NOTES

CHAPTER 1

1    Margaret Kern, Michelle Nava Gielan, Lizbeth Benson, and Martin E. P. Seligman, “The Effects of Positive and Negative News Broadcasts on Cognitive Task Performance” (unpublished manuscript, December 12, 2012), Microsoft Word file.

2    Nancy Signorielli, “Television’s Mean and Dangerous World: A Continuation of the Cultural Indicators Perspective,” in Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research, eds. Nancy Signorielli and Michael J. Morgan (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990), 85–106.

3    “Increase Your Team’s Productivity—It’s FRE(E),” Margaret Greenberg and Senia Maymin, Positive Psychology News Daily, last modified October 4, 2008, http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/margaret-greenberg-and-senia-maymin/200810141081.

4    “Happy Employees Are Critical for an Organization’s Success, Study Shows,” Kansas State University, ScienceDaily, last modified February 4, 2009, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203142512.htm.

5    Seligman, M. E. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Vintage, 2011. Kindle edition.

6    Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., and Achor, S. “Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 4 (2013): 716.

7    Ellen J. Langer, Counterclockwise: Mindful Health and the Power of Possibility (New York: Ballantine Books, 2009).

8    Hochman, David, “Amy Cuddy Takes a Stand,” The New York Times, last modified September 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/fashion/amy-cuddy-takes-a-stand-TED-talk.html?_r=2.

9    Cuddy, A. J. C., Wilmuth, C. A., and Carney, D. R. “The Benefit of Power Posing Before a High-Stakes Social Evaluation.” Harvard Business School Working Paper, no. 13-027, September 2012.

10  Achor, The Happiness Advantage: The Seven Principles of Positive Psychology That Fuel Success and Performance at Work (New York: Crown Business, 2010).

11  Erbentraut, Joseph, “Don’t Believe Everything You’ve Heard about Chicago’s Most ‘Dangerous’ Neighborhood,” Huffington Post, last modified May 23, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/whats-good-in-englewood_n_5360688.html.

12  “Englewood Chicago,” Google Web entry, accessed December 27, 2014, www.google.com.

13  Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., and Young, M. J. “Positive Affect Facilitates Integration of Information and Decreases Anchoring in Reasoning among Physicians.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 72, no. 1 (1997): 117–35.

14  Seligman, Learned Optimism.

15  Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., and Achor, S. “Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 4 (2013): 716.

CHAPTER 2

1    Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., and Burrows, L. “Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, no. 2 (1996): 230–44.

2    Masters, J. C., Barden, R. C., and Ford, M. E. “Affective States, Expressive Behavior, and Learning in Children.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 3 (1979): 380–90.

3    Graham, E. E., Barbato, C. A., and Perse, E. M. “The Interpersonal Communication Motives Model.” Communication Quarterly 41, no. 2 (1993): 172–86.

4    Howell, J. M., Neufeld, D. J., and Avolio, B. J. “Examining the Relationship of Leadership and Physical Distance with Business Unit Performance.” Leadership Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2005): 273–85.

5    Lyons, J. B. and Schneider, T. R. “The Effects of Leadership Style on Stress Outcomes.” Leadership Quarterly 20, no. 5 (2009): 737–48.

6    “Success Stories,” Incentive Research Foundation’s Incentive Invitational 2014, Quick Mobile.com, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.quickmobile.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/IRF-CaseStudy.pdf. Additional details were provided by IRF in an as-yet-unpublished report.

7    Manfred Zimmermann, “Neurophysiology of Sensory Systems,” in Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology, 3rd rev. ed., ed. Robert F. Schmidt (New York: Springer, 1986), 116.

8    Friedman, H. S. and Riggio, R. E. “Effect of Individual Differences in Nonverbal Expressiveness on Transmission of Emotion.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6, no. 2 (1981): 96–104.

9    Bargh, J. A. et al. “Automaticity of Social Behavior,” 230–44.

10  Carr, P. B., and Walton, G. M. “Cues of working together fuel intrinsic motivation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 53 (2014): 169-184.

11  Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N., and Strack, F. “Mood and Persuasion: A Cognitive Response Analysis.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16, no. 2 (1990): 331–45.

12  Lerner, J. S. and Keltner, D. “Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice.” Cognition and Emotion 14, no. 4 (2000): 473–93.

13  Dijksterhuis, A. and Knippenberg, A. “The Relation between Perception and Behavior, or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 4 (1998): 865–77.

14  Vollmann, M., Renner, B., and Weber, H. “Optimism and Social Support: The Providers’ Perspective.” Journal of Positive Psychology 2, no. 3 (2007): 205–15.

