Index

Numbers

6-tuple space, visualization of, 339–340

8-state trellis, 604–605

802.11a Wi-Fi standard, 997–1000

A

a posteriori probability (APP), 472, 514–517

absolute bandwidth, 46

acquisition in spread-spectrum system synchronization, 767–772

correlator structures, 767–770

sequential estimation, 771–772

serial search, 770–771

ACS (add-compare-select), 399–400

adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM), 885–886

adaptive equalization, 144–145, 152–155

adaptive prediction, 865–868

ADC (analog-to-digital converters), 862–863

add-compare-select (ACS), 399–400

additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 29, 101–111, 906–907

adjacent channel interference, 242

ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code modulation), 885–886

AGC (automatic gain control), 829, 833

aliasing, 60, 64–67

ALOHA, 702–705

AM (amplitude modulated) carrier waves, 164

amplifiers, noise figure, 263–265

amplitude density functions, 829–830

amplitude quantizing, 830–849

dithering, 842–845

nonuniform quantization, 845–849

quantizing noise, 833–836

saturation, 840–842

uniform quantizing, 836–840

amplitude-phase keying (APK), 168

amplitude-shift keying (ASK), 167

AM/PM conversion, 238

analog communication systems

advantages of digital systems over, 2–4

digital waveforms versus, 2–3

figure of merit in, 112–114

performance criteria, 9–10

analog filtering, oversampling and, 68–69

analog FM, comparison with TDMA and CDMA, 799–801

analog information sources, 7–8

corruption sources, 70–73

channel noise, 71–72

intersymbol interference, 72

quantization noise, 71

saturation, 71

signal-to-noise ratio in quantization, 72–73

timing jitter, 71

formatting, 57

aliasing, 64–67

oversampling, 67–69

PCM (pulse-code-modulation), 73–75

sampling theorem, 57–64

signal interface for digital system, 69–70

analog pulse modulation, 86

analog signals, 10

analog-to-digital converters (ADC), 862–863

antenna arrangements

benefits of multiple antennas, 1023–1031

array gain, 1023

coding gain, 1029

diversity gain, 1023–1026

MISO transmit diversity example, 1027–1028

SIMO receive diversity example, 1026–1027

two-time interval MISO diversity example, 1028–1029

visualization of array gain, diversity gain, coding gain, 1029–1031

in MIMO channel model, 1020–1022

antenna efficiency, 240

antenna gain, 244

antenna temperature, 270–271, 906

antialiasing filters, 64–66

anti-jam margin, 778

antipodal signals, 123–125, 127–128, 166–167, 298–301

APK (amplitude-phase keying), 168

APP (a posteriori probability), 472, 514–517

ARQs (automatic repeat requests), 307–309

array gain (beamforming), 1020, 1023, 1029–1031, 1063–1065, 1066

ASK (amplitude-shift keying), 167

atmospheric effects

on channels, 236–237

link margin and, 257

atmospheric loss/noise, 240

audio compression, 884–889

ADPCM, 885–886

CELP, 886–887

MPEG layers I/II/III, 887–889

autocorrelation, 15–17

of energy signals, 15–16

of power signals, 16–17

power spectral density (PSD) and, 22–27

of wide-sense stationary random processes, 21

autocorrelation matrix, 151

automatic gain control (AGC), 829, 833

automatic repeat requests (ARQs), 307–309

autoranging, 829

autozero, 829

average normalized power example, 15

AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise), 29, 101, 111, 906–907

B

balance property, 750

band-edge filters, 654–659

eye diagrams, 657–659

modified band-edge filters, 655–658

non-data aided timing synchronization, 660–664

bandlimiting loss, 238

bandpass filters (BPFs), 34

bandpass transmission, 6, 9

antipodal signals, 129–130

baseband versus, 41–43

bit-error probability, 202–211

for binary DPSK, 208–210

BPSK and QPSK, 216

for coherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 204–206

for coherently detected BPSK, 202–204

comparison by modulation type, 210–211

for differentially encoded BPSK, 204

ideal probability of bit-error performance, 211

for noncoherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 206–208

complex envelope, 196–201

D8PSK demodulator example, 200–201

D8PSK modulator example, 198–200

quadrature-type modulators, 197–198

detection in Gaussian noise, 169–175

correlation receiver, 170–175

decision regions, 169–170

equivalence theorem, 100, 169

modulation

APK (amplitude-phase keying), 168

ASK (amplitude-shift keying), 167

FSK (frequency-shift keying), 167, 184–186, 190–196

MPSK (multiple phase-shift keying), 181–183

necessity of, 162

phasor representation of sinusoid, 163–165

PSK (phase-shift keying), 166–167, 175–176

techniques, 162–169

waveform amplitude coefficient, 168–169

orthogonal signals, 129–130

bandwidth, 41–46

baseband versus bandpass, 41–43

capacity versus, 317–318

compression, 83, 133

data rate versus, 317

efficiency, 84

error performance versus, 316

measuring, 26–27

minimum tone spacing and, 193–194

Nyquist minimum bandwidth, 552–554

power versus, 316, 1058

requirements example, 138–139

strictly bandlimited channels, 43–46

transition bandwidth, 66

bandwidth dilemma, 43–46

bandwidth efficiency (R/W), 133

bandwidth-efficiency plane, 562–565

error-probability plane versus, 564–565

MPSK and MFSK modulation, 563–564

bandwidth-efficient modulation, 583–594

MSK (minimum-shift keying), 587–591

QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), 591–594

QPSK and offset QPSK signaling, 583–587

bandwidth-limited systems, 565, 567–569

coded example, 575–582

MCPC access modes, 715

uncoded example, 571–573

base station receivers, 810

baseband channels, 55

baseband signals, 55, 75

baseband transmission, 5–6, 8–9, 79–88

bandpass versus, 41–43

bipolar signaling, 127–128, 129–130

defined, 54

equivalence theorem, 100, 169

formatting, 54–55

M-ary pulse-modulation waveforms, 86–88

necessity of demodulation, 100

PCM (pulse-code-modulation) waveforms

bits per word/bits per symbol, 84–85

spectral characteristics, 83–84

types of, 80–83

unipolar signaling, 126–127, 129–130

waveform representation of binary digits, 79

basis functions, 105, 128–130

Baudot code, 874

BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) codes, 363–366, 575–576

BCs (broadcast channels), 1059–1061

beamforming. See array gain (beamforming)

