NOTES

Introduction

1. David Cortright and George A. Lopez, Uniting Against Terror: Cooperative Non-military Responses to the Global Terrorist Threat (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007), 37.

2. Seth G. Jones and Artin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa’ida (RAND Corporation, 2008), www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf.

3. Arie Perliger and Daniel Milton, “From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, November 11, 2016, https://ctc.usma.edu/from-cradle-to-grave-the-lifecycle-of-foreign-fighters-in-iraq-and-syria/.

4. Hamed El-Said and Richard Barrett, Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria (United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism [UNOCT], July 2017), www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf.

5. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

6. Keith Proctor, “Youth and Consequences: Unemployment, Injustice and Violence—Afghanistan, Colombia, Somalia,” Mercy Corps, February 13, 2015, www.mercycorps.org/research-resources/youth-consequences-unemployment-injustice-and-violence?source=WOW00088&utm_source=release&utm_medium=media%20relations&utm_campaign=youth%20conflict%20report.

PART I

1. Who is the terrorist?

1. Naif Al-Mutawa, “Superheroes Inspired by Islam,” (TEDGlobal Conference, July 2010), Accessed online, www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_inspired_by_islam?language=en.

2. Al-Mutawa, “Superheros Inspired by Islam.”

3. Trevor Noah, “Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s Royal Wedding” (Live at the O2 London May 21, 2018), YouTube, www.no-ads-youtube.com/video/trevor-noah/prince-harry-meghan-markle-s-royal-wedding-live-at-the-o2-london-trevor-noah?v=njfl_bwFBoI.

4. Miriam Valverde, “A Look at the Data on Domestic Terrorism and Who Is Behind It,” PolitiFact, August 16, 2017, www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/aug/16/look-data-domestic-terrorism-and-whos-behind-it/.

5. Europol, “European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016,” EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report, November 1, 2016, www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016.

6. Feliks Garcia, “White Nationalist Movement Growing Much Faster Than Isis on Social Media,” Independent, September 4, 2016, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/white-nationalist-movement-twitter-faster-growth-isis-islamic-state-study-a7223671.html.

7. Alan Strathern, “Why Are Buddhist Monks Attacking Muslims?” BBC News, May 2, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22356306.

8. Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, “Does Poverty Cause Terrorism? The Economics and the Education of Suicide Bombers,” The New Republic Online, June 24, 2002, https://newrepublic.com/article/91841/does-poverty-cause-terrorism.

9. James Michael Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz, Terrorism: Origins and Evolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 26–27.

10. Walter Laqueur, “Terrorism: A Brief History,” EJournal USA Foreign Policy Agenda 12 (2007): 21.

11. “Joseph Stalin: Created Worst Man-made Famine in History,” History: Fast Facts, April 19, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aF_sRXVdoU.

12. Rupert Colley, “Yakov Stalin—A Summary.” History in an Hour, March 18, 2013, www.historyinanhour.com/2013/03/18/yakov-stalin-summary/.

13. Laqueur, “Terrorism: A Brief History,” 22.

14. Brian Michael Jenkins, “The 1970s and the Birth of Contemporary Terrorism.” The Hill, July 30, 2015, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/homeland-security/249688-the-1970s-and-the-birth-of-contemporary-terrorism.

15. Timothy Naftali, Blind Spot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism, Interview with Timothy Naftali, C-SPAN, July 21, 2005, www.c-span.org/video/?188136-1/blind-spot-secret-history-american-counterterrorism.

16. Christoph Reuter, My Life is a Weapon: A Modern History of Suicide Bombing (Munich: Bertelsmann Verlag, 2002).

17. “Tamil Tigers: Suicide Bombing Innovators,” NPR: Talk of the Nation, May 21, 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104391493.

18. Lutz, Terrorism: Origins and Evolution, 39.

19. Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al Qaeda (New York: University of California Press, 2006), 92.

20. Arnaud Blin and Gerard Chaliand, eds. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Trans. Edward Schneider. (New York: University of California Press, 2007). 221–23.

21. Alix Langone, “Police Swamped with 1,200 Calls About Suspicious Packages: The Latest on the Austin Bombings,” Time, March 20, 2018, http://time.com/5205181/austin-bombings%20/.

22. James Alan Fox, “How Do We Prevent Future Stephen Paddocks? After Vegas, Way Forward Fraught with Problems,” USA Today, October 3, 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/10/03/how-do-we-prevent-future-stephen-paddocks-way-forward-fraught-problems-jameslan-fox-column/724856001/.

23. Laqueur, “Terrorism: A Brief History,” 20.

24. Richard F. Grimmett, “Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad 1798–2008,” Congressional Research Service, March 10, 2011, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41677.pdf.

25. IPPNW-Germany, “Body Count: Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the ‘War on Terror,’” PSR: Physicians for Social Responsibility, March 19, 2015, www.psr.org/blog/resource/body-count/.

26. Micah Zenko and Jennifer Wilson, “How Many Bombs Did the United States Drop in 2016?” Council on Foreign Relations, January 5, 2017, www.cfr.org/blog/how-many-bombs-did-united-states-drop-2016/.

27. Jack Serle, “Obama Drone Casualty Numbers a Fraction of Those Recorded by the Bureau,” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, July 1, 2016 www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2016-07-01/obama-drone-casualty-numbers-a-fraction-of-those-recorded-by-the-bureau.

28. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 43.

29. Robert Windrem, “US Government Considered Nelson Mandela a Terrorist Until 2008,” NBCNews.com, November 2, 2015, www.nbcnews.com/news/world/us-government-considered-nelson-mandela-terrorist-until-2008-flna2D11708787.

30. League of Arab States, “The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism,” Adopted by the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice (Cairo, Egypt, April 1998), www.unodc.org/images/tldb-f/conv_arab_terrorism.en.pdf

31. “Information on More than 180,000 Terrorist Attacks.” Global Terrorism Database, University of Maryland National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: A Center of Excellence of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, July 2018, www.start.umd.edu/gtd/.

32. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

33. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace).

34. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace).

35. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace).

36. Global Terrorism Index 2016 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2016), http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf.

37. Lorenzo Vidino, Francesco Marone, and Eva Entenmann, “Fear Thy Neighbor, Radicalization and Jihadist Attacks in the West,” ICCT: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, Publications, June 14, 2017, https://icct.nl/publication/fear-thy-neighbor-radicalization-and-jihadist-attacks-in-the-west/.

38. Vidino, Marone, and Entenmann, “Fear Thy Neighbor.”

39. The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq,” December 2015, soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate_FINAL3.pdf.

40. Thomas Hegghammer, “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad,” International Security 35, 3 (Winter 2011/12): 53–94, www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/The_Rise_of_Muslim_Foreign_Fighters.pdf.

41. The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters.”

2. Make the Umma Great again

1. Alexander LaCasse, “How Many Muslim Extremists Are There? Just the Facts, Please,” Christian Science Monitor, January 13, 2015, www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/terrorism-security/2015/0113/How-many-Muslim-extremists-are-there-Just-the-facts-please.

2. Laylá Abū Zayd, Life of the Prophet: A Biography of Prophet Mohammed (Beruit: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiya, 2011), 90.

3. afī al-Ramān Mubārakfūrī, Tabassum Siraj, Michael Richardson, and Badr Azimabadi, When the Moon Split: A Biography of Prophet Muhammad (Riyadh: Darussalam, 2002), 61–70; Hazrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih II, Life of Muhammad, 7th ed. (UK: Wakalat-e-Tasnif, 2014).

4. Lesley Hazleton, The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad (New York: River-head Books, 2014), 142.

5. Barnaby Rogerson, The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography (London: Abacus, 2003) 157.

6. Yasmeen Qadri, “Democracy in Islam: Myth or Reality,” Paper presented at Law-Related Education, State Bar, Austin, Texas, February 6, 2004, https://theisla.org/wp-content/uploads/resources/Qadri-Democracy_in_Islam.pdf.

7. Qadri, “Democracy in Islam.”

8. Qadri, “Democracy in Islam.”

9. Qadri, “Democracy in Islam.”

10. Qasim Rashid, “Anyone Who Says the Quran Advocates Terrorism Obviously Hasn’t Read Its Lessons on Violence,” The Independent, April 10, 2017, www.independent.co.uk/voices/islam-muslim-terrorism-islamist-extremism-quran-teaching-violence-meaning-prophet-muhammed-a7676246.html.

