Index
A
Absorbers and absorption
benzene and toluene separation, 249–250
energy balances, 187
mass separating agents, 213, 216
McCabe-Thiele construction, 214
packed towers, 238
solvent rate, 215
Acetone
from isopropyl alcohol, 329
from phenol production, 268–269
Acrylic acid
multistage steam ejectors, 371–372
polymerization, 235
Active area in tray towers, 225
Adiabatic operation
choked flow, 26
compressor staging, 56
fin tips, 176
packed bed reactors, 311
Agents, mass separating
Air coolers in cross-flow exchangers, 103–104, 174
Air leaks in steam ejectors, 366–368
Algorithms in heat-exchanger design, 144–154
Alloy tensile stress, 334
Aluminum
corrosion characteristics, 335–336
tensile stress, 334
American Petroleum Institute (API), 332
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 332, 338–339
Aneurysms, 68
Annular fins, 137–138, 140, 143–144
Antoine coefficients
condensers, 234
packed towers, 241
API (American Petroleum Institute), 332
Archimedes number, 34
Arrhenius equation, 277
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), 332, 338–339
B
Backup pumps, 51
Baffles, 85–87, 91–93, 116–118
Ball valves, 10
Banks of tubes, normal flow to, 116
Base-case ratios for fluid flow, 42–45
Benzene
flowrate, 74
from fuel gas, 348
Biot number, 306
Bird, R. B., 13
Birmingham Wire Gauge, 108–109
BN-EG-UE109 Guide for Vessel Sizing, 343
Boil-up rate in benzene and toluene separation, 248
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 332
Boiling heat transfer, 120
critical and maximum heat flux in pool boiling, 121–122
forced convection effects, 123–129
heat transfer coefficient for nucleate boiling, 122–123
Boiling points in tray column distillation, 207
Bottlenecks
benzene and toluene separation, 248
fluid mechanics, 42
Boundary conditions for rectangular fins, 137, 175
Boundary layer separation in flow past submerged objects, 31
Brass corrosion characteristics, 335–336
Bubbles
boiling heat transfer, 120–121, 124
flow past submerged objects, 28
net positive suction head, 45
tray column distillation, 199, 206
vapor-liquid separation, 343 –344
Bubbling fluidized beds, 300, 313 –316
Bulk catalyst density, 276
C
Carbon steel
corrosion characteristics, 335–336
tensile stress, 333
Catalysts
heat transfer coefficients, 306
mass transfer effects, 279–283
nonisothermal PFRs, 298–307, 311–313
packed beds, 33
Cavitation, 45
Centrifugal compressors, 54–55
Centrifugal extractors, 253, 256
Centrifugal pumps
CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models, 145
Chattopadhyay, S.
nozzles, 339
pressure vessels, 332
Check valves, 10
Cichelli-Bonilla correlation, 122
Circular geometry and heat transfer coefficients, 104–106
Circulating fluid-bed reactors, 315
Clearance in shell-side heat transfer, 116
Coalescence equipment, 362–365
Cocurrent flow
gas permeation membranes, 260
heat transfer in reactor design, 305–306
LMTD correction factor, 95
Cocurrent separations, 213
Column height and diameter for tray towers, 225–230
Common metals thermal conductivities, 106–110
Compressible flow
critical flow, 26
superficial mass velocity, 2
Compression ratio
compressors, 56
Compressors
feed section performance, 57–58
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, 145
Condensation
heat exchangers, 157
tray columns, 201
Condensers
benzene and toluene separation, 247–248
tray column distillation, 206–207, 209–210
Condensing heat transfer, 131
falling-film condensation in cylinders, 132
Nusselt analysis of falling-film condensation, 131–132
Conical heads for pressure vessels, 338
Constant head pumps, 48
Constant molar overflow in tray column distillation, 201–203
Constant thickness, fins with, 136–137, 175–176
Continuous differential models, 188–189
Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
Control volume
energy balances, 285
flowrate measurement, 36
mass balances, 284
multiple-pipe systems, 23
Convection effects in boiling heat transfer, 120, 123–129
Conversion profiles
catalysts, 313
packed bed reactors, 311
shell-and-tube reactors, 309
Cooling medium
heat transfer in reactor design, 305
vapor-liquid separation, 341
Copper corrosion characteristics, 335–336
Corrosion in pressure vessels
allowance, 338
resistance, 332
Countercurrent flow
dilute solutions, 215
mass separating agents, 213
Creeping flow past submerged objects, 29
Critical flow conditions, 26–27
Critical heat flux in in pool boiling, 121–122, 129
Cross-flow exchangers LMTD correction factor, 102–104, 174
Cross-flow movement
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
trays, 223
CSTRs (continuous stirred tank reactors)