beamwidth, 246

belief propagation (BP) decoding, 513–514, 516

BER (bit-error rate), minimizing, 634–636

best-known convolutional codes, 411–412

BF (bit-flipping) decoding, 511

binary ASK signaling, 167

binary cyclic codes. See cyclic codes

binary digits. See bits

binary PSK (BPSK), 166–167

bit-error probability, 202–204, 216

coherent detection, 175–176

binary signaling

detection in Gaussian noise, 114–130

for bandpass transmissions, 169–175

correlation realization of matched filters, 119–121

error probability, 126–130

error-performance optimization, 122–125

matched filters, 117–119

maximum likelihood receiver structure, 114–117

duobinary signaling versus, 93

binary symmetric channels (BSC), 310, 392–393

binary systems, 55

error performance, 202–211

for binary DPSK, 208–210

for coherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 204–206

for coherently detected BPSK, 202–204

comparison by modulation type, 210–211

for differentially encoded BPSK, 204

ideal probability of bit-error performance, 211

for noncoherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 206–208

binary tree searches, 710–711

biorthogonal codewords, 303–304

bipartite graphs, 508

bipolar signaling, 127–130

bit nodes, 508

bit rate equivalence, FDMA versus TDMA, 692–693

bit streams, 5, 8–9, 55

synchronization, 620

bit-error probability, 202–211

for binary DPSK, 208–210

BPSK and QPSK, 216

for coherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 204–206

for coherently detected BPSK, 202–204

comparison by modulation type, 210–211

for differentially encoded BPSK, 204

ideal probability of bit-error performance, 211

for noncoherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 206–208

for QAM, 593

symbol-error probability versus, 223–227

bit-error rate (BER), minimizing, 634–636

bit-flipping (BF) decoding, 511

bits, 5, 8, 55–56

per word/per symbol, 84–85

waveform representation, 79

BLADES system, 788–789

blind equalization, 153–154

block coding, 868–870, 1047–1050

block diagrams, 4–7, 979–980

block errors, 314–315

block interleaving, 449–451

Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, 363–366, 575–576

bounded power spectral density, 45

bounded distance decoders, 337, 347

BP (belief propagation) decoding, 513–514, 516

BPFs (bandpass filters), 34

BPSK (binary PSK), 166–167

bit-error probability, 202–204, 216

coherent detection, 175–176

branch metrics, 494–495, 498–499, 500–502

branch word synchronization, 401

broadband noise jamming, 780–781

broadcast channels (BCs), 1059–1061

BSC (binary symmetric channels), 310, 392–393

bubbling, 877–878

burst noise, 426

burst-error correction, 423

Butterworth filters, 37–38

C

capacity, 504

bandwidth versus, 317–318

in MIMO, 1037–1042

deterministic channel modeling, 1038–1039

random channel models, 1040–1042

trade-offs, 1053–1054

water filling, 1046

MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO), 1067–1080

dirty-paper coding (DPC), 1071–1074

interference cancellation, 1072–1074

LQ decomposition, 1075–1080

precoding at transmitter, 1069

QPSK signal space plus extension space, 1072–1073

sum-rate capacity comparison, 1081

zero-forcing precoding, 1070–1071

Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem, 554

carrier synchronization, 621–624

carrier waves (sinusoids), 42

APK (amplitude-phase keying), 168

ASK (amplitude-shift keying), 167

digital modulation techniques, 162–169

FSK (frequency-shift keying), 167

coherent detection, 184–186

noncoherent detection, 190–192

tone spacing for orthogonal FSK signaling, 192–196

modulation, 620–621

MPSK (multiple phase-shift keying), coherent detection, 181–183

necessity of, 162

phasor representation of sinusoid, 163–165

PSK (phase-shift keying), 166–167

coherent detection, 175–176

uniqueness of, 1019–1020

waveform amplitude coefficient, 168–169

carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) networks, 731–732

Token-ring networks versus, 734–735

carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio, 252

catastrophic error propagation, 407–408

C-band, 688

CD (code division), 682

CD (compact disc) digital audio system, 454–461

CIRC decoding, 458–460

CIRC encoding, 456–457

interpolation and muting, 460–461

CDMA (code-division multiple access), 317, 695–698, 746, 789–792

analog FM versus TDMA versus, 799–801

direct-sequence CDMA, 796–799

interference-limited versus dimension-limited systems, 801–803

IS-95 CDMA digital cellular systems, 803–814

MIMO-SM analogy, 1033

cellular systems, 796–814

analog FM versus TDMA versus CDMA, 799–801

direct-sequence CDMA, 796–799

interference-limited versus dimension-limited systems, 801–803

IS-95 CDMA digital cellular systems, 803–814

forward channel, 804–807

power control, 810–812

receiver structures, 809–810

reverse channel, 807–809

typical telephone call scenario, 812–814

LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 1001–1006

CELP (code-excited linear-prediction) coding, 886–887

central limit theorem, 28

central moments of random variables, 18

channel bits, 310, 312, 376–377

channel characterization, 144–145

channel coding, 5, 6–7, 298, 567

bandwidth- and power-limited systems example, 575–582

BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) codes, 363–366

