A

• Accenture, 84, 85, 336
• acidification potential, 279
• acrylic, 312
• adaptability, diversity of, 89
• adaptability/flexibility design stage, 272
• Additive Manufacturer Green Trade Association (AMGTA), 281
• additive manufacturing (AM), 281–283
• Adidas, 230
• Adidas + Parley, 141
• AeroAggregates, 141
• agriculture, hidden costs of, 249–252
• Airbnb, 119, 269
• AirCarbon, 33
• Algalife, 142
• Algramo, 142
• Alphabet, 114
• aluminum, 213
• Amazon, 114, 148, 238, 239, 378
• analyzing material lifecycle processes, 179–193
• Anderson, Ray C., 38
• animal-sourced fabrics, 314–315
• Apple, 73–74, 90, 131, 149, 231, 260
• appliances, reselling, 148–149
• Aquazone, 142
• Architecture 2030, 266
• Arizona State University's Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, 343
• assembly required products, 378
• assumptions, old, 110
• Athena EcoCalculator, 292
• at-home delivery, of products, 378
• atmospheric carbon, 288–289
• Autodesk, 133

B

• benchmarking, improvement and, 122–123
• Bennink, Dave (director), 156–161
• Benyus, Janine (author)
  • Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature, 52
• bicycles, 331–332
• biochemical extraction, 190–191
• biochemists, 338
• biodigesters, 191
• bioenergy, 190
• biogas, 35
• biogeochemical cycle, 68
• biological cycles, 171–172
• biological materials, 18–19, 170, 175, 181
• biomimicry, 52
• Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (Benyus), 52
• Bionic, 142, 199
• Bisphenol (BPA), 34
• Black Bear Composting, 357
• BlackRock, 48–49
• blue economy systems approach, 54
• Blueland, 240
• Bonazzi, Giulio, 39
• boreal forest, 153
• Borobabi, 123–125, 142, 305
• Brand Promise tool, 122
• Braungart, Michael (author)
  • Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, 53
• brewery, circular, 353–357
• Bricks, 295
• Brightworks Sustainability, 191–192
• British Thermal Unit (BTU), 291
• Brockovich, Erin (legal clerk), 88
• Brody, Kara Solomonides (consultant), 340–341
• BSI Group, 342
• Buffalo Exchange, 148
• Building Deconstruction Institute, 156–161
• buildings
  • assessing lifecycles for, 276–281
  • influence of carbon on design of, 293–294
  • relationship to carbon, 290
• Bureo, 142
• business compliance, 47–48
• business model. see also circular business model
  • about, 85–86, 95–98
  • building capital, 86
  • cost, 98–105
  • designing for the future, 90–91
  • diversity, 89
  • evaluating, 267
  • innovation in, 118–120
  • maximizing value proposition to customers, 105–108
  • mediums of exchange, 87
  • regenerative, 154
  • restorative, 154
  • supply chain, 89–90
  • traditional, 96
  • true cost of products, 87–89
  • turning obstacles into opportunities, 108–112
• business networking support groups, 151–152
• business opportunities
  • benefits of circular economy, 79–85
  • business model, 85–91
  • from global perspectives, 91–94
  • misconceptions about circular economy, 84–85
  • profit, 80
• business plans, writing, 151
• business services, managing demand for, 81–83
• businesses
  • circular, 20–22
  • developing circular structure, 117–123
  • global perspective of, 91–92
  • lifecycles of, 97
  • starting your own, 149–152
• business-to-business (B2B) model, 96
• business-to-consumer (B2C) model, 96
• Butler, Carolyn (CEO), 123–125
• Butterfly Diagram, 68, 169–176, 185
• buyback programs, 149
• byproducts, 140, 141, 362–363