Cumene production, 195–197, 268–269, 328
Cylinders
falling-film condensation on, 132–135
flow outside of tubes, 115–116
flow past submerged objects, 28
heat transfer coefficients, 104
mass transfer effects, 279–280
Cylindrical catalyst particles, 306
D
Debottlenecking, 42
Densities
choked flow, 27
flow past submerged objects, 28–29
mass balances, 2
mechanical energy balance, 4
packed towers, 240
pressure vessel metals, 339
Design and design equations
condensers and reboilers, 234
equipment for nonisothermal conditions, 294–316
heat exchangers, 84–94, 144–154, 158–165
horizontal V-L separators, 349–352
plug flow reactors, 288
pressure vessels, 332, 337–340
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 94
vertical V-L separators, 345–348
Desuperheaters, 247
Diameters
frictional pipe flow losses, 13
heat exchanger design, 151
horizontal V-L separators, 349–350
vertical V-L separators, 346–347
Dilute distillation solutions, 215–221
Discharge-side pressure in incompressible flow, 19
Dished pressure vessel heads, 338–339
Distance factors in forced convection effects on boiling, 128–129
Distillation
mass separating agents, 213–215
McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 199–213
Dittus-Boelter equation
forced convection effects on boiling, 126
Double-welded butt joints, 337
Downcomers in tray towers, 222–225
Drag force in flow past submerged objects, 28–33
Drain lines in liquid-liquid separation, 365
Droplets
horizontal V-L separators, 349 –352
impeller damage, 13
liquid-liquid separation, 360–365
mist eliminators, 352–353, 356–358
vertical V-L separators, 346–348
Dropwise condensation, 131
Drug solubility, 66
Drums
knockout. See Simple phase separators
separation equipment, 197, 206–207, 221–222
Dump tanks, 69
E
Effectiveness
mass transfer effects, 279–282
Efficiency
compressors, 13
mist eliminator droplet separation, 357–358
rectangular fins, 176
welds, 337
Elliptical pressure vessel heads, 338–339
Emulsion phase in bubbling fluidized beds, 313
Endothermic reactions in nonisothermal PFRs, 300
Energy as separation agent, 186
Energy balances
benzene and toluene separation, 246, 248
compressors, 55
condensers and reboilers, 234
countercurrent flow, 78
cumene production, 197
falling-film condensation analysis, 132
forced convection effects on boiling, 127
frictional pipe losses, 13, 17–21
heat exchanger design, 145–147
multistage steam ejectors, 373
net positive suction head, 46
nonisothermal PFRs, 303
phthalic anhydride from o-xylene, 308
pipes, 44
rectangular fins, 175
separation equipment, 187
TP-xy diagrams, 194
tray column distillation, 199, 201, 203, 209–210
Enhancement in heat transfer, 139, 141–144
Enriching section in tray column distillation, 203
Enthalpies
separation equipment, 187
T-Q diagrams. See Temperature-enthalpy diagrams (T-Q diagrams)
tray column distillation, 203–204, 210
inlet devices, 344
packed towers, 236
single-stage steam ejectors, 369
Equilibrium
dilute solutions, 216, 219–221
flowrate measurement, 37
mass separating agents, 213–216
mixer-settlers, 251
packed column distillation, 211–212
packed towers, 238
separation equipment, 188
tray column distillation, 199, 202–207
vapor-liquid separation, 341
Equipment design for nonisothermal conditions, 294
continuous stirred tank reactors, 294–298
fluidized bed reactors, 313–316
Equipment sizes, ratios related to, 42
Equivalent Annual Operating Cost (EAOC), 210
Equivalent length method for frictional pipe flow losses, 14–15
Ergun equation
compressible flow, 25
frictional pipe flow losses, 16
heat transfer in reactor design, 306
shell-and-tube reactors, 309
Ethane, 70
Ethylbenzene vapor pressure data, 271
Ethylene, 70
Evaporation
boiling heat transfer, 120
in separation, 186
Exothermic reactions
fluidized beds, 33
Extended surfaces heat transfer
total heat transfer surface effectiveness, 138–144
External mass transfer coefficient, 280, 282
Extract for dilute solutions, 220
Extraction equipment, 251
agitated columns, 253
centrifugal extractors, 253
static and pulsed columns, 252
F
Falling-film condensation
Fanning friction factor, 13–14
Fans in fluid mechanics, 12
Fast fluidization, 315
Feeds
benzene and toluene separation, 249
packed column distillation, 212
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
tray column distillation, 203–204, 206–207, 209
Fickian diffusion, 280
Film heat transfer coefficients, 110
boiling heat transfer, 120–130
condensing heat transfer, 131–135
flow outside of tubes, 114–119
Filters for centrifugal compressors, 13
Fins
with constant thickness, 136–137, 175–176