for CD (compact disc) digital audio system, 454–461

CIRC decoding, 458–460

CIRC encoding, 456–457

interpolation and muting, 460–461

concatenated codes, 453–454

convolutional codes, 376–421

best known, 411–412

catastrophic error propagation, 407–408

code rate trade-off, 413

coding gain, 409–411

connection representation, 378–382

decoder implementation, 398–400

distance properties, 402–406

error-correcting capability, 405–406

explained, 376–378

feedback decoding, 419–421

hard- and soft-decision decoding, 390–394

limitations of sequential and Viterbi decoding, 418–419

maximum likelihood decoding, 388–390

path memory and synchronization, 401

performance bounds, 408–409

sequential decoding, 415–418

soft-decision Viterbi decoding, 413–415

state diagrams, 382–385

systematic and nonsystematic, 406

tree diagrams, 385

trellis diagrams, 385–388

Viterbi decoding algorithm, 394–398

cyclic codes, 349–359

algebraic structure of, 349–350

dividing circuits, 353–355

error detection with upshifting, 358–359

properties of, 351

systematic, 352–353

upshifting, 356–357

error control, 307–309

automatic repeat requests (ARQs), 307–309

terminal connectivity types, 306–307

error detection and correction, 334–341

erasure correction, 341

Hamming weight and distance, 334–335

minimum distance, 335

simultaneous detection/correction, 338–339

visualization of 6-tuple space, 339–340

weight distribution of code, 338

extended Golay codes, 361–363

Hamming codes, 359–362

interleaving, 446–449

block interleaving, 449–451

convolutional interleaving, 452

LDPC (low-density parity check) codes, 504–534

decoding, 509–532

error performance, 532–534

finding best-performing codes, 507–509

parity-check matrix, 505–507

linear block codes, 320–334

decoder implementation, 332–334

error correction, 329–331

example, 322–323

generator matrix, 323–324

parity-check matrix, 326–327

syndrome testing, 327–328

systematic, 325–326

vector spaces, 320–321

vector subspaces, 321–322

Reed-Solomon codes, 421–446

burst noise and, 426

decoding, 439–446

encoding procedure, 435–439

error performance, 426–429

error probability, 423–425

finite fields, 429–435

standard arrays, 342–349

designing code, 344–345

error detection versus error correction, 345–347

estimating code capability, 342–343

example, 343–344

structured sequences, 309–320

binary symmetric channels (BSC), 310

code rate and redundancy, 311–312

defined, 298

discrete memoryless channels (DMC), 309–310

error-correction coding, reasons for using, 315–320

Gaussian channels, 310–311

parity-check codes, 312–315

trade-offs with modulation, 565–566

turbo codes, 472–504

error performance, 492

feedback decoding, 489–492

iterative decoding, 475–476

likelihood functions, 472–473

log-likelihood algebra, 476–477

log-likelihood ratio, 474–475

MAP (maximum a posteriori) algorithm, 493–504

product code example, 477–483

recursive systematic codes, 484–489

two-signal class case, 473–474

waveform coding

biorthogonal codewords, 303–304

cross-correlation in, 300–301

defined, 298

encoding procedure, 300–301

example system, 304–307

orthogonal codewords, 301–302

transorthogonal (simplex) codes, 304

channel model (MIMO), 1020–1023

antenna arrangements, 1020–1022

deterministic, 1038–1039

impact on spatial multiplexing, 1034–1036

random, 1040–1042

wireless fading channels, 1022–1023

channel noise, 71–72

channel symbols, 5, 311, 312, 376–377

intersymbol interference (ISI), 72

channelization

of communications resources (CRs), 691–692

in multiple-access systems, 701

channels, 236–241

atmospheric effects, 236–237

error-performance degradation, 237–238

fading. See fading

free space, 237

sounding the channel, 1064–1066

sources of signal loss and noise, 238–241

channel-state information (CSI)

on receivers, 1033–1035

on transmitters, 1042–1046

character coding, 55

characters, 8, 55–56

check bits, 311

check nodes, 508

chips, 762

CIRC (cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code), 455–456

decoding, 458–460

encoding procedure, 455–456

circuits, spectral characteristics, 39–42

circular convolution, 993–996

C/N (carrier-to-noise) ratio, 252

co-channel interference, 242

code bits, 311, 312, 376–377

code capability, estimating, 342–343

code division (CD), 682

code length, 876–877

code population, 869–870

code rate, 311–312

effective rate, 379, 381

Reed-Solomon code performance and, 426–429

trade-off, 413

code redundancy, 311–312

Reed-Solomon code performance and, 426–429

code symbols, 310, 312, 376–377

codebook coders, 869

coded bandwidth-limited systems, 575–582

coded power-limited systems, 575–582

code-division multiple access (CDMA), 317, 695–698, 746, 789–792

analog FM versus TDMA versus, 799–801

direct-sequence CDMA, 796–799

interference-limited versus dimension-limited systems, 801–803

IS-95 CDMA digital cellular systems, 803–814

code-excited linear-prediction (CELP) coding, 886–887

coding gain, 316–317, 409–411, 580–581, 602–603, 868, 1029–1031

co-error function, 117, 205

coherent detection, 163, 175–186

of FSK, 184–186

of MPSK, 181–183

of PSK, 175–176

sampled matched filters, 176–180

coherent PSK signaling, 413

communications resources (CRs)