C

• cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals, 34
• capital, building, 86
• carbon
  • about, 287–288
  • building relationship to, 290
  • embodied, 291–293
  • human relationship to, 288–290
  • influences on building design, 293–294
  • operational, 290–291
• carbon dioxide, 288–290
• carbon dioxide emissions, 152–154, 266–267, 290
• Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), 91
• carbon emissions, 292
• carbon footprint, 45
• carbon tax, 50
• carcinogenic (cancer-causing) chemicals, 34
• cardboard, 214–217
• careers
  • about, 335–336
  • certification, 341–342
  • degrees and diplomas, 342–344
  • education, 341–344
  • future of jobs, 336–341
  • innovation in sportswear, 340–341
• carpet, 38–40
• Carpet Manufacturer Interface, 261
• cars, 331–332
• Carson, Rachel (author)
  • Silent Spring, 50
• Carvana, 378
• cascading, 18, 171, 300–301
• Caterpillar, 119
• cellulose fabrics, 313
• cellulosics, 310
• centralized manufacturing, 235
• Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen (CML) methodology, 278
• certifications, 178, 223–225, 341–342
• CFCs, 221
• change, difficulty of, 36–40
• Cheat Sheet (website), 6
• chemical management, 183–184
• Circle Economy, 41, 337
• circular business model
  • about, 113–114
  • circular businesses/products, 20–22, 44–46
  • developing a business structure, 117–123
  • Six Rs, 114–117
• circular city, 201–202
• circular community, 346–350
• circular design. see design
• Circular Design Guide, 265
• circular economy
  • about, 13, 22
  • benefits of, 79–85
  • for builders, 275–296
  • compared with linear economy, 36–37
  • demand for, 41–56
  • design goals for, 271
  • developing strategies for, 55–56
  • drive to be healthier, 46–47
  • drive to be in compliance, 47–50
  • drive toward deep sustainability, 50–56
  • for fashion and clothing industry, 297–315
  • for food production, 247–257
  • future of, 54
  • jobs central to the, 338
  • jobs enabling the, 338–339
  • jobs indirectly related to, 339
  • linear economy versus, 60–64
  • for makers, 275–296
  • for manufacturers, 275–296
  • opportunities of, 62–63
  • skills required for, 341
  • starting your own business, 149–152
  • strengths of, 61–62
  • structure of, 169–171
  • threats of, 63–64
  • value and, 140–143
  • weaknesses of, 62
• Circular Economy Institute, 342
• circular economy systems diagram, 170, 171
• Circular Fibers Initiative Analysis, 300
• Circular First, 134
• circular future, redesigning, 19–22
• circular materials. see materials
• circular restaurant/brewery, 353–357
• circular supplies business model, 111, 119
• Circular Transition Indicators, 48–49
• circular university, 350–352
• circularity, for design, 259–274
• Circulytics Indicators, 48–49
• City of Roses Disposal and Recycling, 101–103
• Claudel, Matthew (author)
  • Open Source Architecture, 295
• CleanFiber, 142
• cleantech sector, 92–94
• climate, shareholders and, 50
• climate change, 145
• climate crisis, 266–267
• Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB), 91
• closed-loop systems, 62, 111
• clothing and fashion industry
  • about, 24, 43, 170, 297–298
  • catastrophic effects, 302–303
  • circular, 20–22
  • comparing fabrics, 310–315
  • future of, 298–303
  • optimizing collection and recycling, 306–307
  • phasing out, 304–305
  • redesigning uses, 305–306
  • renewable resources, 307
  • reselling, 147–148
  • waste and pollution, 299–301
• coal, 30
• Coburn, Melanie (director), 273–274
• Coca-Cola, 66–67, 134, 209
• Colby College, 351
• collaboration, 268
• collaborators, finding, 133
• collection, of clothing, 306–307
• collection centers, 339
• commodities, 98
• community
  • circular, 346–350
  • sourcing resources/aid, 347–348
• community cooperatives/exchanges, 69
• community supported agriculture (CSA) program, 320
• commuting, 331–332
• companion planting, 248
• comparing fabrics, 310–315
• compliance, drive to be in, 47–50
• components, enhancing usefulness of, 186
• computer components, selling, 148
• concrete, 218–219
• consignment shops, reselling to, 147–148
• construction and demolition (C&D) waste
  • about, 276–277
  • defining impacts of, 279–280
  • economic opportunities of, 277
  • identifying human health hazards, 280
  • measuring impact of, 277–278
  • people, planet and profit, 280–281
  • promoting transparency, 280
• construction industry
  • circular economy for, 275–296
  • reuse of building materials, 156–161
  • selecting building products, 283–287
• construction/assembly design stage, 272
• consumers, product stewardship and, 71
• Container Recycling Institute, 218
• conventional manufacturers, 96
• converting waste into products, 139–161
• corporate social responsibility (CSR), 49–50
• corporate sustainability reports (CSRs), 284
• corrosion, of metals, 212
• Costco, 96, 348–349
• costs
  • about, 98–100
  • externalized, 59–60
  • hard, 100
  • indirect, 385–386
  • of inventory, 104–105
  • labor, 382
  • of new (virgin) materials, 80
  • of poor efficiency, 386
  • of procurement, 100
  • of quality, 105
  • real, 382–383
  • soft, 100
  • of transportation, 104
  • of waste, 34, 35–36, 381–388
  • of waste disposal, 80
  • of waste management, 144
• cotton, 310, 313
• couriers, 339
• Coursera, 343
• cradle to cradle approach, 53
• Cradle to Cradle Certified, 223
• Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, 53, 176–178, 287, 342
• Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (McDonough and Braungart), 53
• Craigslist, 69, 148, 189
• creating
  • capital, 86
  • effective and serviceable products, 132
  • frameworks for circular design, 267–273
  • for a lifecycle, 273–274
  • resilience through diversity, 71–76
  • unspoken demand, 110
• creative reuse, 149, 150
• creative waste, 232
• customer interaction, improving, 83–84
• customer loyalty, improving, 83–84
• customers
  • attracting new with innovation, 46
  • as a benefit of changing from linear to circular economy, 37
  • connected with suppliers and sourcing, 202–203
  • developing new, 150–151
  • listening to, 109–110
  • maximizing value proposition to, 105–108