extended surfaces heat transfer, 135–136
Fittings, pipe flow losses from, 14–15
Fixed tube sheet and floating tube sheet designs, 89–90
Fixed valve trays, 222
Flanged elliptical pressure vessel heads, 338
Flanged pipe connections, 10
Flash separations, 194
Flat flanged pressure vessel heads, 338
Flat membranes, 253
Flooding
vapor-liquid separation, 341
Flow and flow patterns
in benzene and toluene separation, 244
cross-flow exchangers, 102–104
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 92–93
single-shell-pass, double-tube-pass exchangers, 96–99
spiral-wound membranes, 253
Flow area in heat exchanger design, 151
Flow indicator controllers (FICs), 49
Flow inside tubes, film heat transfer coefficients for, 110–114
Flow maldistribution in packed towers, 237
Flow outside of tubes, film heat transfer coefficients for, 114–119
Flowrates
condensers and reboilers, 236
heat exchanger design, 156–157
heat transfer in reactor design, 2–3
incompressible flow, 16–17, 21–23
mass separating agents, 213
packed column distillation, 212
reactors, 319
separation equipment, 187
single-stage steam ejectors, 370
system curves, 50
tray column distillation, 201–204, 207, 210
valves, 10
vertical V-L separators, 345
well-mixed separation model, 257
Fluid flow equipment overview, 7–13
Fluid flow equipment performance, 41–42
net positive suction head, 45–48
Fluid mechanics, 1
equipment performance. See Fluid flow equipment performance
flow past submerged objects, 28–33
force balance, 7
frictional pipe flow. See Frictional pipe flow
mechanical energy balance, 4–7
references, 63
valves, 10
Fluidized beds, 300
ozone decomposition in, 330
Flux
boiling heat transfer, 121–122
mass transfer relationships, 192
tray column distillation, 207–208
two-film models, 189
Force balance
flow past submerged objects, 28
fluid mechanics, 7
Forced convection effects, 123–129
Form drag for submerged objects, 29
Fouling resistances
bubble cap trays, 222
heat exchanger design, 146
heat transfer coefficients, 104–105
Fourier’s law of heat conduction, 175
Free convection boiling, 120
Friction
flow past submerged objects, 29
mechanical energy balance, 4
mist eliminator droplet separation, 358
pipes, 44
Fugacity coefficient, 188
Fully turbulent flow
flow past submerged objects, 31
frictional pipe flow losses, 13
G
Gas permeation membrane separations, 253
practical issues, 260
Gas velocity
horizontal V-L separators, 349–350
vertical V-L separators, 346–347
Gases
tray towers, 227
Gate valves, 10
Globe valves, 10
Graetz number, 113
Graphite corrosion characteristics, 335–336
Gravity
flow past submerged objects, 28–29
liquid-liquid separation settling, 362–363
packed towers, 236
vapor-liquid separation, 343, 347
H
Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 13
Hastelloy
corrosion characteristics, 335–336
tensile stress, 334
Hawkins, G. A., 114
Heads for pressure vessels, 338–340
Heat duty in TP-xy diagrams, 197
Heat Exchange Institute Standards for Steam Jet Vacuum Systems, 367
Heat exchangers
benzene and toluene separation, 248
heat transfer coefficient, 83–84
nonlinear Q versus T curves, 82–83
pressure drop considerations, 145–146
reactors, 319
shell-and-tube heat exchangers. See Shell-and-tube (S-T) heat exchangers
streams with phase changes, 81–82
Heat flux in boiling heat transfer, 121–122, 129
Heat of vaporization in tray column distillation, 204
Heat removal
Heat transfer, 77
benzene and toluene separation, 246
boiling heat transfer. See Boiling heat transfer
heat exchanger design, 144–154
heat exchanger effectiveness charts, 171–174
heat exchanger equipment, 84–94
heat exchanger relationships, 77–84
LMTD correction factor, 95–104
summary, 166
Heat transfer coefficients
benzene and toluene separation, 247
countercurrent flow, 78
film. See Film heat transfer coefficients
heat exchanger design, 146, 151, 156
heat exchanger variations, 83–84
resistances in series, 104–106
shell-side heat transfer, 117–118
Height
packed column distillation columns, 211–212
transfer units in mass transfer relationships, 191–192
tray tower columns, 225
Height equivalent to theoretical plates (HETP), 238
Hemispherical pressure vessel heads, 338
Henry’s law
equilibrium relationships, 188
Heptane vapor pressure data, 271
HETP (height equivalent to theoretical plates), 238
Hierarchy in nonisothermal PFRs
endothermic reactions, 300
High-alloy steel tensile stress, 333
High-high alarm levels (HHALs)
horizontal V-L separators, 350
vertical V-L separators, 345
High-pressure homogenization, 66
Holes in trays, 222
