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Part 2: The Process, Script, and Production Plan
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Part 2: The Process, Script, and Production Plan
by Jim Owens, Gerald Millerson
Television Production, 15th Edition
Cover
Halftitle
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part 1: The Foundations of Television Production
Chapter 1: An Overview of Television Production
Television Production
Equipment Has Become Simpler to Use
The Illusion of Reality
It’s All about How You Do It
Techniques Will Tell
Having the Edge
Overview
Organization
Television, Video, or Film?
Television versus New Media
The Equipment Is Always Changing
Today’s Equipment
The Production Team
The Hidden Factors of Production
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Vicky Collins
Chapter 2: The People Who Make It Happen
The Production Crew
Members of the Production Crew
Talent
The Freelance Crew
What Do you Wear?
What Do you Bring with you?
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Taylor Vinson
Interview with a Professional: Phil Bowdle
Chapter 3: The Television Production Facility
Production Methods
The Venue
The Television Studio
Remote Production Facilities
The Production Switcher
The Wipe
Chroma-Key
Synchronized Movements with the Virtual Set
Digital Video Effects
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Bryan Jenkins
Part 2: The Process, Script, and Production Plan
Chapter 4: The Production Process
The Three Stages of Production
Stage 1: Planning and Preparation
Why Plan?
The Idea: Starting with a Concept
Setting the Goals and Objectives
The Target Audience
The Budget
Limitations/Restrictions
The Production Plan
Production Methods
Schedule
Coverage
Building a Program Outline
Research
Thinking through the Shots
Treatment Breakdown
Developing the Camera Plan
Storyboards
Production Aspects
The Production Meeting
Remote Location Surveys (Recce)
Setup
The Rehearsal
Stage 2: Production
The Director during the Production
The Producer during the Production
Production Emphasis
Selective Tools
Selective Techniques
The Screen Transforms Reality
Interpretative Production Techniques
Stage 3: Postproduction
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: James Stuart
Chapter 5: The Script and Production Plan
The Script’s Purpose
The Script/Production Plan
The Unscripted Production Plan
The Outline Script: Semiscripted Production
Fully Scripted Shows
Script Stages
Basic Script Layout Formats
Keep It Brief
Suggestions on Scriptwriting
Be Visual
Pacing the Program
Style
Hints on Developing the Script
Scripting Tools
Storyboards
Additional Production Plan Information
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Andrea Gyertson Nasfell
Interview with a Professional: Hakem Dermish
Part 3: Visualizing the Story
Chapter 6: What the Camera Can Do
Television Cameras
Types of Cameras
Camcorders
Studio Cameras
Miniature or Point-of-View Cameras
Camera Basics
The Viewfinder
The Camera’s Controls
The Camera Lens
Lens Angle
Supplementary Lenses
Lens Controls
Working Practices
Types of Lenses
Zoom Lens
Prime Lens
Extender Lens
Focusing
Why Focus?
Focusing Methods
Focusing the Zoom Lens
Adjusting the Zoom’s Back Focus
Lens Aperture (f-Stop)
f-Stops (f-Numbers)
Exposure
Automatic Iris
Manual Iris Adjustment
Remote Iris Control
Shutter Speeds
Video Gain Adjustment
Camera Lens Filters
Neutral-Density Filters
Corrective Filters
Star Filters
Diffusion Disks
UV (Haze) Filters
Polarizing Filters
Graduated Filters
Camera Filter Wheel
Supporting the Camera
What Type of Support?
The Handheld Camera
Camera Stabilizers
The Pan and Tilt Head
Review Questions
Interview With A Professional: Nathan White
Chapter 7: Using the Camera
Standard Shots
Selecting the Shot
Checking the Shot
Camera Operation
Focusing
Camera Moves
Production Format Styles
The Single-Camera Shoot
The Multicamera Shoot
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Thomas Crescenzo
Interview with a Professional: Jon Lord
Chapter 8: The Persuasive Camera
Shooting Style
Screen Size
Selecting the Shot
The Extreme Long Shot
The Long Shot
The Medium Shot
The Close-Up
The Extreme Close-Up
Depth of Field
Large Depth of Field (Deep-Focus) Techniques
Shallow Depth of Field (Shallow-Focus) Techniques
Moving the Camera Head
Panning the Camera
Tilting the Camera Head
Camera Height
Extreme Camera Angles
Moving the Camera
Subjective Camera Treatment
Imitative Camera Movement
Using the Zoom Lens
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Matt Grimm
Chapter 9: Creating an Effective Image
Behind the Picture
Composing the Picture
Practical Composition
The Director and Composition
Composition Principles
The Effect of the Picture Frame
Framing
Pictorial Balance
Unity (Order)
Visual Patterns
Leading Lines
Rule of Thirds
Context
Scale
Subject Prominence
Impressions of the Subject
Composition and Color
Composition and Motion
A Theory of Dynamic Composition
Using Dynamic Composition
Crossing the Line
Anticipating Editing
Continuity
Improving Editing Flexibility
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Keith Brown
Chapter 10: Television Graphics
Television Graphics Goals
Types of Graphics
Forms of Graphics
Animated Graphics
Interactive 3D Graphics
Designing Graphics
Backgrounds for Graphics
Graphics Equipment
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Scott Rogers
Part 4: Lighting, Backgrounds, and Sets
Chapter 11: Lighting for Television
The Goals of Lighting
Why Is Lighting Necessary?
