Index
AAL-5 adaptation layer, 434, 435
Absolute picture data see Intra (I) pictures
Access network, 382
Accumulator, 73
Adaptation process, 424
Adder circuits, 71
overflow, 71
Additive colour matching, 44
Address mapping/generation, 174, 175
AES/EBU digital audio interface, 271, 381, 384, 388–93
compatability, 379
Amplitude bars, test signals, 55
Analog systems, weaknesses, 3
Analog-to-digital convertor (ADC), 4, 13, 141–3
corrector, 42
Applications, computer, 74
Arbitration protocols:
FireWire, 429
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 76
ASCII symbols, 179
Asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL), 395
Asynchronous serial interface (ASI), 388
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 383, 395, 430
adaptation layers, 434
cell-routing mechanism, 430, 432–4
ATLANTIC encoder/decoder, 246
ATSC (Advanced Television Systems
Audio recording, in DVTRs, 376–9
Automatic gain control (AGC) system, 255–6
B-ISDN (broadband network), 395, 430, 431
Back porch, 38
Background:
strobing effect, 57
Banding effect, 241
Bi-phase mark code see FM code
Bidirectional coding, 216–19, 227–31
signal paths, 381
Bit error rate (BER), 284
Bits, 8
Blanking level, 63
Block code, 290
Block interleaving, 307
Blocking effect, 241
Bootstrap program, 74
Brightness values, 167
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 395, 430, 431
Broadcasting, 382
graphics unit, 181
modulation techniques, 405–409
Burst correction, 297
Burst errors, 16
Bytes, 8
Cables:
capacitance, 252
inductance, 252
low-loss, 253
Capacitance, transmission line, 252
Cassettes, DVC, 368
Cathode ray tube (CRT), gamma function, 32
CCD cameras:
temporal response, 123
CCIR Recommendation, 601 (standard sampling rate), 127
CD-ROM disk, 313
Central processing unit (CPU), 76
control path, 76
data path, 76
Channel, transmission see Transmission channel
Channel coding systems, 21, 250, 269–71
broadcast graphics unit, 181
Chien search, 299
Chroma keying, 164
Chroma solarizing effect, 167
Chromaticity diagram, CIE, 47
Clock signal, 250
Code rate, group code recording, 274–6
Codec, 200
Coders, 200
use in tandem, 244
Reed–Solomon, 297
Coding:
block, 290
cyclic see Cyclic codes
digital principles, 249
techniques, 201
variable-length, 204
Colorimeter, simple, 44
Colour:
bleeding effect, 241
DVTR framing, 358
selection, 186
test signal bars, 55
Colour difference signals, 10–11, 53–5, 152–3, 202
SMPTE/EBU standard, 57
Colour television, simple system, 44–5
and effect of illumination, 49–51
primary colours selection, 44–8
Common part convergence sublayer (CPCS), 435
Compact Disc (CD), 313
Compander, 200
Composite video systems, 35
compression techniques, 202
Compression, 22
analog schemes, 202
motion-compensated system, 213
techniques, 202
use of MPEG standard, 22
use of non-MPEG standard, 22
Compression factors, 200, 203, 207–209
Compressors see Coders
Computer:
simple system, 75
avoidance, 245
naive, 243
Concealment, by interpolation, 286–7
Conditional Access Table (CAT), 403
Cones (eye), 29
Confidence replay, DVTR, 357–8
Contouring effect, 135, 167, 169
Contrast sensitivity (eye), 30
Convergence sublayer (CS), 433
Convertor clocks, 130
Convolutional interleaving, 307, 308
Correction, by erasure, 304–305
Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 30
Cross-interleaving, 307
Crossword codes, 20, 289, 307, 354, 355
CSMA/CD protocol, 426
Cyclic codes:
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, 293, 296
Cylindrical lens method, focus determination, 333–4
D-9 format, tape, 376
De-interlacing, 172, 192, 194–7
Decimator, 145
Decoder see Expander
Decoder:
ATLANTIC, 246
compliant, 206
Definition (detail fineness), 41
Delay control, 77
Demultiplexing see Multiplexing
Density ratio (DR), channel coding, 270, 271
Deserializing, 283
Dielectrics, 251
transmission line loss, 253
Difference picture data see Predicted (P) pictures
Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK), 405
Differentiation, digital, 74
Digital Betacam (DB) system, 347, 350, 359–67
Viterbi processing logic, 281
Digital recorders, rotary head, 24–6
Digital storage elements, for timebase correction, 77
Digital systems, advantages, 11–12
Digital VHS (DVHS), 26
Digital video:
Digital video broadcasting (DVB), terrestrial delivery (-T), 413–17
Digital video cassette (DVC) format, 350, 367
cassettes, 368
see also DVCPRO format
Digital video disk (DVD), 26, 207, 313