11. Maysam J. Al Faruqi, “Umma: The Orientalists and the Quranic Concept of Identity,” Journal of Islamic Studies 16, 1 (2005): 2–3.

12. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (New York: Belknap Press, 2002), 38.

13. Ibn Taymiya, A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: A Translation of Ibn Taymiyya’s Jawab al- Sahih li-man Baddala din al-Masih, trans. Thomas F. Michel (New York: Caravan Books, 1985), 56–57.

14. Taymiya, A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity, 57.

15. Kishwar Rizvi, “Destruction of Mosul Mosque Desecrates History,” CNN, June 24, 2017, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/24/opinions/destruction-mosul-mosque-opinion-rizvi/index.html.

16. John L. Esposito, Unholy War Terror in the Name of Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 45.

17. Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (New York: Oxford UP, Incorporated, 2004), 8.

18. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, 17.

19. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, 225.

20. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, 30.

21. Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London: Granta, 2002), 72–98.

22. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (New York: Belknap Press, 2002), 314.

23. Robert Irwin, “Is This the Man Who Inspired Bin Laden?” The Guardian, UK edition, November 1, 2001.

24. Ruthven, A Fury for God, 86.

25. Ruthven, A Fury for God, 84–85.

26. Ray Takeyh and Nikolas K. Gvosdev, The Receding Shadow of the Prophet: The Rise and Fall of Radical Political Islam (New York: Praeger, 2004), 159.

27. Takeyh and Gvosdev, Receding Shadow of Prophet, 161.

28. Salim T. S. Al-Hassani, ed. 1001 Inventions. Muslim Heritage in Our World, 2nd ed. (Manchester: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, 2006).

29. Thomas Walker Arnold, The Preaching of Islam (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 2.

30. Peter Adamson, Al-Kindi (Great Medieval Thinkers) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

31. Ehsan Yarshater, ed., “Avicenna,” Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2006. Accessed May 2009, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index.

32. Arnold, Preaching of Islam, 2.

33. Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 67.

34. Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science, 117.

35. George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007), Chapter 7.

36. “Self-Doomed to Failure,” The Economist, July 6, 2002: 24–26.

37. Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Eds., Global Innovation Index: Energizing the World with Innovation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO, 2018).

38. Thomas L Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 561.

39. “Self-Doomed to Failure,” 24–26.

40. Friedman, The World Is Flat, 564.

41. “Saudi Arabia Tops Arab World with Registration of 664 Patents in 2017,” Al Arabiya, English edition, April 17, 2018, Accessed June 23, 2018, https://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/technology/2018/04/17/Saudi-Arabia-tops-Arab-world-with-registration-of-664-patents-in-2017.html.

42. Friedman, The World Is Flat, 565.

43. Assaf Moghadam, The Globalization of Martyrdom Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 150.

44. UNDP, “Arab Human Development Report 2016: Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality,” UNDP: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, www.arab-hdr.org/reports/2016/english/AHDR2016En.pdf.

45. Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al Qaeda (New York: University of California Press, 2006), 109.

3. Post-Colonial Hangover

1. Peter Mansfield, A History of the Middle East, 2nd ed. (London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1991), Chs. 9–10.

2. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995), 11.

3. Matthew Weaver, “Isis Declares Caliphate in Iraq and Syria,” The Guardian, US edition, June 30, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2014/jun/30/isis-declares-caliphate-in-iraq-and-syria-live-updates.

4. Mansfield, A History of the Middle East, chs. 9–10.

5. Beverley Milton-Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe, Conflicts in the Middle East since 1945 (New York: Routledge, 2007), 3.

6. Milton-Edwards and Hinchcliffe, Conflicts in the Middle East, 12.

7. Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (London: Oneworld, 2006).

8. “By Hook and by Crook: Israeli Settlement Policy in the West Bank,” B’Tselem: The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, July 2010, www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/201007_by_hook_and_by_crook.

9. Tom H Hastings, Nonviolent Response to Terrorism (Boston: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2004), 135.

10. Sean Hannity, Deliver Us from Evil: Defeating Terrorism, Despotism, and Liberalism (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).

11. BBC, “United States of America Timeline,” BBC News, January 10, 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1230058.stm.

12. Erika G. Alin, The United States and the 1958 Lebanon Crisis: American Intervention in the Middle East (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994).

13. Alin, United States and Lebanon Crisis.

14. Hastings, Nonviolent Response to Terrorism, 40.

15. Mansfield, History of the Middle East, 223.

16. Mansfield, History of the Middle East, 223.

17. Steven Hiatt, A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2007), 14.

18. Hiatt, Game as Old as Empire, 14.

19. Jillian Schwedler, “Islamic Identity: Myth, Menace, or Mobilizer?” SAIS Review 21, 2 (2001): 10.

20. Hiatt, Game as Old as Empire, 15.

21. Daniel Yergen, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Free Press, 2008).

22. Hiatt, Game as Old as Empire, 70.

23. Hiatt, Game as Old as Empire, 133.

24. Hiatt, Game as Old as Empire, 231.

25. CNN, “Study: Bush, Aides Made 935 False Statements in Run-up to War,” CNN Politics, January 24, 2008, http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/23/bush.iraq/.

26. Fouad Zakariyya, Myth and Reality in the Contemporary Islamist Movement, Trans. Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabi (London: Pluto Press, 2005), ix.

27. Ray Takeyh and Nikolas K. Gvosdev. Takeyh, The Receding Shadow of the Prophet: The Rise and Fall of Radical Political Islam (New York: Praeger, 2004), 14.

28. Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al Qaeda (New York: University of California Press, 2008), 40.

PART II

4. Islam Made Me Do It

1. The White House, “President Trump’s Speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit,” Statements and Releases, Foreign Policy, May 21, 2017, www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-trumps-speech-arab-islamic-american-summit/.

2. Thích Nht Hnh, Peace Is Every Step: The Path of Mindfulness in Everyday Life (New York: Bantam Books, 1991).

3. Hamed El-Said and Richard Barrett, Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria (UN Counter-Terrorism Centre [UNOCT], July 27, 2017), www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf.

4. Esther Addley, Nazia Parveen, Jamie Grierson, and Steven Morris, “Salman Abedi: From Hot-Headed Party Lover to Suicide Bomber,” The Guardian, US edition, May 26, 2017, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/26/salman-abedi-manchester-arena-attack-partying-suicide-bomber.

5. Agence France-Presse, “Orly Airport Attack: Drugs and Alcohol Found in Gunman’s Blood,” The Guardian, US edition, March 19, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/20/orly-airport-shooting-drugs-and-alcohol-found-in-gunmans-blood.

6. Kim Willsher, “Nice Attacker Grew Beard in Week Before Truck Rampage—Prosecutor,” The Guardian, US edition, July 18, 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/18/nice-attack-premeditated-mohamed-lahouaiej-bouhlel-beard-prosecutor.

7. Stephen Burgen and Ian Cobain, “Barcelona Attack: Four Suspects Face Court after Van Driver Is Shot Dead,” The Guardian, US edition, August 22, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/21/police-searching-barcelona-van-driver-shoot-man.

8. Natalia Drozdiak and Matthew Dalton, “Two Suspects Sold Bar in Brussels Not Long Before Paris Attacks,” The Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/two-suspects-sold-bar-in-brussels-not-long-before-paris-attacks-1447863006.

9. Mary Anne Weaver, “The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi,” The Atlantic, June 8, 2006, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/304983/.

10. Fox News, “Hasan Called Himself ‘Soldier of Allah’ on Business Cards,” Fox News, January 7, 2015, www.foxnews.com/us/hasan-called-himself-soldier-of-allah-on-business-cards.

11. Peter Bergen, United States of Jihad: The Untold Story of Al-Qaeda in America (New York: Broadway Books, 2015), Kindle.

12. Bergen, United States of Jihad.

13. Bergen, United States of Jihad.

14. Christoph Reuter, My Life Is a Weapon: A Modern History of Suicide Bombing (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).

15. Toby Harnden, “Seedy Secrets of Hijackers Who Broke Muslim Laws,” The Telegraph, 6 October 6, 2001, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1358665/Seedy-secrets-of-hijackers-who-broke-Muslim-laws.html.