allocation of, 682–698

CDMA (code-division multiple access), 695–698

channelization, 691–692

FDMA versus TDMA, 692–695

frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), 687–688

frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), 683–687

polarization-division multiple access (PDMA), 698

space-division multiple access (SDMA), 698

time-division multiplexing (TDM)/time-division multiple access (TDMA), 688–691

defined, 682

compact disc (CD) digital audio system, 454–461

CIRC decoding, 458–460

CIRC encoding, 456–457

interpolation and muting, 460–461

companding, 77–78

complementary error function, 117, 203

complex envelope, 196–201

D8PSK demodulator example, 200–201

D8PSK modulator example, 198–200

quadrature-type modulators, 197–198

component codes, 472

composite noise figure, 269–270

composite noise temperature, 269–270

compression

audio compression, 884–889

ADPCM, 885–886

CELP, 886–887

MPEG layers I/II/III, 887–889

image compression, 889–898

JPEG, 890–894

MPEG, 894–898

compression ratio, 877

concatenated codes, 453–454. See also turbo codes

connection representation for convolutional codes, 378–382

connection vectors, 379

constellation diagrams, 625–626, 664–672

fixed phase offset/no frequency offset, 665–667

rapid phase offset/large frequency offset, 670–672

slow phase offset/small frequency offset, 667–669

constituent codes, 472

constraint length, 375

continuous ARQ with pullback, 307–308

continuous ARQ with selective repeat, 307–308

continuous Fourier transforms, 990–991

continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK), 167

convolution

correlation versus, 120

of matched filters, 179

convolution integral, 31, 177

convolutional channels, 1020

convolutional codes, 376–421

best known, 411–412

catastrophic error propagation, 407–408

circular convolution, 993–996

code rate trade-off, 413

coding gain, 409–411

connection representation, 378–382

decoder implementation, 398–400

defined, 375

distance properties, 402–406

error-correcting capability, 405–406

explained, 376–378

feedback decoding, 419–421

hard- and soft-decision decoding, 390–394

limitations of sequential and Viterbi decoding, 418–419

maximum likelihood decoding, 388–390

path memory and synchronization, 401

performance bounds, 408–409

sequential decoding, 415–418

soft-decision Viterbi decoding, 413–415

state diagrams, 382–385

systematic and nonsystematic, 406

tree diagrams, 385

trellis diagrams, 385–388

Viterbi decoding algorithm, 394–398

convolutional interleaving, 452

correlation, 15, 23

convolution versus, 120

of matched filters, 119–121, 179

PN autocorrelation function, 752–753

timing-error detection, 641–642

correlation peak, 629–631

correlation property, 750

correlation receivers, 170–175

correlative coding. See duobinary signaling

correlators, 103, 170

correlator structures, 767–770

matched filters versus, 179–180

corruption sources for analog signals, 70–73

channel noise, 71–72

intersymbol interference, 72

quantization noise, 71

saturation, 71

signal-to-noise ratio in quantization, 72–73

timing jitter, 71

coset leaders, 329

cosets, 329

syndrome of, 329–330

cosine filters, 92

cosmic noise, 242

CP (cyclic prefix)

history of, 977–979

importance in OFDM, 989–996

tone spacing and, 1000–1001

CPFSK (continuous-phase FSK), 167

cross-correlation coefficient, 299

cross-correlation in waveform coding, 300–301

cross-correlation vector, 151

cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code (CIRC), 455–456

decoding, 458–460

encoding procedure, 455–456

CRs (communications resources)

allocation of, 682–698

CDMA (code-division multiple access), 695–698

channelization, 691–692

FDMA versus TDMA, 692–695

frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), 687–688

frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), 683–687

polarization-division multiple access (PDMA), 698

space-division multiple access (SDMA), 698

time-division multiplexing (TDM)/time-division multiple access (TDMA), 688–691

defined, 682

CSI (channel-state information)

on receivers, 1033–1035

on transmitters, 1042–1046

CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection) networks, 731–732

Token-ring networks versus, 734–735

cycles, 509

cyclic code shift registers, 382

cyclic codes, 349–359. See also Reed-Solomon codes

algebraic structure of, 349–350

dividing circuits, 353–355

error detection with upshifting, 358–359

properties of, 351

systematic, 352–353

upshifting, 356–357

cyclic prefix (CP)

history of, 977–979

importance in OFDM, 989–996

tone spacing and, 1000–1001

D

D8PSK (differential 8-PSK) demodulators, 200–201

D8PSK (differential 8-PSK) modulators, 198–200

DAC (digital-to-analog converters), 863–865

DAMA (demand-assignment multiple access), 702

data constellation point distribution, 984–987

data rate, 9

bandwidth versus, 317

DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) link analysis proposal, 258

dc components in PCM waveforms, 83

DCS (digital communication systems)

