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by Joseph A. Shaeiwitz, Richard Turton
Chemical Process Equipment Design
About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Process Fluid Mechanics
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Basic Relationships in Fluid Mechanics
1.1.1 Mass Balance
1.1.2 Mechanical Energy Balance
1.1.3 Force Balance
1.2 Fluid Flow Equipment
1.2.1 Pipes
1.2.2 Valves
1.2.3 Pumps
1.2.4 Compressors
1.3 Frictional Pipe Flow
1.3.1 Calculating Frictional Losses
1.3.2 Incompressible Flow
1.3.3 Compressible Flow
1.3.4 Choked Flow
1.4 Other Flow Situations
1.4.1 Flow Past Submerged Objects
1.4.2 Fluidized Beds
1.4.3 Flowrate Measurement
1.5 Performance of Fluid Flow Equipment
1.5.1 Base-Case Ratios
1.5.2 Net Positive Suction Head
1.5.3 Pump and System Curves
1.5.4 Compressors
1.5.5 Performance of the Feed Section to a Process
References
Problems
Chapter 2. Process Heat Transfer
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Basic Heat-Exchanger Relationships
2.1.1 Countercurrent Flow
2.1.2 Cocurrent Flow
2.1.3 Streams with Phase Changes
2.1.4 Nonlinear Q versus T Curves
2.1.5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U, Varies along the Exchanger
2.2 Heat-Exchange Equipment Design and Characteristics
2.2.1 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
2.3 LMTD Correction Factor for Multiple Shell and Tube Passes
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Basic Configuration of a Single-Shell-Pass, Double-Tube-Pass (1–2) Exchanger
2.3.3 Multiple Shell-and-Tube-Pass Exchangers
2.3.4 Cross-Flow Exchangers
2.3.5 LMTD Correction and Phase Change
2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients—Resistances in Series
2.5 Estimation of Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients and Fouling Resistances
2.5.1 Heat Transfer Resistances Due to Fouling
2.5.2 Thermal Conductivities of Common Metals and Tube Properties
2.5.3 Correlations for Film Heat Transfer Coefficients
2.6 Extended Surfaces
2.6.1 Rectangular Fin with Constant Thickness
2.6.2 Fin Efficiency for Other Fin Geometries
2.6.3 Total Heat Transfer Surface Effectiveness
2.7 Algorithm and Worked Examples for the Design of Heat Exchangers
2.7.1 Pressure Drop Considerations
2.7.2 Design Algorithm
2.8 Performance Problems
2.8.1 What Variables to Specify in Performance Problems
2.8.2 Using Ratios to Determine Heat-Exchanger Performance
2.8.3 Worked Examples for Performance Problems
References
Appendix 2.A Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness Charts
Appendix 2.B Derivation of Fin Effectiveness for a Rectangular Fin
Problems
Chapter 3. Separation Equipment
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Basic Relationships in Separations
3.1.1 Mass Balances
3.1.2 Energy Balances
3.1.3 Equilibrium Relationships
3.1.4 Mass Transfer Relationships
3.1.5 Rate Expressions
3.2 Illustrative Diagrams
3.2.1 TP-xy Diagrams
3.2.2 McCabe-Thiele Diagram
3.2.3 Dilute Solutions—The Kremser and Colburn Methods
3.3 Equipment
3.3.1 Drums
3.3.2 Tray Towers
3.3.3 Packed Towers
3.3.4 Tray Tower or Packed Tower?
3.3.5 Performance of Packed and Tray Towers
Case Study
3.4 Extraction Equipment
3.4.1 Mixer-Settlers
3.4.2 Static and Pulsed Columns
3.4.3 Agitated Columns
3.4.4 Centrifugal Extractors
3.5 Gas Permeation Membrane Separations
3.5.1 Equipment
3.5.2 Models for Gas Permeation Membranes
3.5.3 Practical Issues
References
Problems
Short Answer Problems
Problems to Solve
Chapter 4. Reactors
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Basic Relationships
4.1.1 Kinetics
4.1.2 Equilibrium
4.1.3 Additional Mass Transfer Effects
4.1.4 Mass Balances
4.1.5 Energy Balances
4.1.6 Reactor Models
4.2 Equipment Design for Nonisothermal Conditions
4.2.1 Nonisothermal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
4.2.2 Nonisothermal Plug Flow Reactor
4.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor
4.3 Performance Problems
4.3.1 Ratios for Simple Cases
4.3.2 More Complex Examples
References
Problems
Short Answer Problems
Problems to Solve
Chapter 5. Other Equipment
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Pressure Vessels
5.1.1 Material Properties
5.1.2 Basic Design Equations
5.2 Knockout Drums or Simple Phase Separators
5.2.1 Vapor-Liquid (V-L) Separation
5.2.2 Design of Vertical V-L Separators
5.2.3 Design of Horizontal V-L Separators
5.2.4 Mist Eliminators and Other Internals
5.2.5 Liquid-Liquid (L-L) Separation
5.3 Steam Ejectors
5.3.1 Estimating Air Leaks into Vacuum Systems and the Load for Steam Ejectors
5.3.2 Single-Stage Steam Ejectors
5.3.3 Multistage Steam Ejectors
5.3.4 Performance of Steam Ejectors
References
Problems
Short Answer Problems
Problems to Solve
Index
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