16. Reuter, My Life Is a Weapon.

17. Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London: Granta, 2002), 122.

18. Ruthven, A Fury for God, 122.

19. Reza Aslan, How to Win a Cosmic War: God, Globalization, and the End of the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2009).

20. Davide Lerner, “It’s Not Islam That Drives Young Europeans to Jihad, France’s Top Terrorism Expert Explains,” Haaretz. com, August 20, 2017, www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/it-s-not-islam-that-drives-young-europeans-to-jihad-terrorism-expert-says-1.5477000

21. Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “In the Age of ISIS, Who’s a Terrorist, and Who’s Simply Deranged?” The New York Times, July 17, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/07/18/world/europe/in-the-age-of-isis-whos-a-terrorist-and-whos-simply-deranged.html?_r=0.

22. Associated Press in Detroit, “Flint Airport Stabbing Suspect Was Not on Radar of Canada or US Authorities,” The Guardian, US edition, June 23, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/23/flint-airport-stabbing-suspect-amor-ftouhi-lone-wolf.

23. Vikram Dodd and Matthew Taylor, “London Attack: ‘Aggressive’ and ‘Strange’ Suspect Vowed to ‘Do Some Damage,’” The Guardian, US edition, June 20, 2017, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/19/several-casualties-reported-after-van-hits-pedestrians-in-north-london.

24. Abdel Bari Atwan, Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate (London: Saqi Books, 2015), 20–21.

25. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

26. Sami Aboudi, Omar Fahmy, and Kevin Liffey (ed.), “Bomber Planning to Attack Mecca’s Grand Mosque Blows Himself Up: Ministry,” Reuters, World News, June 23, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-security-idUSKBN19E2BL.

27. Justin Whitaker, “Dalai Lama: There Is No ‘Muslim Terrorist’ or ‘Buddhist Terrorist,’” UHRP: Uyghur Human Rights Project, September, 18, 2016, uhrp.org/news/dalai-lama-there-no-%E2%80%9Cmuslim-terrorist%E2%80%9D-or-%E2%80%9Cbuddhist-terrorist%E2%80%9D.

28. The White House, “Trump’s Speech to Arab Islamic American Summit.”

29. Khalid Aziz, “Country Paper on Drivers of Radicalism and Extremism in Pakistan,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, December 2015, library fes de/pdf-files/bueros/pakistan/12144.pdf.

30. Alan Travis, “MI5 Report Challenges Views on Terrorism in Britain,” The Guardian, US edition, August 20, 2008, www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/aug/20/uksecurity.terrorism1.

31. Lisette Thooft, “Karen Armstrong: ‘There Is Nothing in the Islam That Is More Violent than Christianity,’” NieuwWij, January 18, 2015, www.nieuwwij.nl/english/karen-armstrong-nothing-islam-violent-christianity/.

32. Thooft, “Nothing in Islam.”

33. El-Said and Barrett, “Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.”

34. Robyn Scott and Lisa Witter, “Can Nigeria Teach Us How to Build Defences against Terrorism?” World Economic Forum, Global Agenda, January 18, 2016, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/can-nigeria-teach-us-how-to-build-resilience-against-terrorism/.

35. Global Terrorism Index 2017, (Institute for Economics and Peace).

36. El-Said and Barrett, “Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.”

37. Arie Perliger and Daniel Milton, “From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, November 11, 2016, https://ctc.usma.edu/from-cradle-to-grave-the-lifecycle-of-foreign-fighters-in-iraq-and-syria/.

38. Perliger and Milton, “From Cradle to Grave.”

39. Perliger and Milton, “From Cradle to Grave.”

40. El-Said and Barrett, “Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.”

41. El-Said and Barrett, “Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.”

42. Souad Mekhennet, “What Are the Root Causes of Islamic Terrorism?” Global Agenda, World Economic Forum, January 18, 2016, Accessed in 2017, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/what-are-the-root-causes-of-islamic-terrorism/.

5. poverty of Hope

1. David Gold, “Economics of Terrorism,” CIAO: Columbia International Affairs Online, New School University, May 8, 2009, www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10698/doc_10729_290_en.pdf.

2. Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Phase the Umma Will Experience (2004), 111, https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/20/207DE0C1094BC68A7061C96629DD5C1A_adara_twahsh.pdf.

3. Dan Ackman, “The Cost of Being Osama Bin Laden,” Forbes, September 14, 2001, www.forbes.com/2001/09/14/0914ladenmoney.html#14d363f132a3.

4. Mabruk Kabir, “Empowering a New Generation of Female Entrepreneurs in Afghanistan,” The World Bank, End Poverty in South Asia, March 15, 2017, blogs worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/empowering-new-generation-female-entrepreneurs-afghanistan.

5. Zuri Linetsky, “Jobs, Not Bombs, Will Win the War on Terror,” Foreign Policy, March 14, 2017, foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/13/this-poll-proves-that-trumps-counterterrorism-strategy-will-fail-africa-nigeria-boko-haram/.

6. Linetsky, “Jobs, Not Bombs.”

7. Linetsky, “Jobs, Not Bombs.”

8. Hamed El-Said and Richard Barrett, Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria (UN Counter-Terrorism Centre [UNOC]), July 27, 2017), www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf.

9. El-Said and Barrett, Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.

10. Arie Perliger and Daniel Milton, “From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, November 11, 2016, ctc usma edu/from-cradle-to-grave-the-lifecycle-of-foreign-fighters-in-iraq-and-syria/.

11. Neven Bondokji, Kim Wilkinson, and Leen Aghabi, “Trapped Between Destructive Choices: Radicalisation Drivers Affecting Youth in Jordan,” WANA Institute, February 21, 2017, wanainstitute.org/en/publication/trapped-between-destructive-choices-radicalisation-drivers-affecting-youth-jordan.

12. Peter Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror: What Makes Normal People Become Extremists?” New Scientist, August 16, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531390-700-anatomy-of-terror-what-makes-normal-people-become-extremists/.

13. Forbes International Contributor, “The World’s 10 Richest Terrorist Organizations,” Forbes, December 12, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/forbesinternational/2014/12/12/the-worlds-10-richest-terrorist-organizations/.

14. El-Said and Barrett, “Enhancing Understanding of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.”

15. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: Ecco, 2003), 212–17.

16. Stern, Terror in Name of God, 212–17.

17. Shanta Devarajan et al., Economic and Social Inclusion to Prevent Violent Extremism (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, Economic Monitor, October 2016).

18. Shawn Teresa Flanigan, “Charity as Resistance: Connections between Charity, Contentious Politics, and Terror,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, 7 (2006): 641–55, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576100500522579.

19. Ismat Sarah Mangla, “Why Do American Muslims Fare Better Than Their French Counterparts?” International Business Times, November 18, 2015, www.ibtimes.com/why-do-american-muslims-fare-better-their-french-counterparts-2189449.

20. Africa Center for Strategic Studies, “Extremism: Root Causes, Drivers, and Responses,” November 20, 2015, http://africacenter.org/spotlight/extremism-root-causes-drivers-and-responses/.

21. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

22. Keneshbek Sainazarov, Central Asia Program Director, Search for Common Ground, conversation with author via Skype, June 20, 2018.

23. “White Right: Meeting the Enemy,” Exposure, Season 7, Episode 2, directed by Deeyah Khan, written by Gareth McLean, featuring Deeyah Khan, Brian Culpepper, and Pardeep Kaleka, aired December 11, 2017, viewed on Netflix, www.netflix.com/search?q=white%20right&jbv=80994804&jbp=0&jbr=0.

24. Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror.”

25. Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror.”

6. Dis-integrated

1. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thought on the Nature of Mass Movements (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 44.

2. Philip Rucker and Julie Tate, “In Online Posts Apparently by Detroit Suspect, Religious Ideals Collide,” The Washington Post, December 29, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/28/AR2009122802492.html.

3. Colonel John M. “Matt” Venhaus, US Army, Why Youth Join al-Qaeda, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 2010, www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR236Venhaus.pdf.

4. Venhaus, Why Youth Join al-Qaeda.

5. Venhaus, Why Youth Join al-Qaeda.

6. “Jihad Cool,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, April 4, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad_Cool.