D

• Daisy robot, 131
• data visibility, 352
• decline stage, in business lifecycles, 97
• deconstruction, 175–176, 270
• DeepGreen Metals, 322–327
• deforestation, 153
• degeneration, environmental, 252
• degenerative lifecycles, 167
• degrees, earning, 342–344
• delivery, of material, 363
• Deloitte, 83
• demand
  • creating unspoken, 110
  • managing for business services, 81–83
• demolition, 270
• Denby, Jeff (co-founder), 308–309
• design
  • about, 259
  • circularity for, 259–274
  • creating frameworks for circular, 267–273
  • for the future, 267
  • goals for circular economy, 271
  • influence of carbon building, 293–294
  • misconceptions in, 262–263
  • open source, 294–296
  • principles for permaculture, 253–255
  • problems for designers, 265–267
  • products, 374
  • products for recycling, 130–131
  • products for reuse, 129
  • products to be remanufactured, 130
  • redesigning, 260–265
  • for a useful life, 269–270
  • waste, 263–264
• design stage, 214–215, 272
• Desso, 67, 143
• Deutsche Bank, 49
• developing
  • circular business structures, 117–123
  • effective systems, 187
  • new customers, 150–151
  • new markets, 150–151
  • your message, 121–122
• digital technology, 267
• diplomas, earning, 342–344
• direct return, 175
• DIRTT, 269
• disclosure, full, 280
• discontinuation, product obsoletion and, 104
• disposable packaging, 240
• disposing of materials, 371
• disruption, responding to, 72–73
• distributed manufacturing, 235
• distributors, 96
• diversification, 154–155
• diversity
  • building resilience through, 71–76
  • in business model, 89
• do-it-yourself (DIY), 148
• doTERRA, 198
• downcycling, 19, 230–231
• drywall, 362, 363
• durability policies, 74–76, 305–306

E

• earning
  • certifications, 341–342
  • degrees and diplomas, 342–344
• Eastman, 142
• eBay, 148, 189, 379
• ecological engineering, 68
• e-commerce, 152
• economic driver, waste as an, 13
• economic growth, 43
• economic opportunities, of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, 277
• ecosystems
  • impact of waste on services, 383–384
  • protecting, 145
• ecotoxicity potential, 279
• Ecover, 54
• education
  • earning certifications, 341–342
  • earning degrees and diplomas, 342–344
• edX, 343
• efficiency
  • cost of poor, 386
  • misconceptions about, 85
• electronic storefront, 152
• Elemental, 295
• Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF), 13, 42, 44, 68, 80, 121, 122, 146, 169–176, 185, 191, 299, 343, 344, 379
• embodied carbon, 291–293
• Embodied Carbon in Construction Calculator (EC3) tool, 292
• Empowering Repair Co. Project, 379
• end-of-life
  • design stage for, 273
  • for materials, 365–366
  • reclaiming products at, 380
• energy costs, agriculture and, 250–251
• Energy Star, 224
• engaging stakeholders, 120–121
• entropy
  • about, 58
  • borrowing from nature, 64–66
  • defined, 57
  • externalized costs, 59–60
  • linear versus circular, 60–64
• environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG), 48–49
• environmental benefits, of changing from linear to circular economy, 37
• environmental damages, 98–99
• environmental degeneration, 252
• environmental footprint, 28–30
• environmental impact
  • about, 166–167
  • degenerative lifecycles, 167
  • reducing, 238
  • regenerative lifecycles, 168–169
  • sustainable lifecycles, 167–168
• environmental product declarations (EPDs), 208
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 224, 276
• environmental restoration, promoting, 175–176
• Environmental Working Group, 383
• ethical sourcing, 223
• Etsy, 42, 148
• European Commission, 48–49
• eutrophication potential, 279
• evaluating
  • building lifecycles, 276–281
  • impact of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, 277–278
  • user needs, 374–375
• Evrnu, 142
• Exchange, in ReSOLVE framework, 82, 268
• expense, of metals, 212
• extending materials, 366
• externalities
  • defined, 87, 98
  • negative, 185, 187
  • true cost and, 87–88
• externalized costs, 59–60
• extracting natural resources, 153

F

• fabrics, comparing, 310–315
• Facebook Marketplace, 69, 148
• Fairphone, 111
• fake friends, greenwashing and, 108
• Farber, Julia (sustainability expert), 136–138
• fashion and clothing industry
  • about, 24, 43, 170, 297–298
  • catastrophic effects, 302–303
  • circular, 20–22
  • comparing fabrics, 310–315
  • future of, 298–303
  • optimizing collection and recycling, 306–307
  • phasing out, 304–305
  • redesigning uses, 305–306
  • renewable resources, 307
  • reselling, 147–148
  • waste and pollution, 299–301
• feedstock selection, 179
• financial capital, 86
• finding
  • collaborators, 133
  • partners, 133
  • value in waste, 155–156
• finite products, 175
• flexibility, product lifecycle management and, 132–133
• Food and Agriculture Organization, 144
• food fermentation, 191
• food forest chain, 248
• food industry
  • about, 20, 247–248, 320
  • agriculture and, 251
  • circular economy of, 247–257
  • food management, 348–349
  • food miles, 153–154
  • hidden costs of agriculture, 249–252
  • managing waste, 321–322
  • methods of, 248–249
  • permaculture, 252–257
  • sourcing, 320–321
  • ugly food movement, 155–156
  • upcycling in, 150
  • waste, 250–252
• food miles, 153–154
• Footprint Chronicles Initiative, 136
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 180, 224, 285
• formaldehyde, 221, 286
• fossil-fuel based energy, 31, 45
• frameworks, creating for circular design, 267–273
• franchises license retail stores, 96
• Freed, Eric Corey (author)
  • contact information for, 6
  • Green Building & Remodeling For Dummies, 331
• Fresh Kills landfill, 155
• FreshDirect, 239
• Freshkills Park, 155
• Frosch, Robert (author)
  • ”Strategies for manufacturing,” 51–52
• Frost, Jeff (project manager), 191–192
• Full Circle, 55
• Full Cycle, 142
• full disclosure, 280
• Fuller, Buckminster (architect), 37