advantages over analog systems, 2–4

analog waveforms versus, 2–3

block diagrams, 4–7

design goals for, 550, 566–567

bandwidth-efficiency plane, 562–565

bandwidth-limited systems, 568–569

coded bandwidth- and power-limited systems example, 575–582

error-probability plane, 550–551

M-ary signaling, 567–568

modulation and coding trade-offs, 565–566

MPSK and MFSK signaling requirement, 570–571

Nyquist minimum bandwidth, 552–554

power-limited systems, 569–570

Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem, 554

uncoded bandwidth-limited systems example, 571–573

uncoded power-limited systems example, 573–574

figure of merit in, 112–114

performance criteria, 9–10

signal interface for, 69–70

terminology, 7–9

dead bands, 842–843

decibels, 256

decision feedback equalizers, 144–145, 152, 940

decision regions, 169–170

decision-directed adaptive equalization, 153

declination, 276

decoding. See also hard-decision decoding; soft-decision decoding

CIRC (cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code), 458–460

convolutional codes, 398–400

duobinary signaling, 89–90

feedback, 419–421, 489–492

iterative, 475–476

LDPC (low-density parity check) codes, 509–532

APP (a posteriori probability), 514–517

BF (bit-flipping) decoding, 511

BP (belief propagation) decoding, 513–514

hard- versus soft-decision decoding, 514–515

in logarithmic domain, 526–531

MLG (majority logic) decoding, 509–510

in probability domain, 518–526

reduced-complexity decoders, 531–532

WBF (weighted bit-flipping) decoding, 511–513

limitations of sequential and Viterbi, 418–419

linear block codes, 332–334

MAP (maximum a posteriori) algorithm, 499–504

maximum likelihood decoding, 388–390

Reed-Solomon codes, 439–446

sequential, 415–418

trellis-coded modulation (TCM), 601–603

Viterbi, 394–398

degradation categories

for signal time spreading

in frequency domain, 922–925

in time-delay domain, 920

for time variance

in Doppler-shift domain, 933–935

in time domain, 928–929

degradation mitigation of fading, 937–950

diversity techniques, 942–946

equalization, 953–955

for fast-fading distortion, 942, 951–952, 953

for frequency-selective distortion, 939–942, 952–953

interleaving, 947–950, 953–955

modulation, 946–947

parameter summary, 951–955

rake receivers, 958–960

Viterbi decoding algorithm, 956–958

delay modulation (DM), 82

delta modulation, 856–857

demand-assignment multiple access (DAMA), 702

demodulation, 6

in baseband transmissions, necessity of, 100

defined, 102

noncoherent, 163

process of, 101–104

of shaped pulses, 140–143

synchronization of, 626–634

correlation peak, 629–631

estimating phase slope (frequency), 633–634

minimizing difference signal energy, 628–629

phase-locking remote oscillators, 631–632

PLL (phase-locked loop), 630–631

derivative filters, 643–648

design goals

for DCS (digital communication systems), 550, 566–567

bandwidth-efficiency plane, 562–565

bandwidth-limited systems, 568–569

coded bandwidth- and power-limited systems example, 575–582

error-probability plane, 550–551

M-ary signaling, 567–568

modulation and coding trade-offs, 565–566

MPSK and MFSK signaling requirement, 570–571

Nyquist minimum bandwidth, 552–554

power-limited systems, 569–570

Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem, 554

uncoded bandwidth-limited systems example, 571–573

uncoded power-limited systems example, 573–574

for jammers, 777

detection, 6

bandpass signals in Gaussian noise, 169–175

correlation receiver, 170–175

decision regions, 169–170

binary signals in Gaussian noise, 114–130

correlation realization of matched filters, 119–121

error probability, 126–130

error-performance optimization, 122–125

matched filters, 117–119

maximum likelihood receiver structure, 114–117

coherent, 163, 175–186

of FSK, 184–186

of MPSK, 181–183

of PSK, 175–176

sampled matched filters, 176–180

defined, 102

equivalence theorem, 100, 169

noncoherent, 163, 187–196

of DPSK, 187–190

of FSK, 190–192

tone spacing for orthogonal FSK signaling, 192–196

process of, 101–104

of shaped pulses, 140–143

deterministic channel modeling, 1038–1039

deterministic code population, 869–870

deterministic signals, 10

DFTs (discrete Fourier transforms), 990–991, 992–993, 999–1000

dicode signaling, 82

difference signal energy, minimizing, 628–629

differential 8-PSK (D8PSK) demodulators, 200–201

differential 8-PSK (D8PSK) modulators, 198–200

differential encoding, 82, 187–188

bit-error probability in, 204

in PCM waveforms, 83

differential PSK (DPSK), 163

bit-error probability, 208–210

noncoherent detection, 187–190

differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), 850–852

differentially coherent detection, 187–188

diffraction, 909

digital communication systems. See DCS (digital communication systems)

digital data, source coding for, 873–884

Huffman code, 877–880

properties of codes, 875–877

run-length codes, 880–884

digital filtering, resampling and, 69

digital messages. See symbols

digital waveforms, 9, 55–56

digital words, 73–74

digital-to-analog converters (DAC), 863–865

dimension-limited systems, interference-limited systems versus, 801–803

Dirac delta function, 12–13

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) link analysis proposal, 258

direct-sequence CDMA, 796–799

direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) systems, 747, 753–759

degradation mitigation, 940

example, 755–756

frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FH/SS) systems versus, 794–796