7. Abdel Bari Atwan, Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015), 20.

8. “The Real Housewives of ISIS,” Revolting, BBC, January 5, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKL9b5-DL4A.

9. Marc Sageman, Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017).

10. Venhaus, Why Youth Join Al Qaeda.

11. Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (New York: City of New York Police Department, 2007).

12. Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West

13. Peter Bergen, United States of Jihad: The Untold Story of Al-Qaeda in America (New York: Crown, 2016).

14. Bergen, United States of Jihad.

15. Homegrown: The Counter-Terror Dilemma, directed by Greg Barker, HBO Documentary Films, aired on February 8, 2016, www.imdb.com/title/tt5497132/.

16. Bergen, United States of Jihad.

17. Bergen, United States of Jihad.

18. Johannes Hirn, Will Box for Passport, photo essay of Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 2009. See www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/19/tamerlan-tsarnaev-boxing-photos_n_3118629.html.

19. Josie Jammet, “The Fall of the House of Tsarnaev,” Boston Globe, December 15, 2013, www.bostonglobe.com/Page/Boston/2011-2020/WebGraphics/Metro/BostonGlobe.com/2013/12/15tsarnaev/tsarnaev.html.

20. Neven Bondokji, Kim Wilkinson, and Leen Aghabi, “Trapped Between Destructive Choices: Radicalisation Drivers Affecting Youth in Jordan,” WANA Institute, February 21, 2017, wanainstitute.org/en/publication/trapped-between-destructive-choices-radicalisation-drivers-affecting-youth-jordan.

21. Manal Omar, “Why Women Are a Not-So-Secret Weapon for ISIS,” CNN, 31 March 31, 2017, edition.cnn.com/2017/03/31/opinions/female-fighters-isis-behind-the-mask-omar-opinion/index.html.

22. Sageman, Turning to Political Violence, 6.

23. United States Senate, “Zachary Chesser: A Case Study in Online Islamist Radicalization and Its Meaning for the Threat of Homegrown Terrorism” (PDF), Majority and Minority Staff Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, February 2012, www.hsgac.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CHESSER%20FINAL%20REPORT(1)2.pdf.

24. Emma Green, “How Two Mississippi College Students Fell in Love and Decided to Join a Terrorist Group,” The Atlantic, May 1, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/mississippi-young-dakhlalla/524751/.

25. Glennon Doyle Melton, “One Teacher’s Brilliant Idea to Stop School Shootings Has Nothing to Do with Guns,” Business Insider, February 17, 2018, www.businessinsider.com/one-teachers-brilliant-idea-to-stop-future-school-shootings-has-nothing-to-do-with-guns-2018-2.

26. Global Terrorism Index 2016 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2016) http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf.

27. Arie Perliger and Daniel Milton, “From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, November 11, 2016, https://ctc.usma.edu/from-cradle-to-grave-the-lifecycle-of-foreign-fighters-in-iraq-and-syria/.

28. Perliger and Milton, “From Cradle to Grave.”

29. Sarah Lyons-Padilla, “Can Discrimination Contribute to Feelings of Radicalization?” American Psychological Association, August 5, 2017, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/discrimination-radicalization.aspx.

30. Sarah Lyons-Padilla, “I’ve Studied Radicalization—And Islamophobia Often Plants the Seed,” The Guardian, US edition, June 13, 2016, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/13/radicalisation-islamophobia-orlando-shooting-florida-muslims-trump.

31. Alex Nowrasteh, “Immigration and Crime—What the Research Says,” Cato Institute, July 14, 2015, www.cato.org/blog/immigration-crime-what-research-says.

32. “U.S. Muslims Concerned about Their Place in Society, But Continue to Believe in the American Dream: 1. Demographic Portrait of Muslim Americans,” Pew Research Center: Religion and Public Life, July 26, 2017, www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/demographic-portrait-of-muslim-americans/#fn-28360-8.

33. “Islamic, Yet Integrated: Why Muslims Fare Better in America Than in Europe,” The Economist, September 6, 2014, www.economist.com/united-states/2014/09/06/islamic-yet-integrated.

34. Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West

35. “Muslims Widely Seen as Facing Discrimination,” Pew Research Center: Religion and Public Life, September 9, 2009, www.pewforum.org/2009/09/09/muslims-widely-seen-as-facing-discrimination3-2/.

36. Youssef Chouhoud and Dalia Mogahed, “American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report,” ISPU, April 30, 2018, www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/.

37. Nowrasteh, “Immigration and Crime.”

38. Josh Hammer, “Analysis: Homegrown Terrorism in the U.S. and UK,” Foreign Policy Association, September 11, 2008, Accessed in 2008, www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=705094.

39. Hammer, “Homegrown Terrorism.”

40. Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West

41. Krishnadev Calamur, “Are Immigrants Prone to Crime and Terrorism?” The Atlantic, June 15, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/06/immigrants-and-crime/486884/.

42. Patrick Simon, “France and the Unknown Second Generation: Preliminary Results on Social Mobility,” International Migration Review 37, 4 (March 2006): 1091–1119.

43. Cris Beauchemin et al., Trajectoires Et Origines Enquête Sur La Diversité Des Populations En France, French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), 2016, www.ined.fr/en/publications/grandes-enquetes/trajectoires-et-origines/#tabs-3.

44. Venhaus, Why Youth Join al-Qaeda.

45. Souad Mekhennet, “What Are the Root Causes of Islamic Terrorism?” Global Agenda, World Economic Forum, January 18, 2016, accessed in 2017, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/what-are-the-root-causes-of-islamic-terrorism/.

46. Souad Mekhennet, Excerpt from I Was Told to Come Alone: My Journey Behind the Lines of Jihad (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2017), accessed on http://americanempireproject.com/recommended-reading/i-was-told-to-come-alone/excerpt/.

47. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

48. “Four of the Five Terrorists in Europe Have North African Roots,” The International Massmedia Agency, June 29, 2017, intmassmedia.com/2017/06/29/four-of-the-five-terrorists-in-europe-have-north-african-roots/.

49. Stephan Vopel and Yasemin El-Menouar, “Special Study of Islam, 2015: An Overview of the Most Important Findings,” Bertelsmann Stiftung Religion Monitor, 2015, www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/Projekte/51_Religionsmonitor/Religionmonitor_Specialstudy_Islam_2014_Overview_20150108.pdf.

50. Vopel and El-Menouar, “Special Study of Islam.”

51. Zak Ebrahim, The Terrorist’s Son: A Story of Choice (New York: TED Books, 2014). See also www.ted.com/talks/zak_ebrahim_i_am_the_son_of_a_terrorist_here_s_how_i_chose_peace?language=en.

52. Ebrahim, The Terrorist’s Son

53. Hamed El-Said and Richard Barrett. Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, 2017, www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf.

54. El-Said and Barrett, Understanding Foreign Terrorist Fighters

55. El-Said and Barrett, Understanding Foreign Terrorist Fighters

56. Bondokji, Wilkinson, and Aghabi, “Trapped Between Destructive Choices.”

7. Mirror, Mirror

1. Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War (New York: Henry and Holt, 1997).

2. “Who Is Osama Bin Laden?” BBC News, December 6, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1551100.stm.

3. Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al Qaeda (New York: University of California Press, 2008), 57.

4. Peter Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda’s Leader (New York: Free Press, 2006), 119.

5. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 338.

6. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 119.

7. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 119.

8. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 86.

9. Graham Vyse, “‘Compassionate Conservatism’ Won’t Be Back Anytime Soon,” The New Republic, March 30, 2018, https://newrepublic.com/article/147694/compassionate-conservatism-wont-back-anytime-soon.

10. Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Phase the Umma Will Experience (2004), 31, https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/20/207DE0C1094BC68A7061C96629DD5C1A_adara_twahsh.pdf.

11. Atwan, Secret History of Al Qaeda, 78–9.

12. Gilles Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, ed. Jean-Pierre Milelli, trans. Pascale Ghazaleh (New York: Belknap Press, 2008), 72.

13. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words.

14. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, 47.

15. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, 47.

16. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, 58.

17. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, 52.

18. Kepel, Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, 72.

19. Ora Coren and Nadan Feldman, “U.S. Aid to Israel Totals $233.7b Over Six Decades,” Haaretz, March 20, 2013, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/u-s-aid-to-israel-totals-233-7b-over-six-decades.premium-1.510592.

20. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 347.