Hollow-fiber modules, 253, 255–256, 258–260
Homogenization, 66
Horizontal tubes
falling-film condensation on, 133
Horizontal V-L separators
criteria, 343
Hot spots
Hydraulic diameter in shell-side heat transfer, 116–117
Hydrogen from isopropyl alcohol, 329
Hydrogen sulfide removal from coal, 273–274
I
Impellers
centrifugal compressors, 13
Incoloy tensile stress, 334
Incompressible pipe flow, 16–24
Inconel tensile stress, 334
Inlet devices in vapor-liquid separation, 343–344
Interfacial area in packed column distillation, 211–212
Internal cyclones, 314
Interstage coolers in vapor-liquid separation, 341
Isentropic conditions for compressors, 55–57
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone and hydrogen from, 329
Isopropyl benzene manufacture, 268–269
Isothermal conditions for compressors, 55–57
Isothermal flow
choked flow, 26
compressible flow, 25
K
K-value method for incompressible flow, 17
Karr extractors, 252
Kettle-type reboilers, 85
Kinetic energy term in mechanical energy balance, 4
Knitted wire meshes, 358
Knockout drums. See Simple phase separators
Knudsen diffusion, 280
L
L-H (Langmuir-Hinshelwood) kinetics
mass transfer effects, 282
reaction rate, 276
L-phase mole fraction in dilute solutions, 219
Laminar flow
compressible flow, 25
frictional pipe flow losses, 13, 15–16
heat exchangers, 157
incompressible flow, 16–17, 22
mechanical energy balance, 4
Laminar flow reactors, 290–291
Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetics
mass transfer effects, 282
reaction rate, 276
Latent heat
benzene and toluene separation, 248
pool boiling, 122
reboilers, 234
tray column distillation, 204
Layouts for liquid-liquid separation, 363–365
Le Chatelier’s principle, 279
Leaching, 186
Length factor for frictional pipe flow losses, 13
Length-to-diameter ratio
reflux drums, 222
vertical V-L separators, 345
L’Hôpital’s rule
log-mean temperature difference, 79
mass separating agents, 216
Liquid enthalpy, 187
Liquid flowrate in tray column distillation, 203–204
Liquid-liquid extraction for dilute solutions, 220
Liquid-liquid (L-L) separation, 360
gravity settling and coalescence equipment, 362–363
phase density differences, 360–361
viscosity of continuous fluid, 362
LMTD. See Log-mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Load in steam ejectors, 366–368
Loading tray towers, 225
Log-mean temperature difference (LMTD)
cocurrent flow, 80
countercurrent flow, 79
streams with phase changes, 81–82
Log-mean temperature difference (LMTD) correction factor for heat exchanger design
design algorithm, 146
Log-mean temperature difference (LMTD) correction factor for multiple shell and tube passes
cross-flow exchangers, 102–104
multiple shell-and-tube-pass exchangers, 99–102
phase change, 104
single-shell-pass, double-tube-pass exchangers, 96–100
Low-alloy steel tensile stress, 333
Low-low alarm levels (LLALs)
horizontal V-L separators, 350
vertical V-L separators, 345
Lower explosion limit (LEL) for o-xylene, 308–309
M
Martinelli parameters, 125
Mass balances
heat exchanger design, 150
multiple-pipe systems, 23
multistage steam ejectors, 373
Mass flowrates
heat exchanger design, 156–157
heat transfer in reactor design, 2–3
Mass of pressure vessels, 339
Mass separating agents
Mass transfer area
packed column distillation, 211
packed towers, 237
Mass transfer coefficients
ethanol, 283
external, 280
rate expressions, 192
Mass transfer effects in reactors, 279–283
Mass transfer rate for tray efficiency, 231
Mass transfer relationships
continuous differential models, 188–189
Mass velocity in choked flow, 26–28
Matching volume and heat transfer area for nonisothermal PFRs, 311–313
Material balances
flash separations, 194
packed and tray towers, 243
packed column distillation, 212–213
phthalic anhydride from o-xylene, 308
tray column distillation, 199, 201–203, 205
Material properties for pressure vessels, 332–336
Maximum allowable tensile stress (MPa) for pressure vessels, 333–334
Maximum heat flux in pool boiling, 121–122
McCabe-Thiele diagrams
description, 199
mass separating agents, 213–214
multiple shell-and-tube-pass exchangers, 100–101
packed column distillation, 212
tray tower diameter, 226
Mechanical energy balances
compressors, 55
frictional pipe losses, 13, 17–21
net positive suction head, 46
pipes, 44
Mechanical flow in steam ejectors, 366–367
Membranes
mass transfer relationships, 192
Mesh mist eliminators, 355–356
Metals
thermal conductivities, 106–110
Methanol
dimethyl ether reaction, 282–283
Minimum fluidization in fluidized beds, 33–35
droplet distribution and separation efficiency, 357–360