G

• Gallopoulos, Nicholas E. (author)
  • ”Strategies for manufacturing,” 51–52
• gas, natural, 30
• Georgia Tech's Ray C. Anderson Center for Sustainable Business, 343
• glass, 217–218, 362
• Glavel, 142
• global perspective, of business, 91–92
• Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB), 91
• Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 42, 91
• global shipping, 234–241
• Global Sustainable Enterprise System, 342
• global vision
  • about, 345–346
  • circular community, 346–350
  • circular restaurant and brewery, 353–357
  • circular university, 350–352
  • data visibility, 352
  • food management, 348–349
  • living laboratories, 351
  • service standards, 355–356
  • sourcing and prep for, 354–355
  • sourcing community resources and aid, 347–348
  • transportation, 349–350
  • waste as a resource, 356–357
• global warming potential, 279
• globalization, 153–154
• Google Express, 239
• government, product stewardship and, 71
• graphene, 213
• Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 144
• Green Building & Remodeling For Dummies (Freed), 331
• green buildings, 328–331
• green business sector, 92–94
• Green Seal, 225
• Green Vehicle Disposal, 147
• Greenguard, 224
• greenhouse effect, 288
• greenhouse gas (GHG), 288
• GreenMantra, 142
• GreenScreen, 287
• greenwashing, 19, 107–108, 286
• groundwater pollution, 88
• growth stage, in business lifecycles, 97
• Gruber, Marisa (partnerships manager), 176–178
• G-STAR RAW for the Oceans, 143
• Guangzhou Huadu Worldwide Transmission, 190
• Gudz, Nadine (leader), 38–40
• gypsum, 362, 363

H

• halogenated flame retardants, 221
• handmade products, 42
• hard costs, 100
• hard technical skills, 341
• hardware-as-a-service (HaaS), 282
• harvesting, material lifecycles and, 362
• Hawken, Paul (author)
  • Natural Capitalism, 52
• hazardous materials, 219–222
• HCFCs, 221
• health
  • drive to be healthier, 46–47
  • lifestyles that foster, 46
  • of materials, 364–365
• health product declarations (HPDs), 278
• hemp, 219
• Herman Miller, 200
• Herrema, Mark (CEO), 241–243
• hidden costs, 100, 104–105, 249–252
• Holmgren, David, 252–253
• Holocene extinction, 153
• HomeBiogas, 142
• household goods, reselling, 147–148
• HP, 188–189, 379
• human capital, 86, 201
• human health
  • identifying hazards to, 280
  • impact of waste on, 383
• human labor, 382

I

• icons, explained, 4
• iFixit, 149, 379
• Ikea, 149, 204–205, 231, 336, 380
• Imperfect Foods, 155
• improving
  • benchmarking and, 122–123
  • customer interaction, 83–84
  • customer loyalty, 83–84
  • material lifecycles, 195–205
• incentive-fueled reusable packaging, 240
• indirect costs, of waste, 385–386
• industrial chain, 248
• industrial ecology, 51–52
• industrial engineers, 339
• industrial hemp, 314
• information, as a benefit of changing from linear to circular economy, 37
• ING Group, 109
• Ingka Group, 204–205
• innovation
  • to attract customers, 46
  • in business models, 118–120
  • fostering innovative thinking, 367–371
  • in reuse, 149
  • rewarding, 184
  • in sportswear, 340–341
• installation of materials, 364
• Institute of Environmental Studies, 278
• IntegriCo, 142
• International Energy Agency, 290
• International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), 91
• International Living Future Institute, 220
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 92
• International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC), 342
• inventory, hidden cost of, 104–105
• iPhone, 73–74, 131
• iron, 213
• Ivaldi, 282

J

• jargon, greenwashing and, 108
• jobs
  • central to the circular economy, 338
  • enabling the circular economy, 338–339
  • future of, 336–341
  • indirectly related to circular economy, 339
• joining business networking support groups, 151–152
• junk cars, selling for scrap, 147

K

• Keen, 203
• Keynes, John Maynard (economist), 31
• Kidizen, 189
• Koch Industries, 50
• Kohl's, 385

L

• labor costs, 250, 382
• Lacy, Peter (author)
  • Waste to Wealth: The Circular Economy Advantage, 336
• landfills, 35, 155, 265
• launch stage, in business lifecycles, 97
• leaders for change, 14–16
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 224, 273
• legumes, 252
• Levi's, 142
• liability, 44–45
• lifecycle assessment (LCA) tools, 118, 199, 277
• Lifecycle Costing (LCC), 278
• Lifecycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), 278
• Lifecycle Inventory (LCI), 278
• lifecycles
  • assessing for buildings, 276–281
  • building for a, 273–274
  • of businesses, 97
  • costs of products, 329
• lifespans, for products, 86
• lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS), 46
• lifestyles, that foster health and sustainability, 46
• Lindeblad, Abrahamsson (designer), 204–205
• linear economy
  • about, 23–25
  • circular economy versus, 60–64
  • compared with circular economy, 36–37
  • difficulty of change, 36–40
  • making wrong materials, 31–34
  • taking wrong materials, 25–31
  • waste and, 144–145
  • wasting wrong materials, 34–36
• linen, 314
• LiquidSpace, 269
• listening, to customers, 109–110
• livestock waste, 191
• Living Building Challenge, 225
• living laboratories, 351
• local production, 234–241
• logging, 284
• Loliware, 143
• Loop, in ReSOLVE framework, 42, 82, 268
• Looptworks, 143
• Lovins, Amory (author)
  • Natural Capitalism, 52
• Lovins, Hunter (author)
  • Natural Capitalism, 52
• Lush Cosmetics, 91, 109
• Lyft, 115–116, 119, 188, 350
• LyftUp, 116
• Lyle, John T. (architect), 51
• Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies, 51
• lyocell, 314