15  Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., and Pelled, L. H. “Employee Positive Emotion and Favorable Outcomes in the Workplace.” Organization Science 5, no. 1 (1994): 51–71.

16  If you are familiar with my colleague and husband, Shawn Achor, you have probably heard the famous unicorn story. Yes, Dr. Bobo is Amy the Unicorn’s husband—my brother-in-law. It’s an unforgettable name for sure!

17  “The Healing Power of Laughter,” HMDI Editors, Dr. Stephen Sinatra’s Heart MD Institute, last modified December 30, 2010, http://www.heartmdinstitute.com/health-topics/stress-relief2/89-healing-power-laughter.

18  Bondy, E. and Ketts, S. “‘Like Being at the Breakfast Table’: The Power of Classroom Morning Meeting.” Childhood Education 77, no. 3 (2012): 144–49. doi: 10.1080/00094056.2001.10522149.

19  Roxann Kriete, The Morning Meeting Book (Turners Falls, MA: Northeast Foundation for Children Inc., 1999).

CHAPTER 3

1    Loftus, E. F. and Palmer, J. C. “Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13, no. 5 (1974): 585–89.

2    Solomonow, S., and Gastel, S., “NYC DOT, NYPD Announce New Initiatives to Improve Safety for Pedestrians, Motorists, and Cyclists,” New York City DOT, last modified October 21, 2010, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pr2010/pr10_053.shtml.

3    Black, S. J. and Weiss, M. R. “The Relationship among Perceived Coaching Behaviors, Perceptions of Ability, and Motivation in Competitive Age-Group Swimmers.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14, no. 3 (1992): 309–25.

4    Grant, Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success, (Viking, 2013), 162–67.

5    Krugman, H. E. “Why Three Exposures May Be Enough.” Journal of Advertising Research 12, no. 6 (1972): 11–14.

6    Berger, I. E. “The Influence of Advertising Frequency on Attitude-Behavior Consistency: A Memory-Based Analysis.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 14, no. 4 (1999): 547–68.

7    III Roediger, H. L. and Karpicke, J. D. “Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention.” Psychological Science 17, no. 3 (2006): 249–55.

8    Graham, R. B. “Unannounced Quizzes Raise Test Scores Selectively for Mid-range Students.” Teaching of Psychology 26, no. 4 (1999): 271–73.

9    Dempster, F. N. “Using Tests to Promote Learning: A Neglected Classroom Resource.” Journal of Research and Development in Education 25, no. 4 (1992): 213–17.

CHAPTER 4

1    “Smoking Kid,” created for the Thai Health Promotion Foundation by Ogilvy & Mather Advertising (Bangkok), YouTube.com, uploaded March 26, 2015; and “2012 PR Winners: Smoking Kid,” Spikes Asia 2014, last accessed April 4, 2015, http://www.spikes.asia/winners/2012/pr/entry.cfm?entryid=2150.

2    David L. Cooperrider and Diana Whitney, Appreciative Inquiry: A Positive Revolution in Change (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc., 2005).

3    Diana Whitney et al., “Appreciative Inquiry and Culture Change at GTE: Launching a Positive Revolution,” in Appreciative Inquiry and Organizational Transformation: Reports from the Field, eds. Ronald Fry et al. (Westport: Quorum Books, 2002), 130–42.

4    Ibid, 178.

5    Eichstaedt, J. C. et al. “Psychological Language on Twitter Predicts County-Level Heart Disease Mortality.” Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (2015): 159–69. doi: 10.1177/0956797614557867.

6    Feudtner, C. et al. “Parental Hopeful Patterns of Thinking, Emotions, and Pediatric Palliative Care Decision Making.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 164, no. 9 (2010): 831–39.

CHAPTER 5

1    Age and Fertility: A Guide for Patients Revised, Patient Information Series (Birmingham: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2012). The 2012 report still has the same findings as the 2003 report!

2    Dunson, D. B., Baird, D. D., and Colombo, B. “Increased Infertility with Age in Men and Women.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 103, no. 1, (2004): 51–56.

3    “How Long Can You Wait to Have a Baby?” Jean Twenge, The Atlantic, last modified June 19, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/07/how-long-can-you-wait-to-have-a-baby/309374/2/.

4    Cooperrider, D. L. “Positive Image, Positive Action: The Affirmative Basis of Organizing,” in Appreciative Management and Leadership: The Power of Positive Thought and Action in Organizations, rev. ed., eds. Suresh Srivastva and David L. Cooperrider (Euclid: Williams Custom Publishing, 1999), 91–125.

5    Youssef, C. M. and Luthans, F. “Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience.” Journal of Management 33, no.5 (2007): 774–800.