vapor-liquid separation, 343
Mixing zones in steam ejectors, 368
Molar concentration in two-film models, 190
Molar flowrates
gas permeation membranes, 257
tray column distillation, 201–202
Molar overflow in tray column distillation, 201–203, 207
Mole balances
heat transfer in reactor design, 305
mass balances, 284
phthalic anhydride from o-xylene, 308
tray column distillation, 206
Mole fractions
benzene and toluene separation, 244
cumene production, 196
energy balances, 188
gas permeation, 257
mass balances, 187
mass separating agents, 213, 215
packed column distillation, 212
tray column distillation, 207–208
tray efficiency, 230
two-film models, 190
well-mixed separation model, 257
Molecular weights
compressible flow, 24
pool boiling, 126
single-stage steam ejectors, 368
Monel
corrosion characteristics, 335–336
tensile stress, 334
Multiple shell-and-tube-pass exchangers, 99–102
Multistage steam ejectors, 370–374
Murphree efficiencies, 230–232
N
Naphthalene in phthalic anhydride production, 57–60
Narrow triangular fin efficiency, 138–139
Net positive suction head (NPSH), 45–48, 222
Newton’s law, 7
Nickel tensile stress, 334
Nonisothermal conditions, equipment design for. See Equipment design for nonisothermal conditions
Nonisothermal PFRs
heat transfer in design, 304–311
hierarchy for endothermic reactions, 300
hierarchy for exothermic reactions, 298–300
matching volume and heat transfer area, 311–313
reactor concentration and temperature profiles, 301–303
Nonlinear Q versus T curves, 82–83
Nozzles
liquid-liquid separation, 363–365
mechanical energy balance, 6–7
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85, 89
single-stage steam ejectors, 368
vapor-liquid separation, 341–343
Number of transfer units in mass transfer relationships, 191–192
Nusselt number for flow inside tubes, 110, 113–115
O
O-xylene, phthalic anhydride from, 307–311
O’Connell correlation, 231
Oldshue-Rushton columns, 253, 256
One-pass shells, 85
Operating lines
dilute solutions, 230
distillation, 202, 204–205, 207–208
mass separating agents, 214–215
Orifice discharge coefficient, 36–37
Outlet nozzles in heat exchangers, 85
Overall conversion in mass balances, 284
Ozone decomposition in fluidized beds, 330
P
Packed beds
adsorbents in centrifugal compressors, 13
compressible flow, 25
frictional pipe flow losses, 16
phthalic anhydride from o-xylene, 310–311
Packed columns
characteristics, 256
description, 252
packing types and shapes, 237–238
performance, 243
vs. tray towers, 243
Parabolic flow profiles, 290
Parallel reactions, selectivity and yield, 291–294
Partial condensation
TP-xy diagrams, 193–195, 197–198
tray column distillation, 206–207
vapor-liquid separation, 341
Partial film boiling regime, 121
Partial vaporization
TP-xy diagrams, 193–195, 197–198
tray column distillation, 206
Partition coefficients in mass transfer relationships, 193
Partitions in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 90
Pavlov equation
choked flow, 27
frictional pipe flow losses, 14
heat exchanger design, 152
pipes, 44
Performance
fluid flow equipment. See Fluid flow equipment performance
packed towers and tray towers, 243
Performance issues in heat transfer, 154
Permeability in mass transfer relationships, 193
PFRs (plug flow reactors)
Phase changes
countercurrent flow, 79
heat exchangers, 157
LMTD correction factor, 104
Phase density differences in liquid-liquid separation, 360–361
Phenomenological fluid-bed reactors, 315
Phthalic anhydride
boiling point, 235
Physical properties, ratios related to, 42
Pipes
frictional flow. See Frictional pipe flow
performance measurement, 44–45
Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), 366–367
Planar geometry and heat transfer coefficients, 104–105
Plates in packed towers, 238
Plenum in liquid-liquid separation, 365
Plug flow reactors (PFRs)
Pneumatic conveying reactors, 315
Podbielniak extractors, 253, 255–256
Polymerization explosions, 365
Pool boiling
critical and maximum heat flux, 121–122
heat transfer coefficient, 122–123
Positive-displacement blowers, 12–13
Positive-displacement compressors, 55
Positive-displacement pumps
fluid mechanics, 11
Potential energy term in mechanical energy balance, 4, 6
Power in mechanical energy balance, 4
Poynting correction factor, 188
Prandtl number
flow inside tubes, 110
flow outside of tubes, 115–116
Pre-exponential factor for reactors, 277
Pressure and pressure drop
benzene and toluene separation, 245–246
condensers and reboilers, 234–235
equilibrium relationships, 188
feed section performance, 56–60