21. Haroon Janjua, “‘Unspeakable Numbers’: 10,000 Civilians Killed or Injured in Afghanistan in 2017,” The Guardian, US edition, February 16, 2018, www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/feb/16/10000-civilians-killed-injured-afghanistan-2017-united-nations.

22. Dan Vergano, “Half-Million Iraqis Died in the War, New Study Says,” National Geographic, October 16, 2013, news nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131015-iraq-war-deaths-survey-2013/.

23. Kathryn Watson, “Fight against ISIS Has Shifted to ‘Annihilation Tactics,’ Mattis Says,” CBS News, May 28, 2017, www.cbsnews.com/news/fight-against-isis-has-shifted-to-annihilation-tactics-mattis-says/.

24. “Rising from the Rubble: Iraq’s Mosul Takes Steps to Deal with War Debris,” UN Environment, United Nations Environment Programme, March 26, 2018, www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/rising-rubble-iraqs-mosul-takes-steps-deal-war-debris.

25. Ben Brimelow, “A New Terrorist Group Is Popping Up in Syria and Capitalizing on ISIS’ Defeat,” Business Insider UK, April 19, 2018, http://uk.businessinsider.com/syria-terrorist-group-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-2018-4?r=US&IR=T.

26. Samuel Oakford, “Counting the Dead in Mosul,” The Atlantic, April 5, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/counting-the-dead-in-mosul/556466/.

27. Oakford, “Counting the Dead in Mosul.”

28. Molly Hennessy-Fiske and Alexandra Zavis, “Civilian Victims of U.S. Coalition Airstrike in Iraq Dig Up Graves in Desperate Bid for Compensation,” Los Angeles Times, December 18, 2017, www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iraq-airstrike-compensation-20171218-story.html.

29. Atwan, Secret History of Al Qaeda, 250.

30. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, 321–22.

31. Atwan, Secret History of Al Qaeda, 275.

32. Emile Bruneau, “Understanding the Terrorist Mind,” Cerebrum, (2016), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198759/.

33. Bruneau, “Understanding the Terrorist Mind.”

34. Sean Hannity, Deliver Us from Evil: Defeating Terrorism, Despotism, and Liberalism (New York: William Morrow, 2004).

35. Madeline Batt et al., Extraordinary Rendition and Torture Victim Narratives, UNC School of Law, December 2017, www.law.unc.edu/documents/academics/humanrights/extraordinaryrenditionandNC.pdf.

36. Batt et al., Extraordinary Rendition and Torture, 550.

37. Batt et al., Extraordinary Rendition and Torture, 22–39.

38. Souad Mekhennet, “I Was Told to Come Alone,” The Huffington Post, June 14, 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/i-was-told-to-come-alone_us_59404ab0e4b04c03fa261631.

39. Shannon E. French, “The Warrior’s Code. International Society for Military Ethics,” International Society for Military Ethics, 2001, http://isme.tamu.edu/JSCOPE02/French02.html.

40. French, “The Warrior’s Code.”

41. K. P. Mohanan, “Preventing Violent Extremism through Education,” The Blue Dot: Exploring New Ideas for a Shared Future, Issue 4 (2016): 12, www.gcedclearinghouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/180094eng.pdf.

42. United Nations, Security Council, “Resolution 1377 (2001): Adopted by the Security Council at Its 4413th Meeting, on 12 November 2001,” United Nations, November 12, 2001, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/B9410BA1CB3A802085256E7D00547807.

43. Albert Bandura, “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency,” Journal of Moral Education 31, 2 (2002): 102–119, http://web.stanford.edu/~kcarmel/CC_BehavChange_Course/readings/Additional%20Resources/Bandura/bandura_moraldisengagement.pdf.

44. “8. Conclusion: A Kafkaesque Element,” Stanford Prison Experiment, 1999, www.prisonexp.org/conclusion.

45. “A Class Divided,” Frontline, Season 3, Episode 9, produced by William Peters, aired on March 26, 1985 on PBS, www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/class-divided/.

46. “A Class Divided,” Frontline.

47. Nitin Nohria, “Practicing Moral Humility,” TEDxNewEngland, November 1, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCHnK5ZK9iI.

48. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

49. Peter Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror: What Makes Normal People Become Extremists?” New Scientist 3139, August 16, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531390-700-anatomy-of-terror-what-makes-normal-people-become-extremists/.

50. Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche, Change of Heart: The Bodhisattva Peace Training of Chagdud Tulku, ed. Lama Shenpen Drolma (Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing, 2003).

51. Rinpoche, Change of Heart.

8. Counterproductive

1. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2017), 77, visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

2. Seth G. Jones and Artin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering Al Qa’Ida (RAND Corporation, 2008), www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf.

3. Global Terrorism Index 2016 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2016), 2, http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf.

4. Paul Steyn, “This Will Shatter Your View of Apex Predators: How Wolves Change Rivers—National Geographic Blog,” National Geographic, February 16, 2014, blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/02/16/this-will-shatter-your-view-of-apex-predators-how-wolves-change-rivers/.

5. Peter Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror: What Makes Normal People Become Extremists?” New Scientist, August 16, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531390-700-anatomy-of-terror-what-makes-normal-people-become-extremists/.

6. Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror.”

7. Emile Bruneau, “Understanding the Terrorist Mind,” Cerebrum, US National Library of Medicine, November 1, 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198759/.

8. Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror.”

9. Abu Rumman, Mohammad Suliman et al., Methods of Preventing and Combatting Terrorism in the MENA Region and the West, trans. by Banan Fathi Malkawi (Amman: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2016), 39–49, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/13089.pdf.

10. Department of Defense, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication, Defense Science Board (DSB), 2004, fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/commun.pdf.

11. Zuri Linetsky, “Jobs, Not Bombs, Will Win the War on Terror,” Foreign Policy, March 14, 2017, foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/13/this-poll-proves-that-trumps-counterterrorism-strategy-will-fail-africa-nigeria-boko-haram/.

12. UNDP, Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives, and the Tipping Point for Recruitment (United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Africa, 2017), journey-to-extremism undp.org/content/downloads/UNDP-JourneyToExtremism-report-2017-english.pdf.

13. Jideofor Adibe, “Explaining the Emergence of Boko Haram,” Brookings, May 6, 2014, www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/05/06/explaining-the-emergence-of-boko-haram/.

14. Rachelle Hampton, “How People Become Terrorists,” New America, March 2, 2017, www.newamerica.org/weekly/edition-155/how-people-become-terrorists/.

15. UNDP, Journey to Extremism in Africa, 87.

16. K. P. Mohanan, “Preventing Violent Extremism through Education,” The Blue Dot: Exploring New Ideas for a Shared Future, Issue 4 (2016): 5, www.gcedclearinghouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/180094eng.pdf.

17. David Gold, “Economics of Terrorism,” CIAO: Columbia International Affairs Online. New School University, May 8, 2009, www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10698/doc_10729_290_en.pdf.

18. “Top 10 Findings: What do 200 Million Arab Youth Have to Say about Their Future?” ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey Middle East, 2018, www.arabyouthsurvey.com/findings.html.

19. “Top 10 Findings,” Arab Youth Survey.

20. Iain Boal, T.J. Clark, Joseph Matthews, and Michael Watts, Afflicted Powers Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (New York: Verso, 2005), 154.

21. Samia Nakhoul, “Saddam’s Former Army Is Secret of Baghdadi’s Success,” Reuters, June 16, 2015, www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-insight-idUSKBN0OW1VN20150616.

22. Department of Defense, Report on Strategic Communication, 41.

23. “From Hypocrisy to Apostasy: The Extinction of the Grayzone,” Dabiq, Bayt Al Masadir, January 2015, https://clarionproject.org/docs/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-issue-7-from-hypocrisy-to-apostasy.pdf.

24. William McCants and Christopher Meserole, “Radicalization, Laïcité, and the Islamic Veil,” Religional, April 26, 2016, religional.org/2016/04/25/french-connection-part-ii-radicalization-laicite-and-the-islamic-veil/.

25. McCants and Meserole, “Radicalization, Laïcité, and Islamic Veil.”

26. “The Extinction of the Grayzone,” Dabiq.