M

• macro food hub, 349
• Made Safe, 224
• maintenance
  • of materials, 364
  • of products, 370, 379
• makers, circular economy for, 275–296
• management zones, permaculture, 256–257
• managing
  • demand for business services, 81–83
  • food, 348–349
  • food waste, 321–322
  • material lifecycle performance, 128–131
  • office supplies, 333–334
• manufacturability, 131
• manufactured capital, 86
• manufacturing
  • additive, 281–283
  • circular economy for, 275–296
  • as a design stage, 272
  • designing products to be remanufactured, 130
  • material lifecycles and, 362–363
  • product stewardship and, 70–71
  • reducing waste generated by, 141
• markets
  • developing new, 150–151
  • failure of, 59
  • product obsoletion and saturation of, 104
• massive open online courses (MOOCs), 343–344
• Material Circularity Indicators (MCIs), 48–49
• material lifecycles
  • about, 16, 165–166, 179–181, 195–196, 361
  • analyzing materials, 198–200
  • analyzing operations, 201–202
  • analyzing process of, 179–193
  • biological materials, 18–19
  • byproducts, 362–363
  • compared with supply chain, 374
  • delivery of material, 363
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation's Butterfly Diagram, 169–176
  • end-of-life, 365–366
  • environmental impact, 166–169
  • extending materials, 366
  • function of, 196–198
  • harvesting, 362
  • health of materials, 364–365
  • identifying where change can occur, 184–187
  • improving, 195–205
  • installation of material, 364
  • maintenance of materials, 364
  • managing performance of, 128–131
  • manufacturing, 362–363
  • opportunities for optimization, 187–191
  • processes for, 181–184
  • reusing materials, 366
  • source of materials, 362
  • sourcing, suppliers, and customers, 202–203
  • take-make-waste, 17
  • technical materials, 17–18, 19
  • upcycling versus downcycling, 19
• material loops, 118
• material metrics, 42
• materials
  • about, 207–208, 227–228
  • cardboard, 214–217
  • certifications and standards, 223–225
  • concrete, 218–219
  • disposing of, 371
  • diversity of, 89
  • ethics and, 223
  • exploring, 208
  • glass, 217–218
  • hazardous, 219–222
  • hemp, 219
  • keeping in use, 231–234, 264
  • metals, 212–213
  • oil compared with plastics, 208–212
  • paper products, 214–217
  • red list, 220
  • red list alternatives, 221
  • redesigning, 228–231
  • reducing, 369
  • requirements for, 377
  • reusing, 188–189
  • running out of, 265–266
  • selecting, 207–225
  • sources of, 362
  • sourcing, 184, 222–223
  • transparency of, 183
  • volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 221–222
• Materials Circularity Indicator (MCI), 48–49, 191
• maturity stage, in business lifecycles, 97
• maximizing value proposition to customers, 105–108
• McDonald's, 96
• McDonough, William (author)
  • Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, 53
• McKibben, Bill (writer), 196
• McKinsey & Company, 80, 81–82, 110, 260
• McMaster University, 343
• mediums of exchange, 87
• message, developing your, 121–122
• metals, 212–213
• methane, 34
• MethodHome, 143
• Mi Terro, 150
• micro food hub, 349
• Microsoft, 114
• Misfits Market, 155
• mismanaged plastic waste, 209
• Mission Zero, 38–40
• mission-driven company, 106–107
• modularity, diversity of, 89
• Mollison, Bill, 252–253
• money
  • drive to make, 44–46
  • as medium of exchange, 87
• monoculture, 89, 248, 251
• mushrooms, 251, 383
• MX3D, 133
• mycelium, 251, 383

N

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 289
• National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 36
• natural capital, 86, 128, 185–186
• natural capitalism, 52–53
• Natural Capitalism (Hawken, Lovins and Lovins), 52
• natural disasters, 45
• natural gas, 30
• natural resources
  • about, 27–28, 30–31
  • extracting, 153
  • upcycling and, 150
  • waste and, 386–387
• natural systems, regenerating, 264–265
• nature, borrowing from, 64–66
• Nest, 260
• net-negative lifecycle, 166
• net-positive lifecycle, 166
• Net-Works, 111
• new (virgin) materials, cost of, 80
• New Plastics Economy Global Commitment, 48
• New York City, 146
• Newlight Technologies, 143, 241–243
• Nextfab, 236
• nonrenewable resources, fashion industry and, 301
• NSF International, 342
• nylon, 312