Digital video tape recorder (DVTR):
operating modes, 357
Digital-S format see D-9 format
Digital-to-analog convertor (DAC), 13, 139–41, 147–8
Digitizing tablet, 185
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 104–106
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 103–104
Discrete multitone technique (DMT), 396
Discrete time integrator, 73
Disk servers, 328
Disks:
construction, 314
see also under specific types
Drift, 247
Dropouts, 16
DTMF see Touch-tone dialling
DVCPRO format, 347, 367, 375–6
E-E mode, 358
Early token release (ETR), 428
EBU/AES interface see AES/EBU digital audio interface
Edit decision list (EDL), 342
Effects machines, control, 178–9
Electricity, transmission, 250
Electromagnetic energy, 250–51, 251
Encoders, 156
alternative designs, 206
ATLANTIC, 246
dim, 246
rotary incremental, 160
Encryption systems, 277
End of block (EOB) symbol, 224, 225
Entropy (information content), sample, 20
Equalization technique, 263, 271, 279
Equalizing pulses, 38
Erasure flags, 309
Error bursts, 284
Error correction, 16, 17, 287–9
by R–S codes, 297
and channel coding, 282
digital television broadcasting, 413
segmented recordings, 354
network, 424
Error detection and handling (EDH), 385
Error flags, 309
Error-handling strategies, 285, 286
Error-protection strategy, 309
Ethernet, 423
ETS, 300814 standard, 434
Expander, 200
Eye see Human eye
Eye tracking, 57
Faraday effect, 261
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 103, 104
Figure of merit (FoM), 271
Filler (colour mixer), 185
Film grain effect, 242
Film weave, 242
Filters:
anti-image, 115
finite-impulse response (FIR), 88–95, 176
infinite-impulse response (IIR), 88
optical, 120
phase-linear, 87
spatial, 115
transversal, 91
two-dimensional, 123
Finite resolution, optical system, 85
FIR filters see Filters, finite-impulse response
arbitration system, 429
Firmware, 74
Flash gun effect, MPEG-2, 243
Flexible transfer function, for keying signal, 165, 166
Flyback, scanning, 33
Flying-head disk drives, 313
Flywheel effect, 267
in AES/EBU digital audio interface, 389
coder operation, 273
Focusing, optical disk drive, 331–4
Forward error correction (FEC) system, 286, 384, 434
Frame rate, scanning process, 33
Frame store, RAM, 13
Frequency domain, 88
Frequency response, system, 279
Fringeing effect, 241
Front porch, 38
Full-adder circuit, 71
Galois field, 109–11, 299, 300, 302
Gateways, network, 382
GBR colour system, 53
Genlocking, 111
Ghosting effect, 410
Gibb’s phenomenon, 91
Group code recording (GCR), 274–6
Group delay, 249
Group-of-pictures (GOP), 202, 216, 218, 238
alternative structures, 219
Guard intervals, 412
Half-adder circuit, 71
Head disk assembly (HDA), Winchester, 321
Heisenberg inequality, 103
High-definition television (HDTV), 26, 208
High-frequency signals, 251
Hub, network, 423
Hue (colour description), 48
Human eye:
colour accommodation, 151
colour resolution, 55
contrast sensitivity, 30
dynamic resolution, 30
receptor characteristics, 44
saccadic motion, 30
spectral response, 53
structure, 28
tracking of motion, 57
Human visual system (HVS), 202
see also Human eye
IBM, token ring system, 427, 428
Identification code (ID), packet, 83–4
IEC, 958 see AES/EBU digital audio interface
IEEE, 1394–1995 interface see FireWire
IIR filters see Filters, infinite-impulse response (IIR)
Image mixing, 156
Image rotation, MPEG-2, 242
Information, transmission, 143–4, 251–4
Infra-red wavelengths, 43
Inner code, 20
Instructions, computer, 74
Integrated Digital Network (IDN), 395
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 395
Inter-symbol interference, 259, 262
Interlace twitter, 58
Interlacing, 192
block, 307
Internetworks/internets, 382
Interpolation see Sampling-rate conversion
Intersymbol interference, 277
Intra (I) coding, 209, 210, 211, 216
Intranet, 382
Inverse transform, one-dimensional, 221, 222
IRE unit (video:sync), 35
ISO-MPEG coding standards, 22
ITU-601 standard, 161, 162, 171, 172
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) standards, 209
Judder effect, 242
Judder-free conversion, 188, 192
Kerr effect, 261
Key signals, 181
Keyframe picture position), 178
Knife-edge method, focus determination, 332–3
Knot (picture position), 178
Laser disks, 313
Latch, 69
D-type, 69
Latency (delay), 203
Least significant bit (LSB), 8, 131
Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) lossless codes, 205
Line card, 394
Line rate, 33
Linear timecode (LTC), 358