27. CJ Werleman, “#LoveAMuslimDay: A Textbook Example of How to Defeat Terrorism,” Middle East Eye, April 13, 2018, www.middleeasteye.net/columns/loveamuslimday-textbook-example-how-defeat-terrorism-414721064.

28. Sabeeha Rehman, “Not a Mosque, and Not at Ground Zero,” Salon, September 23, 2017, www.salon.com/2017/09/23/not-a-mosque-and-not-at-ground-zero/.

PART III

9. Spiritual Counterterrorism

1. Steven Swinford, “It Is Lazy to Say Paris Terror Attacks Have Nothing to Do with Islam, Sajid Javid Says,” The Telegraph, January 11, 2015, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/11338258/It-is-lazy-to-say-Paris-terror-attacks-have-nothing-to-do-with-Islam-Sajid-Javid-says.html.

2. Steven Swinford, “David Cameron: Muslims Must Do More to Tackle Terrorism in Wake of Paris Shootings,” The Telegraph, January 12, 2015, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/11340004/David-Cameron-Muslims-must-do-more-to-tackle-terrorism-in-wake-of-Paris-shootings.html.

3. UNDP, Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives, and the Tipping Point for Recruitment (United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Africa, 2017), journey-to-extremism undp.org/content/downloads/UNDP-JourneyToExtremism-report-2017-english.pdf.

4. Audu Bulama Bukarti, “Islam Is Both a Sword and a Shield to Violent Extremism,” Institute for Global Change, September 13, 2017, institute global/insight/co-existence/islam-both-sword-and-shield-violent-extremism.

5. Melinda Holmes, “Preventing Violent Extremism through Peacebuilding: Current Perspectives from the Field.” ICAN: International Civil Society Action Network, August, 11 2017, www.icanpeacework.org/2017/08/09/preventing-violent-extremism-peacebuilding-current-perspectives-field/.

6. Dr. Fatima Akilu, in discussion with the author via Skype, June 5, 2008.

7. “Peace Heroes: How Nigerian Psychologist Fatima Akilu Rehabilitates Extremist Societies,” ICAN, June 7, 2018, www.icanpeacework.org/2018/06/07/peace-heroes-nigerian-psychologist-fatima-akilu-rehabilitates-extremist-societies/.

8. Camille Schyns and Andreas Müllerleile, “How to Prevent Violent Extremism and Radicalisation?” European Institute of Peace, accessed on September 29, 2018, www.eip.org/en/news-events/how-prevent-violent-extremism-and-radicalisation.

9. Dominic Casciani, “Analysis: The Prevent Strategy and Its Problems - BBC News,” BBC, August 26, 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28939555.

10. Global Terrorism Index 2017 (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2017), visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf and Global Terrorism Index 2016 (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2016), http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf.

11. Coleman Barks, Rumi: Bridge to the Soul: Journeys into the Music and Silence of the Heart (New York: HarperOne, 2007), 1.

12. Sarah Feuer, State Islam in the Battle against Extremism: Emerging Trends in Morocco and Tunisia (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus 145, June 2016), www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus145_Feuer-4.pdf.

13. Assia Bensalah Alaoui, “Morocco’s Security Strategy: Preventing Terrorism and Countering Extremism,” European View 16, 1 (June 2017): 103–120, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12290-017-0449-3.

14. Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Phase the Umma Will Experience (2004), https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/20/207DE0C1094BC68A7061C96629DD5C1A_adara_twahsh.pdf.

15. “Basit Jamal.” Ashoka, September 29, 2018, www.ashoka.org/en/fellow/basit-jamal.

16. Basit Jamal, in discussion with author via Skype, June 9, 2018.

17. Jamal, in discussion with author.

18. Jamal, in discussion with author.

19. “What you cultivate during the next seven years, when the time of harvest comes, leave the grains in their spikes, except for what you eat.” (Quran, 12:47–49), Ijaz Chaudry, The Quran: The Latest and Most Modern Translation of the Quran (Lulu Publishing, 2013.)

20. “Good and evil are not alike, repel evil with good and your enemy will become your dearest friend” (Quran, 41:34), trans. by author.

21. Niaz A. Shah, “The Use of Force under Islamic Law,” European Journal of International Law 24, 1 (February 2013): 343–65, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht013.

22. Harriet Sherwood, “More Muslim Leaders Refuse Funeral Prayers for London Attackers,” The Guardian, June 6, 2017, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/06/more-muslim-leaders-refuse-funeral-prayers-london-attackers.

23. Caroline Mortimer, “Archbishop of Canterbury: It’s Wrong to Say That Isis Attack Nothing to Do with Islam,” The Independent, June 5, 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/archbishop-canterbury-justin-welby-london-attack-islam-twisted-misused-muslim-faith-a7772916.html.

10. Radicalizing Inclusion

1. Martin Luther King, Strength to Love (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2010).

2. “Conflict-Sensitivity and Do No Harm,” CDA: Practical Learning for International Action, September 29, 2018, www.cdacollaborative.org/what-we-do/conflict-sensitivity/.

3. “Secretary-General’s Remarks at the 16th Meeting of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre Advisory Board [as Delivered],” United Nations Secretary-General, April 17, 2018, www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-04-17/secretary-generals-remarks-16th-meeting-united-nations-counter.

4. United Nations, “Preventing Violent Extremism through Inclusive Development and the Promotion of Tolerance and Respect for Diversity,” United Nations Development Programme, February 14, 2017, www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/conflict-prevention/discussion-paper---preventing-violent-extremism-through-inclusiv.html.

5. Robert Booth, “‘With You, Whatever’: Tony Blair’s Letters to George W Bush,” The Guardian, July 6, 2016, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/with-you-whatever-tony-blair-letters-george-w-bush-chilcot.

6. Shannon N. Green and Keith Proctor, “Turning Point: A New Comprehensive Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism,” CSIS: Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 2016, csis-ilab github io/cve/report/Turning_Point.pdf.

7. Seth G. Jones and Martin C. Libicki, “How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering Al Qa’ida.” RAND Corporation, 2008, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf.

8. Benjamin Wormald, “The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society,” Pew Research Center: Religion and Public Life, April 30, 2013, www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/.

9. Uri Friedman, “How Indonesia Beat Back Terrorism—For Now,” The Atlantic, September 25, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/09/indonesia-isis-islamic-terrorism/500951/.

10. Agence France-Presse, “Scandal Hits Indonesia’s Islamic Parties,” The National, December 15, 2013, www.thenational.ae/world/asia/scandal-hits-indonesia-s-islamic-parties-1.306918.

11. “Indonesian MP Resigns after Porn Scandal,” The Telegraph, April 11, 2011, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/8443411/Indonesian-MP-resigns-after-porn-scandal.html.

12. Anthony Bubalo, Greg Fealy, and Whit Mason, “Zealous Democrats: Islamism and Democracy in Egypt, Indonesia and Turkey,” Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2008, www.files.ethz.ch/isn/93125/2008-10-22.pdf.

13. Bubalo, Fealy, and Mason, “Zealous Democrats.”

14. Bubalo, Fealy, and Mason, “Zealous Democrats.”

15. Umar Juoro, “Why Populist Islam Is Gaining Ground in Indonesia,” The Huffington Post, September 22, 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/indonesia-islamist-populism_us_59c0060ce4b06f9bf04873d1.

16. “Opening Indonesia: A Conversation with Joko Widodo,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2014, www.foreignaffairs.com/interviews/2014-10-20/opening-indonesia.

17. Keith Proctor, “Youth and Consequences: Unemployment, Injustice and Violence—Afghanistan, Colombia, Somalia.” Mercy Corps, February 13, 2015, www.mercycorps.org/research-resources/youth-consequences-unemployment-injustice-and-violence?source=WOW00088&utm_source=release&utm_medium=media%20relations&utm_campaign=youth%20conflict%20report.

18. Proctor, “Youth and Consequences.”

19. Ahmad Alhendawi, UN Youth Envoy (speech, Session 549: Youth, Economics and Violence: Implications for Future Conflict Salzburg Global Seminar, Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg, Austria, April 26–May 1, 2015).

20. IPI, “Inclusion an Essential First Step in Preventing Violent Extremism,” IPI: International Peace Institute, September 27, 2016, www.ipinst.org/2016/09/violence-prevention-west-africa-sahel#7.