O

• off-gassing, 286
• office supplies, managing, 333–334
• oil, 30–31, 208–212
• Olivier, Shar (consultant), 55–56
• OneClick LCA, 292
• online outlets, reselling to, 147–148
• online shopping, 152
• open source, 294–296
• Open Source Architecture (Ratti and Claudel), 295
• Open Source Ecology, 296
• Open Systems Lab (OSL), 295, 296
• operational carbon, 290–291
• opportunities
  • about, 319–320
  • commuting, 331–332
  • food, 320–322
  • housing, 328–331
  • products, 327–328
  • turning obstacles into, 108–112
  • working, 332–334
• Optimize, in ReSOLVE framework, 82, 268
• optimizing
  • about, 62
  • collection of clothing, 306–307
  • opportunities for, 187–191
  • technical cycles, 172–174
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 265
• O'Sell, Sarah (strategist), 281–283
• Othalo, 261
• Overtreders, 261
• Oxman, Neri, 281
• ozone depletion potential, 279

P

• Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), 88
• packaging
  • about, 227–228
  • permanent, 239–241
• paper products, 214–217
• partners, 133, 376
• Parvin, Alastair (designer), 295
• Patagonia, 136, 143, 231, 306
• Pauli, Gunter (CEO), 54
• Pentland Brands, 143
• people
  • diversity of, 89
  • planet, profit and, 280–281
• perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), 203
• performance economy, 54

• The Performance Economy (Stahel), 54

• permaculture
  • about, 252–253
  • design principles for, 253–255
  • management zones, 256–257
• permanent packaging, 239–241
• phasing out materials, in fashion industry, 304–305
• Pinterest, 148
• planet, people, profit and, 280–281
• Planetarian, 150
• planned obsolescence, 73–74, 146, 227, 232–234
• planned permanence, 232–234
• plant-sourced fabrics, 313–314
• plastic, 26, 31–32, 42, 131, 146, 208–212, 311
• Plato's Closet, 148
• pollution
  • reducing, 145
  • waste and, 299–301
• polyester, 310, 311–312
• polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 221, 362
• population, 28–30, 51
• post-consumer waste, 356
• Postmates, 239
• potential damage to human health, 279
• power purchase agreement (PPA), 120
• preassembled products, 378
• precautionary principle, 280
• precedents, 51–54
• pre-consumer waste, 356
• Preserve, 143
• preserving natural capital, 185–186
• pricing analysts, 339
• prioritizing regenerative resources, 267
• procurement
  • experts in, 338
  • hidden cost of, 100
• producing
  • local, 234–241
  • products, 377–378
• Product Lens certification from UL, 287
• product life extension business model, 111, 119
• product lifecycle management
  • about, 131–132
  • creating effective and serviceable products, 132
  • finding collaborators/partners, 133
  • flexibility, 132–133
  • troubleshooting wasteful lifecycles, 152–156
• Product Stewardship Institute, 70
• Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) model, 82–83, 111, 120
• production phase, of paper production, 215–216
• production stewardship, 339
• products
  • about, 127–128, 227–228, 327
  • bringing it all together, 134–136
  • building, 283–287
  • circular, 20–22
  • converting waste into, 139–161
  • designing, 374
  • designing for recycling, 130–131
  • designing for reuse, 129
  • designing to be remanufactured, 130
  • enhancing usefulness of, 186
  • finite, 175
  • keeping in use, 264
  • lifecycle costs of, 329
  • lifespan of, 86
  • maintaining, 370, 379
  • making circular, 127–138
  • making product lifecycle smarter, 131–133
  • managing material lifecycle performance, 128–131
  • owned compared with accessed, 375–376
  • producing, 377–378
  • receiving, 378
  • reclaiming at end-of-life, 380
  • recycling, 327–328, 370–371
  • redesigning, 228–231
  • redundancy of, 368
  • refurbishing, 379–380
  • renewable, 175
  • repairing, 370, 379
  • restoring, 370
  • reusing, 328, 369
  • selecting, 328
  • sharing, 172
  • stewardship of, 69–71
  • transitioning from linear to circular, 228–231
  • transparency of, 284
  • true cost of, 87–89
  • updating, 370
  • uses for, 369
• profit
  • about, 374
  • opportunities for, 80
  • people, planet and, 280–281
• Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, 180
• promoting
  • environmental restoration, 175–176
  • transparency, 280
• protecting
  • ecosystems, 145
  • waterways, 145

Q

• quality, hidden cost of, 105

R

• Ratti, Carlo (author)
  • Open Source Architecture, 295
• raw materials
  • about, 98
  • enhancing usefulness of, 186
  • requirements to offset waste, 385
• rayon, 313
• real costs, 382–383