frequency-selective and flat fading, 924–926

interference rejection model, 747–748

parallel-search acquisition, 767–768

processing gain and performance, 756–759

rake receivers, 958–960

serial search, 770–771

dirty-paper coding (DPC), 1071–1074

discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs), 990–993, 999–1000

discrete information sources, 7–8

discrete memoryless channels (DMC), 309–310

discrete signals, 10

discrete sources, 824–828

distance properties of convolutional codes, 402–406

distortionless transmission, 32–38

distribution function of random variables, 17

dither signals, 842–843

dithering, 842–845

diversity gain, 1020, 1023–1026, 1029–1031, 1051–1058

diversity techniques, 942–946

benefits of, 945

combining, 945–946

explained, 944–945

types of, 942–944

dividing circuits, 353–355

DMC (discrete memoryless channels), 309–310

Doppler power spectral density, 929

Doppler spread, 930, 1006

Doppler-shift domain, time variance in, 929–935

double-sideband (DSB) modulated signals, 41, 136

downlink-limited regions, 290

downlinks, 1059–1060

DPC (dirty-paper coding), 1071–1074

DPCM (differential pulse code modulation), 850–852

DPSK (differential PSK), 163

bit-error probability, 208–210

noncoherent detection, 187–190

DSB (double-sideband) modulated signals, 41, 136

DS/SS (direct-sequence spread-spectrum) systems, 747, 753–759

degradation mitigation, 940

example, 755–756

FH/SS (frequency-hopping spread-spectrum) systems versus, 794–796

frequency-selective and flat fading, 924–926

interference rejection model, 747–748

parallel-search acquisition, 767–768

processing gain and performance, 756–759

rake receivers, 958–960

serial search, 770–771

duality, 194, 928

dual-polarization frequency reuse, 682, 698

duobinary signaling, 82, 88–94

binary signaling versus, 93

decoding, 89–90

equivalent transfer function, 91–92

precoding, 90–91

E

Early Bird, 712

economies of scale, 221

effective code rate, 379, 381

effective noise temperature, 251, 265, 266

effective radiated power, 244

effective transmission rate, equivocation and, 554–560

energy

density reduction, 744–745

of difference signal, minimizing, 628–629

of waveforms, 108

energy detectors, 190

energy signals, 11–12, 113

autocorrelation, 15–16

energy spectral density (ESD), 13–14

ensemble averages of random variables, 18–19

ensembles, 19

entropy, 557–560

envelope delay, 33

envelope detectors, 191

equalization, 6, 138, 144–155

channel characterization, 144–145

eye pattern, 145–146

for fading channels, 953–955

with filters, 144–145

decision feedback equalizers, 152

filter update rate, 155

transversal equalizers, 146–152

in OFDM, 975

preset and adaptive, 152–155

equalizing filters, 103, 130–131

equivalence theorem, 100, 169, 203

equivalent rectangular bandwidth, 45

equivalent transfer function in duobinary signaling, 91–92

equivocation, effective transmission rate and, 554–560

erasure correction, 341

erasure flags, 341

ergodic capacity, 1040–1041

ergodicity of random processes, 21–22

error control, 307–309

automatic repeat requests (ARQs), 307–309

terminal connectivity types, 306–307

error correction, 334–341

of convolutional codes, 405–406

erasure correction, 341

error detection versus, in standard arrays, 345–347

example, 331

Hamming weight and distance, 334–335

in linear block codes, 329–331

minimum distance, 335

reasons for using, 315–320

simultaneous detection/correction, 338–339

visualization of 6-tuple space, 339–340

weight distribution of code, 338

error detection, 334–341

erasure correction, 341

error correction versus, in standard arrays, 345–347

Hamming weight and distance, 334–335

minimum distance, 335

parity-check codes, 312–315

in PCM waveforms, 83

and retransmission, 307

simultaneous detection/correction, 338–339

timing errors

from correlation function, 641–642

from maximum-likelihood, 642–644

with upshifting, 358–359

visualization of 6-tuple space, 339–340

weight distribution of code, 338

error events, 601

error location, 442–445

error patterns, locating, 330–331

error performance

bandwidth versus, 316

for binary systems, 202–211

for binary DPSK, 208–210

for coherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 204–206

for coherently detected BPSK, 202–204

comparison by modulation type, 210–211

for differentially encoded BPSK, 204

ideal probability of bit-error performance, 211

for noncoherently detected binary orthogonal FSK, 206–208

for LDPC (low-density parity check) codes, 532–534

for M-ary systems, 211–221

BPSK and QPSK bit-error probability, 216

MFSK vectorial view, 217–221

MPSK vectorial view, 214–216

symbol-error probability, 221–228

of MSK and OQPSK, 590–591

over slow- and flat-fading Rayleigh channels, 935–937

for Reed-Solomon codes, 426–429

for turbo codes, 492

error polynomials, 446

error probability

of binary signaling, 126–130

in maximum likelihood receiver structure, 115–117

for modulated and coded signals, 361–362

for Reed-Solomon codes, 423–425

error values, 445–446

error-correction coding. See channel coding

error-correction decoding, 330

error-performance degradation, 100–101, 136–140, 237–238

error-performance optimization, 122–125

error-probability plane, 550–551

bandwidth-efficiency plane versus, 564–565

ESD (energy spectral density), 13–14

estimating frequency, 633–634

Euler’s theorem, 163

European high-rate TDMA frames, 724–725

even parity, 312

examples

antenna design for measuring path loss, 249–250

apparent contradiction in Shannon limit, 554–561

average information content in English language, 559–560

average normalized power, 15

bandwidth requirements, 138–139

benefits of diversity, 945

bit-error probability for BPSK signaling, 203

capacity benefits of MIMO versus SISO, 1041–1042

channel utilization, 709

choosing code to meet performance requirements, 581–582

coded versus uncoded performance, 318–319

comparison between binary tree search and straight polling, 711

comparison of impulse sampling and natural sampling, 62

convolutional encoding, 383–385

CSI available at receiver, 1034–1035

CSI available at transmitter, 1043–1044

cyclic code in systematic form, 353

cyclic shift of code vector, 350

detection of signals buried in noise, 794–796

digital modulation schemes fall into one of two classes, 553–554

digital telephone circuits, 139–140

dither linearization, 844

dividing circuits, 354–355

DPC relationships for successive “peeling off” of interferers for any number of users, 1075–1080