Local area networks (LANs), 382, 422
XOR, 287
Lossy coding, 201
Luma, digital, 150
Luminance reversal, 167
Magnetic disk drives, 22–3, 314–17
head construction, 316
Magneto-optical (MO) recording, 261–2
Magneto-resistive (M-R) record head, 258
Manchester code see FM code
Map projections, 171
Mapping, video manipulation, 171
Memory capacity, 10
Memory management units, 171
Mercator projection, 171
Metal evaporated (ME) tape, 367
Metal oxide semi-conductor (MOS), 71
Metal particle tape, 375
Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 382
Miller code see Modified frequency modulation (MFM) code
Mixing process, digital, 63
Modified frequency modulation (MFM) code, 273–4
Modulation transfer function (MTF), 122
Monochrome video, 35
Morse code, 204
Mosaicing effect, 167, 170, 241
Most significant bit (MSB), 8, 64
Motion:
estimation, 186
portrayal, 57
sensing, 198
Motion compensation, 210, 212–15
MPEG-2, 212
Motion JPEG, 209
Motion-compensated coder, 210–11
Moving-head disk drive, 312
MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group):
compression standards, 206–208
group-of-pictures (GOP), 219
packets, 399
program clock, 397
spatial coding, 209
temporal coding, 209
use of AAL header, 435
see also MPEG-2
MPEG-2, 202
averaging process, 217
compression, 396
DCT part, 244
decoder buffer memory, 403
effect of flash guns, 243
hypothetical buffer, 237
image rotation, 242
inter-coding, 212
Profiles, 215
redundancy, 231
Simple Profile, 216
use of DCT coefficients, 224
weighting process, 222
Multi-level signalling, 407
Multibit full-adder circuit, 71
Multiplatter disk drive, 320
statistical, 84
N-ISDN (narrow-band network), 395
Negative (low true) logic, 68
Network Information Table (NIT), 403
communication, 26
error-detection system, 424
Node (picture position), 178
Noise:
degree of compression, 203
immunity, 249
program-modulated, 100
pumping effect, 241
reduction, 198
sensitivity, 222
Non-composite signals, 35
Non-linear transfer function, for keying signal, 164–6
Non-linear video editing, 341
Non-Return to Zero Invert (NRZI) code, 271
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) code, 271
NTSC system:
dynamic resolution, 60
subcarrier frequency, 242
Numerically-locked loop (NLL), 112, 113, 401
Nyquist frequency, 116, 120, 143, 279
Off-line editing, 208
Offset binary approach, 63
Operating system, computer, 74
Optic flow axis, 57, 186, 210, 242
erasable disks, 313
Optical disks, 23
Optical fibre light guide, 252
Optical filters, 86
Orthogonal frequency division, 410
Outer code, 20
Overall bit rate, 203
Packet Identification Code (PID), 399–400, 402–403
Packets, transport stream, 399, 400
PAL system:
dynamic resolution, 60
primary colours, 48
sampling rate, 127
subcarrier frequency, 242
Parity check matrix, 293
Partial response, Class IV, 279
Pathological data patterns, 387
Pattern sensitivity, channel code, 276
Peak-shift distortion, 259, 263
Pels see Pixels
Persistence of vision, 30, 123
Phase margin see Jitter margin
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 111–13, 267–9
Phase-shift keying (PSK), 405
Physical address, 171
Physical medium dependent layer, 382–3
Picture cells see Pixels
Picture transport mechanisms, 245
PIL (precision-in-line) tube, 52
Pixels, 4
square, 154
Planar rotation effect, 177
Point spread function, 85
Polarization plane, rotation, 261
Positive (high true) logic, 68
Preamble pattern, timing reference, 269
Precoding, Class IV partial response, 279, 281
Predictive (P) coding, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 227
Primary colour selection, 44–5
Primitive element, 299
Processor see Central processing unit (CPU)
Product code see Crossword code
Program, computer, 74
Program Association Table (PAT), 402
Program Clock Reference (PCR), 400–402, 435
Program counter (PC), 76
Program Map Table (PMT), 402
Program Specific Information (PSI), 398, 402–403
Program stream, 22
Progressive scanning, 60
Propagation delay, 68
connection oriented, 432
conversion, 382
Pseudo-random sequence, 110–11, 138, 139, 276, 277, 282
generator, 409
Public network, 382
Pulse code modulation (PCM) system, 4, 114, 202
Pulse sharpener, 263
Puncture, codeword, 296
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 405–406
Quantizing range, 60
Quincunx sampling, 123
RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) technology, 327–8
Random access memory (RAM), 13–14
data storage, 71