heat exchanger design, 145–146, 149, 152–153
heat transfer in reactor design, 306
mechanical energy balance, 4
mist eliminator droplet separation, 358–359
multistage steam ejectors, 372–373
net positive suction head, 45–48
pumps, 43
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
single-stage steam ejectors, 368
valves for, 10
well-mixed separation model, 257
corrosion allowance, 338
description, 332
design equations, 332, 337–340
references, 378
summary, 375
Propylene, cumene from, 195–197, 268–269, 328
Pumpkin-drop contest, 71
Pumps
check valves, 10
feed section performance, 57
mechanical energy balance, 4–5
net positive suction head, 45–48
performance measurement, 43
phthalic anhydride production, 57–58
reflux, 222
tray column distillation, 206
Q
R
Rachford-Rice equation, 195
Raffinate in dilute solutions, 220
Random packing in packed towers, 237, 241
Raoult’s law
cumene production, 196
dilute solutions, 221
equilibrium relationships, 188
tray column distillation, 202
Rate expressions
gas permeation membranes, 259
mass transfer relationships, 192–193
reactors, 276
Rating problem in fluid mechanics, 41
Ratios
heat exchanger performance, 155–157
Reactants
batch reactors, 289
mass transfer effects, 279–280, 282
Reaction rate
batch reactors, 289
continuous stirred tank reactors, 286–287
defined, 276
mass balances, 284
mass transfer effects, 279–280, 282
nonisothermal CSTRs, 294
nonisothermal PFRs, 303
temperature and pressure effects, 277
Reactor concentration, 301–303
Reactors
batch reactors, 289
continuous stirred tank reactors, 286–287
equipment design for nonisothermal conditions. See Equipment design for nonisothermal conditions
introduction, 275
mass transfer effects, 279–283
selectivity and yield for parallel and series reactions, 291–294
summary, 320
Reboilers
benzene and toluene separation, 246
description, 183
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
tray column distillation, 206–210
Reciprocating pumps, 11
Rectangular fins with constant thickness, 136–137, 175–176
Rectification section in tray column distillation, 203
Reflux drums
distillation columns, 222
steam ejectors, 366
tray column distillation, 206–207
vapor-liquid separation, 341
Reflux pumps, 222
Reflux ratios in tray column distillation, 207–210
Residence time distribution (RTD), 290
Resistances
bubble cap trays, 222
heat exchanger design, 146, 151
heat transfer coefficients, 104–106
mass transfer effects, 279–282
Reynolds number
choked flow, 27
falling-film condensation analysis, 132
flow outside of tubes, 115
flow past submerged objects, 29–33
flowrate measurement, 36–37, 39
forced convection effects on boiling, 125
frictional pipe flow losses, 13–14
heat exchanger design, 151–152, 156–157
heat transfer coefficients, 306
incompressible flow, 17–18, 20–22, 24
mist eliminator droplet separation, 357–360
pipes, 44
shell-side heat transfer, 117
vertical V-L separator droplets, 347
Rigorous hydrodynamic fluid-bed reactors, 315
Rotary pumps, 11
Rotating-disk contactors, 253–254, 256
Roughness factor in frictional pipe flow losses, 13
Runaway conditions
heat transfer in reactor design, 308
shell-and-tube reactors, 311–313
S
S-T heat exchangers. See Shell-and-tube (S-T) heat exchangers
Scale-down in benzene and toluene separation, 245–246, 248
Scale-up, backup pumps for, 51
Schoepentoeters, 342
Screwed pipe connections, 10
Seals for compressors, 13
Seider-Tate equation
forced convection effects on boiling, 126
Selectivity
mass balances, 285
parallel and series reactions, 291–294
Separating agents for distillation, 213–215
Separation efficiency of mist eliminators, 357–360
Separation equipment
energy balances, 187
equilibrium relationships, 188
gas permeation membranes, 253–260
mass transfer relationships, 188–193
McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 199–215
tower performance, 243
tray towers vs. packed towers, 243
Series reactions, selectivity and yield for, 291–294
Series resistance in mass transfer relationships, 192–193
Shaft work in mechanical energy balance, 4
Shale gas, 70
Shell-and-tube (S-T) heat exchangers, 84–85
fixed tube sheet and floating tube sheet designs, 89–90
LMTD correction factor, 95–102
partitions, 90
shell-side flow patterns, 92–93
Shell-and-tube reactors
matching volume and heat transfer area, 311–313
phthalic anhydride from o-xylene, 307–309
temperature and concentration profiles, 301–302
Shell-side flow
film heat transfer coefficients, 114–119
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 92–93
Shell-side heat transfer in flow outside of tubes, 116
Shiveler, G.