6    Peterson, C. “The Future of Optimism.” American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000): 44–55.

7    Aspinwall, L. G. and Taylor, S. E. “A Stitch in Time: Self-Regulation and Proactive Coping.” Psychological Bulletin 121, no. 3 (1997): 417–36.

8    Peterson, C. and Barrett, L. C. “Explanatory Style and Academic Performance among University Freshmen.” Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 3 (1987): 603–7.

9    Seligman, M. E. and Schulman, P. “Explanatory Style as a Predictor of Productivity and Quitting among Life Insurance Sales Agents.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 4 (1986): 832–38.

10  Segerstrom, S. C. “Optimism and Resources: Effects on Each Other and on Health over 10 Years.” Journal of Research in Personality 41, no. 4 (2007): 772–86.

11  Puri, M. and Robinson, D. T. “Optimism and Economic Choice.” Journal of Financial Economics 86, no. 1 (2007): 71–99.

12  Seligman, Learned Optimism.

13  Srivastava, S. et al. “Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 1 (2006): 143.

14  Weingarten, H. R. “Marital Status and Well-Being: A National Study Comparing First-Married, Currently Divorced, and Remarried Adults.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 47, no. 3 (1985): 653–62.

15  Christopher Peterson and Lisa M. Bossio, Health and Optimism: New Research on the Relationship between Positive Thinking and Physical Well-Being. (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 1–25.

16  Crum, A. J. et al. “Rethinking Stress,” 716.

CHAPTER 6

1    Uchino, B. N. et al. “Social Relationships and Health: Is Feeling Positive, Negative, or Both (Ambivalent) about Your Social Ties Related to Telomeres?” Health Psychology 31, no. 6 (2012): 789; and Epel, E. S. et al. “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 49 (2004): 17312–15.

2    Wild, B., Erb, M., and Bartels, M. “Are Emotions Contagious? Evoked Emotions while Viewing Emotionally Expressive Faces: Quality, Quantity, Time Course and Gender Differences.” Psychiatry Research 102, no. 2 (2001): 109–24.

3    Barsade, S. G. “The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior.” Administrative Science Quarterly 47, no 4 (2002): 644–75.

4    Elaine Hatfield, John T. Cacioppo, and Richard L. Rapson, Emotional Contagion, Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction Series (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 1–25.

5    Katz, J., Beach, S. R., and Joiner Jr., T. E. “Contagious Depression in Dating Couples.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18, no. 1 (1999): 1–13.

6    “State of the Global Workplace Report 2013: Employee Engagement Insights for Business Leaders Worldwide,” Gallup.com, http://www.gallup.com/services/178517/state-global-workplace.aspx.

7    Watkins, P. C., Uhder, J., and Pichinevskiy, S. “Grateful Recounting Enhances Subjective Well-Being: The Importance of Grateful Processing.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 10, no. 2 (2015): 91–8.

8    Killen, A. and Macaskill, A. “Using a Gratitude Intervention to Enhance Well-Being in Older Adults.” Journal of Happiness Studies (2014): 1–18.

CHAPTER 7

1    Wayne E. Baker, Achieving Success through Social Capital: Tapping the Hidden Resources in Your Personal and Business Networks (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 1–26.

2    Jeffery Pfeffer, Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992).

3    Linda A. Hill, Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992).

4    Legg, A. M. and Sweeney, K. “Do You Want the Good News or the Bad News First? The Nature and Consequences of News Order Preferences.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 3 (2014): 279–88.

5    Iverson, R. D. and Zatzick, C. D. “The Effects of Downsizing on Labor Productivity: The Value of Showing Consideration for Employees’ Morale and Welfare in High-Performance Work Systems.” Human Resource Management 50, no. 1 (2011): 29–44.

6    Lind, E. A., Greenberg, J., Scott, K. S., and Welchans, T. D. “The Winding Road from Employee to Complainant: Situational and Psychological Determinants of Wrongful-Termination Claims.” Administrative Science Quarterly 45, no. 3 (2000): 557–90.

7    O’Reilly, K., “’I’m Sorry’: Why Is It So Hard for Doctors to Say?”, American Medical News, last modified February 1, 2010, http://www.amednews.com/article/20100201/profession/302019937/4/..

CHAPTER 8

1    Anderson, M., “2013 Study: 79% of Consumers Trust Online Reviews As Much As Personal Recommendations,” SearchEngineLand.com, last modified June 26, 2013, http://searchengineland.com/2013-study-79-of-consumers-trust-online-reviews-as-much-as-personal-recommendations-164565.

2    Friedman, H. S. and Riggio, R. E. “Effect of Individual Differences in Nonverbal Expressiveness on Transmission of Emotion.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6, no. 2 (1981): 96–104.