21. “‘The President’ Reality Show Catches on among Palestinians,” Search for Common Ground, June 1, 2016, www.sfcg.org/the-president-nbc-news/.

22. PCBS, “Main Statistical Indicators in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,” PCBS: Palestinian Central Bureau for Statistics, September 29, 2018, www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/StatInd/StatisticalMainIndicators_E.htm.

23. Nick Schifrin, “He’s Not the Palestinian President, But He Played One On TV,” NPR, August 16, 2016, www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/08/16/490174054/he-s-not-the-palestinian-president-but-he-played-one-on-tv.

24. United Nations, “Launching Global Campaign Promoting the Right of Young People to Run for Public Office,” United Nations, November 22, 2016, www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/.

25. United Nations Security Council, “Adopting Resolution 2419 (2018), Security Council Calls for Increasing Role of Youth in Negotiating, Implementing Peace,” United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, June 6, 2018, www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13368.doc.htm.

26. Christian Cito Cirhigiri, “DRC’s Future: Youth Must Be Engaged in Non-Violent Movements,” Peace News Network, December 6, 2017, www.peacenews.com/single-post/2017/12/06/DRC%25E2%2580%2599s-future-Youth-must-be-engaged-in-non-violent-movements.

27. Saji Prelis, Director of Children and Youth at Search, in discussion with the author via Skype, June 18, 2018.

28. Lauren Burrows, “Girl Power in Pakistan: Aware Girls,” Atlas of the Future, June 12, 2017, atlasofthefuture.org/project/aware-girls/.

29. “Aware Girls Founders under Threat in Pakistan.” IHEU: International Humanist and Ethical Union, June 18, 2014, iheu.org/aware-girls-founders-under-threat-in-pakistan/.

11. Can’t We All Just Belong?

1. Keneshbek Sainazarov, Central Asia Program Director, Search for Common Ground, conversation with author via Skype, June 20, 2018.

2. “Youth as Agents of Peace and Stability in Kyrgyzstan,” Search for Common Ground, May 15, 2018, www.sfcg.org/youth-agents-of-peace-kyrgyzstan/.

3. Susan Sim, “Countering Violent Extremism: Leveraging Terrorist Dropouts to Counter Violent Extremism in Southeast Asia,” QIASS: Qatar International Academy for Security Studies, January 2013, soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CVE-PHASE-II-VOL-II-Final-Feb-13.pdf.

4. “Fatima Al-Bahadly Single-Handedly Disarms Young Men in Iraq,” ICAN: International Civil Society Action Network, March 2, 2017, www.icanpeace-work.org/2017/03/02/fatima-al-bahadly-iraq/.

5. Bruce Hoffman, “Gaza City—All You Need Is Love: How the Terrorists Stopped Terrorism,” The Atlantic, December 2001, www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2001/12/hoffman.htm.

6. Hoffman, “All You Need Is Love.”

7. Hoffman, “All You Need Is Love.”

8. Arno Michaelis, conversation with author via Zoom, June 14, 2018.

9. Michaelis, conversation with author.

10. Michaelis, conversation with author.

11. Michaelis, conversation with author.

12. Michaelis, conversation with author.

13. Steve Hendrix, “In the Army and the Klan, He Hated Muslims. Now One Was Coming to His Home,” The Washington Post, June 5, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2018/06/05/feature/in-the-army-and-the-klan-he-hated-muslims-now-one-was-coming-to-his-home/?noredirect=on&utm_term=ea3e771c8f1a.

14. Paul Glader, “Neo-Nazi Rehab: How Do You Change the Mind of an Extremist?” Fast Company, April 17, 2012, www.fastcompany.com/1679670/neo-nazi-rehab-how-do-you-change-the-mind-of-an-extremist.

15. Glader, “Neo-Nazi Rehab.”

16. Violence Prevention Network, “Talking to Extremists . . . ,” Prevention Network, www.violence-prevention-network.de/en.

17. “Judy Korn,” Ashoka, 2007, www.ashoka.org/en/fellow/judy-korn.

18. Julie Farrar, “Same Roots and Cures for Neo-Nazis and Jihadists,” World-crunch, September 23, 2014, www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/same-roots-and-cures-for-neo-nazis-and-jihadists.

19. Farrar, “Same Roots and Cures.”

20. Peter Byrne, “Anatomy of Terror: What Makes Normal People Become Extremists?” New Scientist, August 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531390-700-anatomy-of-terror-what-makes-normal-people-become-extremists/.

21. Bart Somers (Mayor of Mechelen, Belgium), discussion with author via telephone, June 20, 2018.

22. Somers, discussion with author.

23. Somers, discussion with author.

24. Somers, discussion with author.

25. Somers, discussion with author.

26. Preeta Bannerjee, “Mechelen: How a Flemish City Fought Off ISIS Recruiters,” The Smart Citizen, February 28, 2017, https://thesmartcitizen.org/citizen-engagement/mechelen-counter-radicalisation/.

27. Somers, discussion with author.

28. Somers, discussion with author.

29. Bannerjee, “Mechelen.”

30. Allison Peters and Jahanara Saeed, “Promoting Inclusive Policy Frameworks for Countering Violent Extremism,” GIWPS, December 2017, www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Pakistan-CVE-Case-Study-1.pdf.

31. Sanam Naraghi Anderlini, “The Best Weapon to De-Radicalise Isis Returnees? Our Own Humanity,” The Guardian, US edition, September 15, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/15/de-radicalise-isis-reurnees-humanity-syria-bond-movie-bad-guy.

32. ICAN, “Mossarat Qadeem and Tolana Mothers: Cutting off Extremists’ Resources—One Thread at a Time.” ICAN: International Civil Society Action Network, January 25, 2018, www.icanpeacework.org/2018/01/25/mossarat-qadeem-tolana-mothers-cutting-off-extremists-resources-one-thread-time/.

33. ICAN, “Pakistani Activist Mossarat Qadeem Responds to Donald Trump,” ICAN: International Civil Society Action Network, October 31, 2017, www.icanpeacework.org/2017/10/31/peace-heroes-pakistan-mossarat-qadeem-respnds-trump/.

34. The Redman TV, “‘I’ll Be Muslim Too!’” YouTube, February 14, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-icmPutQDk.

35. Ahmad Fadam and Alissa J. Rubin, “Iraq Finds Unity on the Global Soccer Field,” New York Times, July 20, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/world/africa/20iht-baghdad.1.6750436.html.

36. Amelia Johns, Michele Grossman, and Kevin McDonald, “‘More Than a Game’: The Impact of Sport-Based Youth Mentoring Schemes on Developing Resilience toward Violent Extremism,” Social Inclusion 2, 2 (Aug. 2014): 57–70, www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/167/110.

12. Show Me the money

1. Muhammad Yunus, “Muhammad Yunus – Nobel Lecture” (Lecture, Oslo, Sweden, December 10, 2006), www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/yunus-lecture-en.html.

2. Maher Chmaytelli and Ahmed Hagagy, “Allies Promise Iraq $30 Billion, Falling Short of Baghdad’s Appeal,” Reuters, February 14, 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-reconstruction-ku/allies-promise-iraq-30-billion-falling-short-of-baghdads-appeal-idUSKCN1FY0TX.

3. Yunus, “Nobel Lecture.”

4. The following are the websites from which the information in this graphic was acquired.

“Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant,” Wikipedia, September 30, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant.

“One Way to Fight ISIS? Target the Group’s Wallet,” All Things Considered, NPR, April 3, 2016, www.npr.org/2016/04/03/472890941/one-way-to-fight-isis-target-the-groups-wallet.

Sarah Begley, “Report: ISIS Makes $80 Million a Month in Revenue,” Time, December 7, 2015, http://time.com/4139562/isis-80-million-monthly-revenue/.

Tim Meko, “Now That the Islamic State Has Fallen in Iraq and Syria, Where Are All Its Fighters Going?” The Washington Post, February 22, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/world/isis-returning-fighters/?noredirect=on&utm_term=37f6d5e51304 https://rctom.hbs.org/submission/the-islamic-state/.

Jason Abbruzzese, “Here’s How ISIS Makes—and Spends—Its Money,” Mashable: Business, December 8, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/12/08/isis-makes-its-money-like/#Jp9Q5UpFXEqJ.