extraction equipment, 253
tray columns, 252
centrifugal compressors, 13
horizontal V-L separators, 348–352
liquid-liquid separation, 360–365
references, 378
summary, 375
vapor-liquid separation, 341–344
vertical V-L separators, 345–348
Single-pass conversion in mass balances, 284
Single-pipe systems, incompressible flow in, 16–22
Single-shell-pass, double-tube-pass (1–2) exchangers, 96–100
Single-stage steam ejectors, 368–370
Single-welded butt joints, 337
Size
catalyst particles, 282–283, 286
droplets, 344–345, 348–352, 357, 360–363
impellers, 50
packings, 241
reactors, 290
tray, 225
Solubility, drug, 66
Solutes
dilute solutions, 218
mass separating agents, 213
mass transfer relationships, 192
separation equipment, 187
Solvents
dilute solutions, 218
separation, 186
Souders-Brown (S-B) equation
horizontal V-L separators, 349–350
Spherical catalyst particles, 306
Sphericity, determining, 32
Spiral-wound membranes, 253, 257–258
Split boundary problems, 306
Split flow in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
Square pitch
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 89–90, 148
shell-side heat transfer, 116–119
Stage cuts in well-mixed separation model, 259
Stages in TP-xy diagrams, 197
Stainless steel corrosion characteristics, 335–336
Standard cubic feet (SCF), 28
Standards for Steam Jet Vacuum Systems, 367
Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 85–88
Stationary heads, 89
Steady-state flux in mass transfer relationships, 192
Steam
benzene and toluene separation, 247
tray columns, 203
references, 378
summary, 375
Steel
tensile stress, 333
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 130
Stokes flow
flow past submerged objects, 29
liquid-liquid separation, 360–361
mist eliminator droplet separation, 357–360
vertical V-L separator droplets, 347
Storage tanks, defined, 332
Streams
ratios related to, 42
Stress in pressure vessels
intensity factor, 338
patterns, 332
Strippers and stripping
energy balances, 187
mass separating agents, 213–214
packed towers, 238
tray column distillation, 203
Structured packing in packed towers, 237, 239
Subcooled liquid in tray column distillation, 204
Submerged objects, flow past, 28–33
Superficial mass flowrate in packed towers, 240, 242
Superficial mass velocity
compressible flow, 25
forced convection on boiling, 125
frictional pipe flow losses, 16
reactor design, 305
shell-side heat transfer, 116
Superheated vapor in tray column distillation, 204
Suppression factor in forced convection effects on boiling, 125
Surge lines for compressors, 54
Swing check valves, 10
Synthesis gas (syngas)
System curves for pumps, 48–54
T
T-Q diagrams. See Temperature-enthalpy diagrams (T-Q diagrams)
Tangent-to-tangent length in pressure vessels, 339
Tank farms, 69
Temperature and temperature profiles
benzene and toluene separation, 244–251
catalysts, 313
choked flow, 27
compressible flow, 24
compressor seals, 13
condensers and reboilers, 234–235
energy balances, 286
heat exchanger design, 157, 159–162
heat transfer coefficients, 104–105
mass transfer effects, 282–283
mechanical energy balance, 4
multistage steam ejectors, 373
packed bed reactors, 311
reaction selectivity, 293
shell-and-tube reactors, 309
single-stage steam ejectors, 368
streams with phase changes, 81–82
tray towers, 226
water qualities, 118
Temperature-enthalpy diagrams (T-Q diagrams)
benzene and toluene separation, 246
condensers and reboilers, 234, 236
heat exchanger design, 149, 155, 158–165
heat transfer coefficient variations, 83–84
multiple shell-and-tube-pass exchangers, 100
nonisothermal CSTRs, 296
single-shell-pass, double-tube-pass exchangers, 100
streams with phase changes, 82–83
Tensile strength of pressure vessels, 332–334
flow past submerged objects, 28–33
water droplets in liquid-liquid separation, 361–362
water droplets in V-L separation, 346–347
TFE corrosion characteristics, 335–336
Thermal conductivities of common metals, 106–110
Thermodynamic equilibrium in reactors, 278
Tie lines in TP-xy diagrams, 197, 202