3    “ALS Ice Bucket Challenge—FAQ,” The ALS Association, ALSA. org, accessed January 1, 2015, http://www.alsa.org/about-us/ice-bucket-challenge-faq.html.

4    Berger, J. Milkman, K. L. “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research 49, no. 2 (2011): 192–205.

5    Ibid, 192–205.

6    Shontell, A., “The 30 Most Viral Stories of 2014 Will Make You Shake Your Fists and Scream, ‘Why?!’“, Business Insider, last modified June 23, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/30-most-viral-stories-of-2014–2014-6.

7    Achor, The Happiness Advantage, 176. Kindle edition.

CONCLUSION

1    “Maya Angelou: ‘I’m So Proud’,” CBS segment from The Early Show, YouTube.com, uploaded November 5, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIQPxBUDu8s.

2    Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., and Hancock, J. T. “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 24 (2014): 8788–90.

3    Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007), 114–20.

4    Graham Charlton, “Ecommerce Consumer Reviews: Why You Need Them and How to Use Them,” Econsultancy (blog), June 30, 2012, https://econsultancy.com/blog/9366-ecommerce-consumer-reviews-why-you-need-them-and-how-to-use-them#i.35yv7v2okfp7yq.

5    Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes. New York: Viking Adult, 2012. Kindle edition.

6    Zack Beauchamp, “5 Reasons Why 2013 Was the Best Year in Human History,” ThinkProgress, modified December 12, 2013, http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/.

HOW BROADCASTING HAPPINESS FUELS SUCCESS

1    Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., and Achor, S. “Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031201.

2    Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., and Young, M. J. “Positive Affect Facilitates Integration of Information and Decreases Anchoring in Reasoning among Physicians.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.

3    Margaret Greenberg and Senia Maymin, “Increase Your Team’s Productivity—It’s FRE(E),” Positive Psychology News Daily, last modified October 4, 2008, http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/margaret-greenberg-and-senia-maymin/200810141081.

4    Seligman, M. E. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Vintage, 2011.

THE JOURNALIST MANIFESTO

1    The research supports this approach for the vast majority of products and services. The exceptions fall under a class of products that one might purchase after feeling fear, such as home alarm systems, identity protection, or guns.

2    Singh, S. N. and Churchill, G. A. “Arousal and advertising effectiveness.” Journal of Advertising 16, no. 1 (1987): 4–10.

3    Yi, Y. “Cognitive and affective priming effects of the context for print advertisements.” Journal of Advertising 19, no. 2 (1990): 40–48.

4    Axelrod, J. N. “Induced moods and attitudes towards products.” Journal of Advertising Research 3 (1963): 19–24.

5    Goldberg, M. E. and Gorn, G. J. “Happy and sad TV programs: How they affect reactions to commercials.” Journal of Consumer Research 14, no. 3 (1987): 387–403.

6    Batra, R, and Stayman, D. M. “The role of mood in advertising effectiveness.” Journal of Consumer Research 17, no. 2 (1990): 203–14.

7    De Pelsmacker P., Geuens, M., and Anckaert P. “Media Context and Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of Context Appreciation and Context/Ad Similarity.” Journal of Advertising 31, no. 2 (2002): 49–61, doi: 10.1080/00913367.2002.10673666.

8    Moorman, M., Neijens, P. C., and Smit, E. G. “The effects of program responses on the processing of commercials placed at various positions in the program and the block.” Journal of Advertising Research 45, no. 01 (2005): 49–59.

9    Krugman, H. E. “Television program interest and commercial interruption.” Journal of Advertising Research 21, no. 1 (1983): 21–23.

10  Margaret Kern, Michelle Nava Gielan, Lizbeth Benson, and Martin E.P. Seligman, “The Effects of Positive and Negative News Broadcasts on Cognitive Task Performance” (unpublished manuscript, December 12, 2012), Microsoft Word file.

11  Veitch, R. and Griffitt, W. “Good News-Bad News: Affective and Interpersonal Effects1.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 6, no. 1 (1976): 69–75.

12  Gardner, M. P. “Mood states and consumer behavior: A critical review.” Journal of Consumer Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 281–300.

13  Berger, J. and Milkman, K. L. “What makes online content viral?” Journal of Marketing Research 49, no. 2 (2011): 192–205.

14  Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007).

15  “What is the purpose of journalism?” American Press Institute. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/what-is-journalism/purpose-journalism/.

16  Matsa, K. E. and Mitchell, A. “8 key takeaways about social media and news.” Pew Research Center Journalism & Media. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/8-key-takeaways-about-social-media-and-news/.