• The Real Real, 42, 148

• recapture phase, of paper production, 216–217
• receiving products, 378
• reclaiming products at end-of-life, 380
• recycling
  • about, 33, 200
  • clothing, 306–307
  • designing products for, 130–131
  • developing programs for, 146
  • glass, 218
  • misconceptions about, 84
  • as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 116
  • products, 174, 327–328, 370–371
  • sourcing and, 285
  • waste, 140
• red list
  • avoiding, 280
  • materials on, 220
• redesigning
  • design, 260–265
  • materials, 228–231
  • products, 228–231
• redistribution, 366
• reducing
  • about, 200
  • environmental impact, 238
  • materials, 369
  • as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 115–116
  • pollution, 145
  • resources used, 369
  • sourcing and, 285
  • volatility, 81
  • waste, 140
  • waste generated by manufacturing, 141
• redundancy, of products, 368
• refurbishing products, 366, 379–380
• Refuse, as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 114–115
• Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize, Exchange (ReSOLVE) framework, 82, 268–269
• regenerating
  • about, 171–172, 175–176
  • natural systems, 264–265
  • in ReSOLVE framework, 82, 268
• regenerative business models, 154
• regenerative design, 51
• regenerative lifecycles, 168–169
• regenerative resources, prioritizing, 267
• regional economy, 235–237
• regions, diversity of, 89
• remaking, 148
• remanufacturing, 173–174, 189–190, 366
• remediation, waste, 387–388
• Remember icon, 4
• renewable flow management, 171–172
• renewable products, 175
• renewable resources
  • clothing and, 307
  • fashion industry and, 301
• Renewal Workshop, 143, 150, 308–309
• renting clothing, 305
• Re-Nuble, 143
• repair and maintenance, 173
• repair technicians, 338
• repairability policies, 74–76
• repairing products, 370, 379
• repair/upgrade design stage, 272
• Repurpose, as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 116
• resdesigning how clothes are used, 305–306
• research & development (R&D), 114
• reselling
  • appliances, 148–149
  • clothes, 147–148
  • household goods, 147–148
• resilience, building through diversity, 71–76
• resource depletion potential, 279
• resource recovery, 86
• resource recovery business model, 111, 119
• resource yields, optimizing, 184
• resource-intensive materials, 45
• resource(s)
  • reducing, 369
  • using waste as a, 267
  • viewing waste as a, 356–357
  • waste as a, 13
• responsible sourcing, 284–285
• Restart Project, 149
• restaurant, circular, 353–357
• restorative business models, 154
• restoring products, 370
• retailers, 71, 96
• Re-Use Consulting, 156–161
• reuse programs, 69
• reusing
  • about, 42
  • creativity in, 149, 150
  • designing products for, 129
  • innovation in, 149
  • materials, 68, 148, 188–189, 200, 366
  • as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 116
  • products, 328, 369
  • sourcing and, 285
  • waste, 140
• rewarding innovation, 184
• ride sharing, 349–350
• risks
  • defined, 44–45
  • taking, 37
• Ritchie, Kyle J. (author), 6
• Rot, as one of Six Rs of circular economy, 117
• running alone, greenwashing and, 108
• Rutqvist, Jakob (author)
  • Waste to Wealth: The Circular Economy Advantage, 336

S

• safeguarding, workers, 107
• safety regulations, product obsoletion and, 105
• Salubata, 143
• salvage, 270
• Salvation Army, 148
• Sam's Club, 348–349
• Samsung, 114
• Sauerwein, Marita, 281
• scarcity, as a sign of value, 119
• Schneider Electric, 336
• Sears, Roebuck & Co., 96, 232
• Second Hand, 142
• security, with supply chain, 81
• selecting
  • building products, 283–287
  • materials, 207–225
  • products, 328
• selling
  • clothes, 147–148
  • computer components, 148
  • household goods, 147–148
  • junk cars for scrap, 147
  • old stuff, 147–149
  • old technology, 148
  • services, 86
  • waste, 145–152
• service standards, 355–356
• service-as-a-product strategy, 240
• services, selling, 86
• SGS, 342
• shakeout stage, in business lifecycles, 97
• Share, in ReSOLVE framework, 82, 268
• shareholders, climate and, 50
• sharing platforms business model, 111, 119
• sharing products, 172
• sharing-is-caring model, 86
• shelf life, product obsoletion and, 104
• Sherga, Ron advisor, 92–94
• shipping global, 234–241
• shipping industry, 154
• shipping waste, 238–239
• Silent Spring (Carson), 50
• silk, 315
• Simpson, Alando (CEO), 101–103
• single-source supply chains, 45
• site energy, 291
• Six Rs, 114–117
• sixth mass extinction, 153
• skills, required for circular economy, 341
• slash-and-burn farming, 252
• smog formation potential, 279
• social capital, 86
• social costs, of externalities, 88
• Social & Human Capital Coalition, 201
• soft costs, 100
• soft skills, 341
• solar panels, 104, 120
• Solid Waste Environmental Excellence Protocol (SWEEP), 35
• sourcing
  • as a benefit of changing from linear to circular economy, 37
  • for circular restaurants/breweries, 353–355
  • community resources/aid, 347–348
  • connected with suppliers and customers, 202–203
  • food, 320–321
  • materials, 222–223
  • of materials, 362
  • responsible, 284–285
• sportswear, innovation in, 340–341
• Stahel, Walter (author), 263
  • The Performance Economy, 54
• stakeholders, engaging, 120–121
• standards, 223–225
• starting your own business, 149–152
• Station North Tool Library, 69
• Steelcase, 143
• stock management, 172–174
• strategic sourcing, 222–223