Orlando Crowcroft, “ISIS: Inside the Struggling Islamic State Economy in Iraq and Syria,” International Business Times: Politics, April 11, 2015, www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-inside-struggling-islamic-state-economy-iraq-syria-1495726.

Johnlee Varghese, “Forbes Israel: ISIS Is World’s Richest Terrorist Organization in History,” International Business Times: Home/Society, November 12, 2014,www.ibtimes.co.in/forbes-israel-isis-worlds-richest-terrorist-organisation-history-613806.

Anja Kaspersen, “3 Ways to Defeat ISIS,” World Economic Forum: Global Governance, November 20, 2015, www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/3-ways-to-defeat-isis/.

Saikat Pyne, “Economics of Terror – Financial Model of ISIS,” Business Insider: India, September 4, 2015, www.businessinsider.in/Economicsof-Terror-Financial-model-of-ISIS/articleshow/48811725.cms.

“The Business Model Canvas,” Strategyzer, October 1, 2018, https://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.

5. “Q&A: Awakening Councils,” BBC News: World, Middle East, July 18, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7644448.stm.

6. Aryn Baker, “Why Iraq’s Awakening Councils Can’t Save the Country from al-Qaeda This Time,” Time: World, Iraq, June 18, 2014, time.com/2894757/iraq-al-qaeda-awakening-council/.

7. Derek Harvey and Michael Pregent, “Opinion: Who’s to Blame for Iraq Crisis,” CNN, June 12, 2014, edition.cnn.com/2014/06/12/opinion/pregent-harvey-northern-iraq-collapse/.

8. Kim Cragin and Peter Chalk, Terrorism and Development: Using Social and Economic Development to Inhibit a Resurgence of Terrorism (RAND, 2003), 34, www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1630.pdf.

9. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, 4.

10. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, x.

11. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xiii.

12. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xii.

13. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xii.

14. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xi.

15. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, x.

16. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xi.

17. Cragin and Chalk, Terrorism and Development, xii.

18. Nina Strochlic, “Could Farmers Bring Peace to Nigeria?” National Geographic, November 5, 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com.au/people/could-farmers-bring-peace-to-nigeria.aspx.

19. Kola Masha, conversation with author via Skype, June 20, 2018.

20. “Babban Gona: BMGF Grant Annual Report,” Babban Gona: Reports, October 1, 2018, www.babbangona.com/2015-reports/.

21. Kola Masha, conversation with author via Skype, June 20, 2018.

22. “The Creative Skills for Peace Inter Prison Essay Competition,” Local Youth Corner Cameroon, August 14, 2018, www.loyocameroon.org/the-creative-skills-for-peace-inter-prison-essay-competition-2/.

23. “Creative Skills for Peace,” Local Youth Corner Cameroon.

24. Steven R Koltai, “Entrepreneurship Needs to Be a Bigger Part of US Foreign Aid,” Harvard Business Review, August 15, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/08/entrepreneurship-needs-to-be-a-bigger-part-of-us-foreign-aid.

25. Koltai, “Entrepreneurship Needs to Be Bigger Part.”

26. Zuri Linetsky, “Jobs, Not Bombs, Will Win the War on Terror,” Foreign Policy, March 13, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/13/this-poll-proves-that-trumps-counterterrorism-strategy-will-fail-africa-nigeria-boko-haram/.

27. Global Terrorism Index 2016 (Institute for Economics and Peace, November 2016), economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016 2.pdf.

28. Alisa Helbitz, “World’s 1st Social Impact Bond Shown to Cut Reoffending and to Make Impact Investors a Return,” Social Finance, July 27, 2017, www.socialfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/news/final-press-release-pb-july-2017.pdf.

13. peace pays and morality trumps

1. Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World (Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace, June 2018), http://visionofhumanity.org/reports.

2. Institute for Economics and Peace, Measuring Peacebuilding Effectiveness (New York: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2017), 2–5, visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/03/Measuring-Peacebuilding_WEB.pdf.

3. Institute for Economics and Peace. Global Peace Index 2018.

4. Institute for Economics and Peace. Global Peace Index 2018.

5. Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of Al Qaeda (New York: University of California Press, 2008), 284.

6. US Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, “April 2018,” Treasury Direct, May 3, 2018, www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/mspd/2018/2018_apr.htm.

7. Alice Slater, “The US Has Military Bases in 80 Countries. All of Them Must Close,” The Nation, US Wars and Military Action, January 24, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/the-us-has-military-bases-in-172-countries-all-of-them-must-close/.

8. Jeff Janaro, “The Danger of Imperial Overstretch.” Foreign Policy Journal: News and Analysis, US, July 15, 2014, www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/07/15/the-danger-of-imperial-overstretch/.

9. United Nations Development Programme, Arab Human Development Report 2016: Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality (Beruit: UNDP: Regional Bureau for Arab States [RBAS], 2016), 174, www.arab-hdr.org/reports/2016/english/AHDR2016En.pdf.

10. Institute of Economics and Peace, Measuring Peacebuilding Effectiveness.

11. Stephanie Blenckner and Alexandra Manolache, “Global Military Spending Remains High at $1.7 Trillion,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), May 2, 2018, www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2018/global-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion.

12. Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Peace Index 2016 (New York: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2016) http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/02/GPI-2016-Report_2.pdf.

13. Tom H. Hastings, Nonviolent Response to Terrorism (Boston: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2004), 137.

14. Philip H. Gordon, Winning the Right War: The Path to Security for America and the World (New York: Times Books, 2007), 86.

15. Foundation Center and Peace and Security Funders Group, “Peace and Security Funding Index: An Analysis of Global Foundation Grantmaking,” Foundation Center, October 2, 2018, http://peaceandsecurityindex.org/reports/.

16. Foundation Center, “Advancing Human Rights: The State of Global Foundation Grantmaking, 2015,” Foundation Center and Human Rights Funders Network, 2015, October 2, 2018, humanrightsfunding.org/overview/year/2015/.

17. United Nations, Security Council, “Young People Powerful Agents for Resolving, Preventing Conflict, Speakers Tell Security Council Open Debate amid Calls to Change Negative Stereotypes,” United Nations: Meetings Coverage, April 23, 2018, www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13312.doc.htm.

18. Blenckner and Manolache, “Global Military Spending Remains High.”

19. Lena Slachmuijlder, Search’s Vice President of Programs, conversation with author via Skype, June 24, 2018.

20. Jillian J. Foster, Plateau Will Arise! Phase II (PWA II): Consolidating an Architecture for Peace, Tolerance and Reconciliation—Final Evaluation Report, Search for Common Ground, October 2, 2018, www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NGR505-Final-Evaluation-report-FINAL.pdf.

21. Foster, Plateau Will Arise!

22. Foster, Plateau Will Arise!

23. Foster, Plateau Will Arise!

24. Seth G. Jones and Artin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering Al Qa’Ida (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008), www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf.

25. Hamed El-Said and Richard Barrett, Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, 2017, www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf.

26. K. P. Mohanan, “Preventing Violent Extremism through Education,” Blue Dot (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization | Mahatama Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development, 2016), 12, https://gcedclearinghouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/180094eng.pdf.

27. Buckminster Fuller Institute, “GreenWave,” Accessed on October 21, 2018, www.bfi.org/ideaindex/projects/2015/greenwave.

28. Foundation Center and Peace and Security Funders Group, “Peace and Security Funding Index.”

29. European Venture Philanthropy Association, “What Is Venture Philanthropy?” EVPA, October 2, 2018, https://evpa.eu.com/about-us/what-is-venture-philanthropy.

30. CDA, “Conflict-Sensitivity and Do No Harm,” CDA, Practical Learning for International Action, October 2, 2018, www.cdacollaborative.org/what-we-do/conflict-sensitivity/.

31. Linda Booth Sweeney, “Systems Resource Room,” October 2, 2018, www.lindaboothsweeney.net/resources.

32. John Kania and Mark Kramer, “Collective Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review: Informing and Inspiring Leaders of Social Change, 2011, ssir.org/articles/entry/collective_impact.

33. CDA, “Do No Harm.”

34. Daniel W. Drezner, “Why Neoconservatives Should Love West Point Even More Than They Do Now,” The Washington Post, November 19, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/11/19/why-neoconservatives-should-love-west-point-even-more-than-they-do-now/?utm_term=567e5d4caed4.