Emotional Tax: How Black Women and Men Pay More at Work and How Leaders Can Take Action,” Catalyst, October 11, 2016, https://www.catalyst.org/research/emotional-tax-how-black-women-and-men-pay-more-at-work-and-how-leaders-can-take-action/.
26. “Racial and Gender Bias at Work Harmful for Women of Color and their Health,” February 15, 2018, https://www.catalyst.org/media-release/racial-and-gender-bias-at-work-harmful-for-women-of-color-and-their-health/.
27. D. J. Travis and J. Thorpe-Moscon, Day-to-Day Experiences of Emotional Tax among Women and Men of Color in the Workplace (Catalyst, February 15, 2018) 15. https://www.catalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/emotionaltax.pdf.
28. McKinsey & Company and Lean In, Women in the Workplace, 2019, (McKinsey & Company and Lean In, 2019), https://wiw-report.s3.amazonaws.com/Women_in_the_Workplace_2019_print.pdf.
29. M. Cheng, “Why Minority Women Now Control Nearly Half of All Women-Run Businesses,” Inc., November 2018, https://www.inc.com/magazine/201811/michelle-cheng/minority-women-entrepreneur-founder-womenable.html.
30. D. W. Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley).
31. E. L. J. Bell Smith and S. M. Nkomo, Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2001).
32. “An Examination of the 2016 Electorate, Based on Validated Voters,” Pew Research Center, August 9, 2018, https://www.people-press.org/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on-validated-voters/.
33. R. E. Cargle, “When Feminism Is White Supremacy in Heels,” Harper’s Bazaar, August 16, 2018, https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a22717725/what-is-toxic-white-feminism/.
34. R. DiAngelo, White Fragility (Boston: Beacon, 2018).
35. J. Wiggins and K. J. Anderson, From Sabotage to Support: A New Vision for Feminist Solidarity in the Workplace (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2019), 90.
36. D. R. Hekman et al., “Does Diversity-Valuing Behavior Result in Diminished Performance Ratings for Non-white and Female Leaders?,” Academy of Management Journal 60, no. 2 (2016): 771–797, https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0538.
37. S. K. Johnson and D. R. Hekman, “Women and Minorities Are Penalized for Promoting Diversity,” Harvard Business Review, March 23, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/03/women-and-minorities-are-penalized-for-promoting-diversity.
38. J. A. Degruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing (n.p.: Joy Degruy Publications, 2005).
39. J. Wilson, “The Meaning of #BlackGirlMagic, and How You Can Get Some of It,” HuffPost, January 12, 2016, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-black-girl-magic-video_n_5694dad4e4b086bc1cd517f4.
40. F. Jones, “For CaShawn Thompson, Black Girl Magic Was Always the Truth,” Beacon Broadside, February 8, 2019, https://www.beaconbroadside.com/broadside/2019/02/for-cashawn-thompson-black-girl-magic-was-always-the-truth.html.
Chapter Seven
1. R. Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995).
2. R. Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995), 3.
3. D. W. Griffith, dir., The Birth of a Nation (Epoch Producing, 1915).
4. J. R. Winters, Hope Draped in Black: Race, Melancholy, and the Agony of Progress (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016).
5. J. R. Winters, Hope Draped in Black: Race, Melancholy, and the Agony of Progress (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016), 138.
6. D. J. Travis and J. Thorpe-Moscon, Day-to-Day Experiences of Emotional Tax among Women and Men of Color in the Workplace (Catalyst, February 15, 2018), https://www.catalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/emotionaltax.pdf.
7. M. Dittmann, “Standing Tall Pays Off, Study Finds,” Monitor on Psychology 35, no. 7 (2004), http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/standing.
8. T. Jacobs, “The Problem with Being Tall, Male, and Black,” Pacific Standard, February 26, 2018, https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-problem-with-being-tall-male-and-black.
9. “Humanize My Hoodie,” Born Leaders United, accessed June 22, 2020, https://www.bornleadersunited.com/humanize-my-hoodie.
10. “Humanize My Hoodie,” Born Leaders United, accessed June 22, 2020, https://www.bornleadersunited.com/humanize-my-hoodie.
11. S. Banerji, “Study: Darker-Skinned Black Job Applicants Hit More Obstacles,” Diverse Issues in Higher Education, August 31, 2006, https://diverseeducation.com/article/6306/.
12. A. Ben-Zeev et al., “When an ‘Educated’ Black Man Becomes Lighter in the Mind’s Eye: Evidence for a Skin Tone Memory Bias,” SAGE Open 4, no. 1 (January 2014), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013516770.
13. S. Devaraj, N. R. Quigley, and P. C. Patel, “The Effects of Skin Tone, Height, and Gender on Earnings,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 1 (2018): e0190640, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190640.
14. D. J. Travis and J. Thorpe-Moscon, Day-to-Day Experiences of Emotional Tax among Women and Men of Color in the Workplace (Catalyst, February 15, 2018), https://www.catalyst.org/research/day-to-day-experiences-of-emotional-tax-among-women-and-men-of-color-in-the-workplace/.
15. “About Us,” Intercultural Development Inventory, accessed June 22, 2020, https://idiinventory.com/about-us/.
16. NewsOne staff, “83 Black Men and Boys Killed by Police,” NewsOne, June 2, 2020, https://newsone.com/playlist/black-men-boy-who-were-killed-by-police/item/1.
17. S. Sinyangwe, “Police Killed 1,099 People in 2019,” Mapping Police Violence, accessed April 28, 2020, https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/.