duobinary coding and decoding, 90

duobinary precoding, 91

effect of ideal filter on white noise, 35

effect of RC filter on white noise, 38–39

effective isotropic radiated power, 244–245

entropy of binary source, 825–826

entropy of binary source with memory, 827

equalizers and interleavers for mobile communications, 953–955

erasure correction, 341

error correction, 331

error probability for modulated and coded signals, 361–362

even-parity code, 313–314

extension codes, 828

fast hopping to evade repeat-back jammer, 788

frequency word size, 760–761

improving SNR with high antenna noise, 274–275

improving SNR with low-noise preamplifier, 273–274

interleaver characteristics, 451

iterative decoding (in logarithmic domain), 531

iterative decoding (in probability domain), 520–522

key relationships, 1000

lossy lines, 268

LTE theoretical peak data rates, 1005

matched filter detection of antipodal signals, 125

maximum available noise power, 251–252

minimum MSE 7-tap equalizer, 151–152

minimum ring size, 734

minimum tone spacing for orthogonal FSK, 194–196

modem without OFDM and with OFDM, 976–977

noise figure and noise temperature, 272–273

OFDM system design, 1005–1006

OFDN subcarrier design, 989

orthogonal representation of waveforms, 109

parity-check matrix provides assortment of checks, 506–507

Poisson process, 706

prediction gain of one-tap LPC filter, 854

primitive polynomials must have at least one primitive element, 435

probability of undetected error in error-detecting code, 338

quantization levels and multilevel signaling, 87–88

received phase as function of propagation delay, 185–186

recognizing primitive polynomials, 432

recursive encoders and trellis diagrams, 485–487

run-length code, 881

sampled matched filters, 180

sampling rate for high-quality music system, 67

satellite downlink jamming, 780

satellite jamming, 778–779

secondary check on syndrome values, 441–442

signaling elements (numerology) used in IS-95, 811–812

spectral efficiency, 594

strictly bandlimited signals, 46

syndrome testing, 328

systematic encoding of cyclic code, 357

trading off capacity for robustness (or extended range), 1057–1058

typical OFDM parameters for 802.11a local area network, 999–1000

uniform quantizer, 836–837

variations in mobile communication system, 946–947

waveform design, 593–594

zero-forcing three-tap equalizer, 149–150

expansion, 77

expected value of random variables, 18

extended Golay codes, 361–363

extension codes, 875

extension spaces, 1072–1073

extrinsic likelihoods for product codes, 480–483

eye diagrams, 625–626, 657–659

eye pattern, 145–146

F

fading, 2, 906–907. See also specific types of fading (e.g. flat fading, slow fading, etc.)

degradation mitigation, 937–950

diversity techniques, 942–946

equalization, 953–955

for fast-fading distortion, 942, 951–952, 953

for frequency-selective distortion, 939–942, 952–953

interleaving, 947–950, 953–955

modulation, 946–947

parameter summary, 951–955

rake receivers, 958–960

Viterbi decoding algorithm, 956–958

mobile-radio propagation and, 907–918

large-scale fading, 912–913

large-scale versus small-scale fading, 907–911

small-scale fading, 914–918

signal time spreading, 918–926

examples, 924–926

in frequency domain, 920–925

in time-delay domain, 918–920

time variance due to motion, 926–937

in Doppler-shift domain, 929–935

performance over slow- and flat-fading Rayleigh channels, 935–937

in time domain, 926–929

wireless fading channels, 1022–1023

fading bandwidth, 930

fading rate, 930, 932

far field, 244

fast fading

in Doppler-shift domain, 933–935

mitigation for, 942, 951–952, 953

in time domain, 928–929

fast spinning effect on constellation, 670–672

fast-frequency hopping (FFH), 763–765

FFH/MFSK demodulators, 765

fax transmissions, 879–880

FCC part 15 rules for spread-spectrum systems, 793–794

FD (frequency division), 682

FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 3, 162, 683–687

preassigned, 713–714

FDMA (frequency-division multiple access), 284–285, 687–688

preassigned, 713–714

TDMA (time-division multiple access) versus, 692–695

FEC (forward error correction), 307, 309

feedback decoding, 419–421, 489–492

feeder line loss, 242

FF (frequency-follower) jammers, 787–788

FFH (fast-frequency hopping), 763–765

FFH/MFSK demodulators, 765

FFH/MFSK demodulators, 765

FH/SS (frequency-hopping spread-spectrum) systems, 747, 759–766

acquisition scheme, 768–769

CDMA (code-division multiple access) as, 695–698

degradation mitigation, 941

with diversity, 762–763

as diversity technique, 943

DS/SS (direct-sequence spread-spectrum) systems versus, 794–796

example, 761–762

fast hopping versus slow hopping, 763–765

FFH/MFSK demodulators, 765

processing gain, 766

robustness, 762

serial search, 770–771

figure of merit

in analog and digital systems, 112–114

in receivers, 253, 282

figure shift (FS), 874

filter update rate, 155

filtering. See also matched filters

analog filtering, 68–69

digital filtering, 69

equalization with, 144–145

decision feedback equalizers, 152

filter update rate, 155

transversal equalizers, 146–152

ISI and, 130–133

matched filters versus, 140

in pulse-modulation block, 5–6

fine tuning, 846

finite alphabet sets, 5

finite discrete sources, 824

finite fields, 429–435

finite-state machines, 382–383, 504, 594–595

first Nyquist zones, 861

fixed-assignment TDM/TDMA, 690–691

flat fading

examples, 924–926

in frequency domain, 922

in OFDM, 973–975

performance over Rayleigh channels, 935–937

in time-delay domain, 920

flattop sampling, 63

FLL (frequency-locked loop), 652–664

band-edge filters, 654–659

non-data aided timing synchronization, 660–664

flushing encoding shift register, 379

FM (frequency modulated) carrier waves, 164–165

formatting, 5–6

analog information, 57

aliasing, 64–67

oversampling, 67–69

PCM (pulse-code-modulation), 73–75

sampling theorem, 57–64

signal interface for digital system, 69–70

baseband signals, 54–55

character coding, 55

source coding versus, 6–7, 54

forward adaptation, 865–866

forward channel, 804–807

forward error correction (FEC), 307, 309

forward link control, 811

forward state metrics, 495–496

forward/reverse link closed-loop control, 811

fractional power containment bandwidth, 46

fractionally-spaced equalization, 144–145, 155

frames, 688–689

free distance, 402–403, 406, 601

free space, 237

free-space loss, 246, 907

freeze effect, 259–263

frequency

estimating, 633–634

path loss and, 248–250

received signal power and, 247–248

frequency convolution property, 59

frequency diversity, 943

frequency division (FD), 682

frequency domain, signal time spreading in, 920–925

frequency modulated (FM) carrier waves, 164–165

frequency offsets, 664–672

fixed phase offset/no frequency offset, 665–667

rapid phase offset/large frequency offset, 670–672

slow phase offset/small frequency offset, 667–669

frequency recovery, 652–664

band-edge filters, 654–659

non-data aided timing synchronization, 660–664

frequency response, 31–32

frequency spreading, 6–7

frequency transfer function, 31–32

frequency translation property, 62

frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), 284–285, 687–688

preassigned, 713–714

time-division multiple access (TDMA) versus, 692–695

frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), 3, 162, 683–687

preassigned, 713–714

frequency-follower (FF) jammers, 787–788

frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FH/SS) systems, 747, 759–766