• ”Strategies for manufacturing” (Frosch and Gallopoulos), 51–52

• straw, as a byproduct, 140
• strip-out, 270
• structure, of circular economy, 169–171
• suggestive ads, greenwashing and, 108
• suppliers, connected with sourcing and customers, 202–203
• supply chain
  • about, 373–374
  • in business model, 89–90
  • compared with material lifecycle, 374
  • maintaining products, 379
  • materials required, 377
  • partners, 376
  • producing products, 377–378
  • product design, 374
  • product ownership, 375–376
  • receiving products, 378
  • reclaiming products at end-of-life, 380
  • refurbishing products, 379–380
  • repairing products, 379
  • security with, 81
  • user needs, 374–375
• supply chain experts, 338
• sustainability
  • about, 166
  • drive toward deep, 50–56
  • lifestyles that foster, 46
  • misconceptions about, 85
• Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 92
• sustainability managers, 338
• Sustainable Agriculture Standard, 180
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 92
• sustainable lifecycles, 167–168
• sustainable shopping, 154–155
• SWOT analysis, 63–64
• synthetics, 310
• systematic leakage, focusing on, 185
• systems thinking, 112

T

• take-make-waste approach
  • about, 17
  • making wrong materials, 31–34
  • taking the wrong materials, 25–31
  • wasting wrong materials, 34–36
• Tally, 292
• Tarkett's, 143
• Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), 92
• teachers, 339
• technical cycles, optimizing, 172–174
• technical materials, 17–18, 19, 170, 174, 180–181
• Technical Stuff icon, 4
• technology, selling old, 148
• telecommuting, 332–333
• teleconferencing, 332–333
• TerraChoice, 286–287
• textile production, 301

• 3D Hub, 235
• 3D printing technology, 133, 234
• 3Form, 155–156

• threshold level, 280
• Timberland, 116, 143
• time-of-use management, 330–331
• tiny amounts, greenwashing and, 108
• Tip icon, 4
• titanium, 213
• Toasted Ale Brewery, 116
• toilet paper industry, 153
• Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), 278
• TOUS, 143
• Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 34
• Trader Joe's, 202
• traditional engineering, 68
• transparency
  • material, 183
  • of process, 135–136
  • product, 284
  • promoting, 280
• transportation
  • for communities, 349–350
  • hidden cost of, 104
• trees, 384
• troubleshooting wasteful product lifecycles, 152–156
• TRUE — zero waste certification, 223–224
• TU Delft, 343
• Turo, 188

U

• Uber, 119, 188, 350
• ugly food movement, 155–156
• Ugly Pickle Co., 149
• Uncommon Goods, 42
• Under Armor, 355
• Underwriters Laboratories, 342
• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 92
• United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting (UNSEE A), 92
• United States Green Building Council, 69
• universities, 350–352
• University of Exeter Business School, 343
• Upcycled Food Association (UFA), 151–152
• upcycling, 19, 125, 149, 150, 230, 231
• updated technology, product obsoletion and, 104
• updating products, 370
• US Energy Information Administration, 291
• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 273–274
• usage phase, of paper production, 216
• useful life, 269–270
• use/maintenance/operations design stage, 272
• user needs, determining, 374–375
• uses, diversity of, 89
• Usher, Rory (public relations manager), 322–327
• utilization rate, of clothing, 305–306

V

• value, finding in waste, 155–156
• value proposition
  • about, 95
  • circular economy and, 140–143
  • maximizing, 105–108
• Vessel, 55
• viewing waste as a resource, 356–357
• virgin (new) materials, cost of, 80
• Virtualize, in ReSOLVE framework, 82, 268
• viscose, 313–314
• volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 221–222, 286, 365
• volatility, reducing, 81
• Volkswagen, 114, 260

W

• Walmart, 239
• Walt Disney World Resorts, 119
• Warning icon, 4
• Wasp, 261
• waste
  • about, 12–13, 57–58, 66–67, 382
  • as an economic driver, 13
  • converting into products, 139–161
  • cost of, 34, 35–36, 144, 381–388
  • creative, 232
  • designing out, 263–264
  • finding value in, 155–156
  • food, 250–252, 321–322
  • impact on ecosystem services, 383–384
  • impact on human health, 383
  • indirect costs, 385–386
  • innate value of, 384–385
  • landfills and, 35
  • linear economy and, 144–145
  • livestock, 191
  • misconceptions about, 84, 85
  • natural resources and, 386–387
  • pollution and, 299–301
  • post-consumer, 356
  • pre-consumer, 356
  • raw material requirement to offset, 385
  • recycling, 140
  • reducing, 140
  • reducing generated by manufacturing, 141
  • remediation of, 387–388
  • as a resource, 13
  • reusing, 140
  • reusing materials, 68
  • selling, 145–152
  • shipping, 238–239
  • using as a resource, 267
  • viewing as a resource, 356–357
• waste disposal
  • about, 382
  • cost of, 80
  • example of, 101–103
• Waste to Wealth: The Circular Economy Advantage (Lacy and Rutqvist), 336
• wastewater, 301
• Water Sense, 224
• water supply, 30
• waterways, protecting, 145
• websites, 52, 54, 85, 178. See also specific topics
• weeds, 251
• Wejendorp, Kim (chef), 353–354
• wellness, as a priority, 47
• Williams, Pharrell (singer), 143
• wood, 30
• wool, 310, 315
• workers, safeguarding, 107
• working, 332–334
• writing business plans, 151

X

• Xometry, 235

Z

• zero waste consultant, 338
• zero-net-carbon (ZNC) operations, 291
• Zipcar, 188