Titanium
corrosion characteristics, 335–336
tensile stress, 334
Toluene
from fuel gas, 348
separation from benzene, 244–251
Toriconical pressure vessel heads, 338
Torispherical pressure vessel heads, 338
Total area in tray towers, 225
Total balance in well-mixed separation model, 257
Total condensers in tray column distillation, 206–207, 209
Total heat transfer area in heat exchanger design, 152
Total heat transfer surface effectiveness, 138–144
Total heat transferred in rectangular fins, 176
Total molar concentration in two-film models, 190
Total reboilers in tray column distillation, 206–207
Total reflux in tray column distillation, 207–208
Transfer units
mass transfer relationships, 190–192
packed columns, 212
packed towers, 238
Transient velocity in flow past submerged objects, 28
Transition flow inside tubes, 112
Transport reactors, 315
advantages and disadvantages, 256
description, 252
vs. packed towers, 243
performance, 243
Triangular fin efficiency, 138–139
Triangular pitch in shell-side heat transfer, 116, 119
Troubleshooting fluid mechanics, 42
Tube flow
film heat transfer coefficients, 110–114
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 94
Tube sheet and tube configurations for S-T heat exchangers, 85, 89
Tubes
heat exchanger design, 146
Tubular geometry and heat transfer coefficients, 104–106
Turbine flow meters, 36
Turbines, 6
Turbulent flow
choked flow, 26
compressible flow, 25
fluidized bed reactors, 314–315
frictional pipe flow losses, 13–15
mass transfer relationships, 191
mechanical energy balance, 4
well-mixed separation model, 259
Two-film models
mass transfer relationships, 189–190
packed column distillation, 212–213
Two-phase feeds in tray column distillation, 204
U
U-tubes in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 90
Utility flowrates in condensers and reboilers, 236
V
Vacuum systems for steam ejectors, 367
Valves
fluid mechanics, 10
frictional pipe flow losses from, 14–15
incompressible flow, 24
Vane-type mist eliminators, 353
Vanes, impeller, 12
Vapor
centrifugal compressor damage from, 13
pump damage from, 11
tray column distillation, 204
tray towers, 227
Vapor enthalpy
separation equipment, 187
tray column distillation, 203
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) thermodynamics packages, 366
Vapor-liquid (V-L) separation
equilibrium relationships, 188
Vapor phase in TP-xy diagrams, 197
Vapor pressure
benzene and toluene separation, 247
equilibrium relationships, 188
Vapor velocity
horizontal V-L separators, 349–350
vertical V-L separators, 346–347
Vaporization in TP-xy diagrams, 195, 197–198
Variable speed pumps, 50
Velocity and velocity profiles
heat exchanger design, 150–151
laminar flow reactors, 290
plug flow reactors, 287
terminal. See Terminal velocity
vessel diameter determination, 346, 349
Velocity head method for frictional pipe flow losses, 14–16
Vertical tubes in heat transfer, 124–125
Vertical V-L separators
criteria, 343
Vertically oriented tubes, falling-film condensation on, 132–135
Vessels
frictional pipe flow losses, 16
horizontal V-L separators, 348–349
pressure. See Pressure vessels
vertical V-L separators, 345–348
Viscosity of continuous fluid in liquid-liquid separation, 362
Viscous diffusion for flow inside tubes, 110
V-L (vapor-liquid) separation
equilibrium relationships, 188
VLE (vapor-liquid equilibrium) thermodynamics packages, 366
Void fraction in reaction rate, 276
Volatility
mass separating agents, 213
Volume and heat transfer area in nonisothermal PFRs, 311–313
Volumetric flowrate
incompressible flow, 16–17, 21–22
vertical V-L separators, 345
Volutes, 12
Vortex breakers
liquid-liquid separation, 365
vapor-liquid separation, 343
Vortex shedding devices, 36
W
Wall viscosity in heat exchanger design, 150
Waste streams in TP-xy diagrams, 197–198
Water qualities and temperature, 118
Weeping
packed towers, 236
trays, 222
Weirs
liquid-liquid separation, 365
Welds
pipes, 10
shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 85
Y
Yield
mass balances, 285