as flexible transfer function, 166, 167
Randomizing techniques, 276–7, 278, 387
Read only memory (ROM), 14
Real signals, information rate, 202, 203
Reclocking process, 68
Reconstruction process, 118–21
Record head:
hard disk, 259
magneto-resistive (M-R), 258
rotary, 260
in tape work, 259
Recording medium, types, 254
Recursive device, 198
Redundancy, 203
adding, 16
Redundant bit, 287
Reed–Solomon (R–S) codes, 297–303, 413
forward error correction, 434
generator polynomials calculation, 309, 311
Reflection effects, signal, 409–410
Rendering process, 74
Requantizing, 163
Reservation bits, 428
Residual see Prediction error
Resizing (sampling-rate conversion), 95
Retina, sensing role, 29
RGB colour system, 10, 44, 46–7, 53, 55
Ringing effect, 241
Rods (eye), 29
Rotary head digital recorders, 24–6
Routers, 384
Run-length coding (RLC), 224
Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 275
Run/size table, 225
Nyquist frequency, 116
sidebands, 115
spatial, 114
temporal, 114
Sampling-rate conversion, 95–100, 145, 174
effects, 178
fractional, 100
variable ratio, 100
Saturation (colour description), 48
Segmentation, DVTR, 354
Segmentation and reassembly (SAR)
sublayer, 433
Self-clocking waveform, 250
Separability principle, 173
Sequence, group of pictures, 238
Serial data transport interface (SDTI), 385, 387–8
Serial digital interface (SDI), 285, 381, 385–7
Servo-surface disk drives, 319–20
Shift register, 69
Shuffling process, 20
Shuttle picture, 359
Signal energy, transmission line loss, 253–4
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 133
reduction, 249
Silo chip see FIFO (silo) chip
Size (wordlength coefficient), 224
Skew (timing differences), 250
Skin effect, current flow, 250
Slicing process, 6, 263, 264–5
Slipper, magnetic disk drive, 314–15
SMPTE C phosphors, 48
Software, 74
verification, 75
SONET (synchronous optical network) standard, 430, 432
Source coding scheme, 205, 397
Spatial frequency, 114
Spatial redundancy, 211
Spectrum shaping, 21
Splines, 178
Splitter (filter), 396
Square pixel, 154
Stacker programs, 201
Standards convertor:
conventional, 188
STATMUX (statistical multiplexer), 203–204, 404
Still store unit, 185
Storage area network (SAN), 382
Storage density, 270
Storage elements, 68
Strobe signal, 430
Stuffing/packing (null packets), 84, 400
Subjectively lossless systems, 203
Synchronizing (sync) system, 35–41, 283
detector, 283
leading edge, 38
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) standard, 430, 432
Synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS), 435
Tape transport, rotary head, 348–50
Telephone-based systems, 394–6
exchanges, 394
wiring, 396
Television broadcasting:
analog, 26
displays, 126
error correction, 413
sampling rate, 128
Temporal coding, 209, 212, 227
Temporal filtering (eye), 30
Temporal frequency, 114
Temporal redundancy, 211
Tiling effect, 241
Time compression/expansion, 14–16
Time Division Multiplexer (TDM) system, 428–9
Time domain, 88
Time stamps, 397, 398–9, 417, 435
Time uncertainty see Jitter
Timebase:
error effect, 241
Timecode, 358
Timing reference signal (TRS) codes, 38
SAV and EAV patterns, 387
Token ring system, IBM, 427, 428
Top/bottom fields, interlaced picture, 231
Touch-tone dialling, 394
Tracking error, optical disk drive, 335–7
control process, 178
Transmission channel, 249
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 383
Transmission convergence layer, 383
Transport network, 382
Transposition process, 173
Triads, 51
Twisted-ring counter, 110
Ultra-violet wavelengths, 43
Variable-length coding (VLC), 204, 224
Vector assignation, 189
Vector interpolation, 191
Verification, software, 75
Vertical interval timecode (VITC), 358
Video buffer verifier (VBV), 237
Video effects, digital, 167–79
Video manipulation, 171
Video-on-demand, 207
Virtual address, 171
Virtual channel, 432
Vision mixer:
Visual accommodation, 29
Visual display unit (VDU), 179
Voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 401
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 111, 267
centring, 269
Wave table, 230
Waveform:
sawtooth, 33
self-clocking, 250
Weighting process, MPEG-2, 222, 223
Wide area networks (WANs), 382
Winchester technology disk drives, 313, 320–23
Window margin see Jitter margin
Wire frame, symbol, 184
Wordlength, 8
coefficient, 224
Words, 8
WORM (write-once-read-many) disks, 313
Yeltsin walk, 234
Zero-order hold system, 121
Zero-run-length, 224