acquisition scheme, 768–769

CDMA (code-division multiple access) as, 695–698

degradation mitigation, 941

direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) systems versus, 794–796

with diversity, 762–763

as diversity technique, 943

example, 761–762

fast hopping versus slow hopping, 763–765

FFH/MFSK demodulators, 765

processing gain, 766

robustness, 762

serial search, 770–771

frequency-locked loop (FLL), 652–664

band-edge filters, 654–659

non-data aided timing synchronization, 660–664

frequency-nonselective fading

examples, 924–926

in frequency domain, 922

in time-delay domain, 920

frequency-selective fading

examples, 924–926

in frequency domain, 922

mitigation for, 939–942, 952–953

rake receivers, 958–960

Viterbi decoding algorithm, 956–958

in time-delay domain, 920

FSK (frequency-shift keying), 167

bit-error probability, 204–208

coherent detection, 184–186

noncoherent detection, 190–192

tone spacing for orthogonal FSK signaling, 192–196

full-duplex connections, 306–307

G

galactic noise, 242

galactic plane, 276–279

Gallager, Robert, 504–505

Galois fields (GF), 429–435

Gardner timing recovery PLL (phase-locked loop), 649–652

Gaussian channels, 310–311, 393–394

Gaussian distribution, 28

Gaussian noise

bandpass signal detection in, 169–175

correlation receiver, 170–175

decision regions, 169–170

binary signal detection in, 114–130

correlation realization of matched filters, 119–121

error probability, 126–130

error-performance optimization, 122–125

matched filters, 117–119

maximum likelihood receiver structure, 114–117

suppressing with spread-spectrum systems, 742–744

Gaussian processes, 27, 29–30

Gaussian random variables, 173–174

generalized Fourier transformation, 108–109

generating function, 404–405

generator matrix, 323–324

generator polynomials, 351, 381–382

geostationary satellites, 258–263, 687–688. See also INTELSAT

GF (Galois fields), 429–435

girth (of graphs), 509

Golay codes, 361–362

granular errors, 833

group delay, 33

guard bands, 683

guard times, 688–689

H

Hadamard matrix, 302

half-duplex connections, 306–307

half-power bandwidth, 45

Hamming bound, 342

Hamming codes, 359–362

Hamming distance, 334–335, 336, 394–396

Hamming weight, 334–335

hard decisions, 102, 310

hard-decision decoding

for BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) codes, 363–367

BF (bit-flipping) decoding, 511

for convolutional codes, 390–394

MLG (majority logic) decoding, 509–510

soft-decision decoding versus, 514–515

in structured sequences, 310

Hermitian symmetry, 987–988

heterodyne signals, 42

heterodyning, 100, 169, 683

high-pass filters (HPFs), 34

historical background

of CP (cyclic prefix), 977–979

of MIMO, 1019

of spread-spectrum systems, 748–749

HPFs (high-pass filters), 34

Huffman code, 877–880

for fax transmissions, 879–880

human spectral perception threshold, 888

human-created noise, 27

I

ideal distortionless transmission, 33

ideal filters, 33–35

ideal Nyquist filters, 132

ideal Nyquist pulse, 132

ideal sampling, 58

IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform) in, 981

IM (intermodulation) noise, 242

image compression, 889–898

JPEG, 890–894

MPEG, 894–898

imperfect synchronization reference, 243

implementation loss, 242

impulse response, 30–31, 381

impulse sampling, 58–60

information bits, 311

information flow in multiple-access systems, 701

information sources, 7–8

instantaneous quantizers, 850

INTELSAT, 712–730

MCPC access modes, 713–715

preassigned FDM/FM/FDMA, 713–714

SPADE operation, 716–721

efficiency, 719

mixed-size earth station network with, 719–721

transponder capacity utilization, 719

TDMA in, 721–730

European high-rate TDMA frames, 724–725

North American high-rate TDMA frames, 725–726

operations, 727–728

PCM multiplex frame structures, 723

satellite-switched, 727–730

interference. See noise

interference-limited systems, dimension-limited systems versus, 801–803

interleaving, 446–449

block interleaving, 449–451

for CD (compact disc) digital audio system, 454–461

convolutional interleaving, 452

for fading channels, 947–950, 953–955

intermodulation (IM) noise, 242

interpolation, 460–461

inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) in, 981

irregular LDPC codes, 505–506

IS-95 CDMA digital cellular systems, 803–814

forward channel, 804–807

power control, 810–812

receiver structures, 809–810

reverse channel, 807–809

typical telephone call scenario, 812–814

ISI (intersymbol interference), 72, 100, 130–143, 144, 238

demodulation/detection of shaped pulses, 140–143

error performance and, 228

error-performance degradation, 136–140

filtering and, 130–133

pulse shaping and, 133–136

ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) frequency bands, 793–794

isotropic radiators, 243

iterative code population, 869–870

iterative decoding, 475–476, 516

in logarithmic domain, 531

in probability domain, 520–522