18. A. J. Willingham, “Researchers Studied Nearly 100 Million Traffic Stops and Found Black Motorists Are More Likely to Be Pulled Over,” CNN, March 21, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/21/us/police-stops-race-stanford-study-trnd/index.html.
19. “Race and the Drug War,” Drug Policy Alliance, accessed June 8, 2020, https://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war.
20. “Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System,” Sentencing Project, April 19, 2018, https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/.
21. “Black Marriage in America,” Black Demographics, accessed June 22, 2020, https://blackdemographics.com/households/marriage-in-black-america/.
22. R. Chetty et al., “Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective,” March 2018, http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/race_paper.pdf.
23. G. Lopez, “Report: Black Men Get Longer Sentences for the Same Federal Crime as White Men,” Vox, November 17, 2017, https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/17/16668770/us-sentencing-commission-race-booker.
24. K. L. Gilbert et al., “Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men’s Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health,” Annual Review of Public Health 37 (2016): 295–311, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021556.
25. N. Torres, “Research: Having a Black Doctor Led Black Men to Receive More-Effective Care,” Harvard Business Review, August 10, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/08/research-having-a-black-doctor-led-black-men-to-receive-more-effective-care.
26. H. Neighbors, “‘Manning Up’ Can Often Bring Men Down,” Association of American Medical Colleges, July 14, 2019, https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/manning-can-often-bring-men-down.
27. “Our History,” Confess Project, accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.theconfessproject.com/our-vision-1.
28. Men Thrive homepage, accessed June 25, 2020, https://www.menthrive.com/.
29. R. Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995), 572.
30. J. A. Degruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing (n.p.: Joy Degruy Publications, 2005).
31. K. Crenshaw, “Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew,” Boston Review, accessed April 28, 2020, http://bostonreview.net/archives/BR16.6/crenshaw.html.
32. F. Jones, “Why Black Women Struggle More with Domestic Violence,” Time, September 10, 2014, https://time.com/3313343/ray-rice-black-women-domestic-violence/.
33. “Divorce Statistics: Over 115 Studies, Facts and Rates for 2018,” Wilkinson & Finkbeiner, accessed June 22, 2020, https://www.wf-lawyers.com/divorce-statistics-and-facts/.
34. M. Smiley, “Collective Responsibility,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.), ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-responsibility/.
Chapter Eight
1. “K-12 Disparity Facts and Statistics,” United Negro College Fund, accessed April 30, 2020, https://uncf.org/pages/k-12-disparity-facts-and-stats.
2. “Joint ‘Dear Colleague’ Letter,” Office of Civil Rights, January 8, 2014, https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201401-title-vi.html.
3. “What’s the Racial Breakdown of America’s Public School Teachers?,” The 74, August 4, 2018, https://www.the74million.org/article/whats-the-racial-breakdown-of-americas-public-school-teachers/.
4. K. Weir, “Inequality at School,” Monitor on Psychology 47, no. 10 (2016): 42, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/11/cover-inequality-school.
5. K. Legette, “School Tracking and Youth Self-Perceptions: Implications for Academic and Racial Identity,” Child Development 89, no. 4 (2018): 1311–1327.
6. “Efficacy—a Singular Mission: Move All Children to Rigorous Standards of Academic Proficiency,” Efficacy Institute, accessed June 22, 2020, https://www.efficacy.org/.
7. S. Tatum, “As Learning Moves Online, Coronavirus Highlights a Growing Digital Divide,” ABC News, April 25, 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/learning-moves-online-coronavirus-highlights-growing-digital-divide/story?id=70238572.
8. “The Significance of the ‘Doll Test,’” Legal Defense and Educational Fund, accessed October 20, 2019, https://www.naacpldf.org/ldf-celebrates-60th-anniversary-brown-v-board-education/significance-doll-test/.
9. E. N. Winkler, “Children Are Not Colorblind: How Young Children Learn Race,” PACE 3, no. 3 (2009): 1-8, https://inclusions.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Children-are-Not-Colorblind.pdf.
10. “Children in Poverty by Race and Ethnicity in the United States,” Kids Count Data Center, last updated September 2019, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/44-children-in-poverty-by-race-and-ethnicity#detailed/1/any/false/37,871,870,573,869,36,868,867,133,38/10,11,9,12,1,185,13/324,323.
11. “Children in Single-Parent Families by Race in the United States,” Kids Count Data Center, last updated January 2020, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/107-children-in-single-parent-families-by-race#detailed/1/any/false/37,871,870,573,869,36,868,867,133,38/10,11,9,12,1,185,13/432,431.
12. P. A. Goff et al., “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106, no. 4 (2014): 526–545, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035663.
13. R. Epstein, J. J. Blake, and T. Gonzalez, Girlhood Interrupted: The Erasure of Black Girls’ Childhood (Center on Poverty and Inequality, accessed April 30, 2020), https://www.law.georgetown.edu/poverty-inequality-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/08/girlhood-interrupted.pdf.
14. T. Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2015).
15. “Having ‘the Talk’: Expert Guidance on Preparing Kids for Police Interactions,” NPR, August 27, 2029, https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/08/27/754459083/having-the-talk-expert-guidance-on-preparing-kids-for-police-interactions.
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Chapter Nine
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7. Your Black World, “Shocking List of 10 Companies that Profited from the Slave Trade,” https://www.racism.org/index.php/articles/law-and-justice/citizenship-rights/117-slavery-to-reparations/reparations/1697-reparations1001.
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