Technical Reasons
Artistic Reasons
The Nature of Light
Light Intensity
The Color Quality of Light
Light Dispersion
The Direction of the Light
Three-Point Lighting
Basic Guidelines for Lighting People
Lighting Groups of People
Lighting Areas of the Scene
Light Sources
Lighting Instruments
Camera Light
Fresnel Spotlights
Ellipsoidal Spotlights
Scoop
Broad Light
Soft Light
Cyclorama Light
Multilamp Sources
Open-Face Adjustable Light
Reflectors
Light Supports
Grip Clamps
Light Stands
Studio Ceiling Supports
Portable Light Kits
Controlling the Lights
Basic Lighting Plan
What Is Going to Happen?
The Lighting Plot
Lamp Care and Safety
Lighting and Camera Rehearsal
Sound Boom Shadows
Lighting on Location
Review questions
Interview with a Professional: Tommy Brown
Chapter 12: Backgrounds and Sets
The Influence of the Television Background
Basic Organization
The Studio Plan
The Floor Plan
Lighting Plot
Design Considerations
Set Design for 16:9
Real and Unreal Backgrounds
The Neutral Background
Economical Sets
Semipermanent Sets
Pictorial Backgrounds
Cyclorama
Chroma-Key/Matting
Virtual Sets
Outside/Backlot Sets
The Location As a Background
Set Components
Set Considerations
Camera Height
Foreground Pieces
Creating Depth
Versions of “Reality”
What Can We Do about the Background?
Rearranging the Background
Altering the Background
Partial Settings
Typical Examples of Partial Settings
Facing Reality
Set Problems
What Can You Shoot?
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: JOHN DECUIR
Chapter 13: Makeup and Costumes
Forms of Makeup
Straight Makeup
Corrective Makeup
Character Makeup
Conditions of Television Makeup
Camera Rehearsal
Makeup Treatment
Principles of Makeup
Hair
Hair Alteration
Costumes (Wardrobe)
Review Questions
Interview with a professional: Ruth Haney
Chapter 14: Audio for Television
The Audio System
Acoustics
Mono Sound
Stereo Sound
Surround Sound
Microphone Characteristics
Microphone Care
Directional Features of Microphones
Microphone Pickup Methods
Types of Microphones
Camera Microphones
Handheld Microphone
Shotgun Microphone
Lavalier (Lapel or Clip-On) Microphone
Boundary or PZM Microphone
Hanging Microphone
Surround-Sound Microphone
Suggestions for Using a Surround-Sound Microphone
Microphone Stands and Mounts
Wireless Microphones
Hidden Mics
Controlling Dynamics
Dynamic Range
Automatic Control for Audio
Manual Control
Monitoring the Audio
The Audio Mixer
Using the Audio Mixer
Natural Sound
Anticipation
Filtered Sound
Reverberation
Building the Soundtrack
Types of Program Sound
Program Music
Sound Effects
Anticipating Sound Editing
Audio Sweetening
Copyright
Review Questions
Interview With a Professional: Bryant Falk
Chapter 15: Recording the Story
Recording the Video
Standard-Definition Television
High-Definition Television
Television and Video Formats
Videotape
Analog and Digital Tapes
Consumer Digital Tape Formats
Professional Digital Tape Formats
Flash Memory
Hard Disk Drive/Internal Hard Drive
External Camera Hard Drives
Hard Disk Recorders
Recordable DVD
XDCAM Disc
Recording Media Care
Video Recording Suggestions
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Ryan Hammer
Interview with a Professional: Robin Broomfifeld
Chapter 16: Editing the Production
Editing Techniques in Television
Editing Basics
Editing Decisions
Editing Possibilities
The Mechanics of Editing
Editing In-Camera
Production Switcher (Vision Mixer)
Linear Editing
Nonlinear Editing
Postproduction Logging
The Art and Techniques of Editing: Multiple Cameras and Postproduction
Selecting the Appropriate Shots
The Order of Shots
Where Should the Edits be Made?
What Transition Should be Used?
Good Continuity
How to Use Transitions
Cause–Effect Relationships
Montage
Duration of Shots
Priority: Video or Sound?
Good Directing/Editing Techniques
Anticipating Editing
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Scott Powell
Part 6: Production Techniques
Chapter 17: Production Practices
Production Pressures
Shooting Styles
Single-Camera Techniques
Single-Camera Setups
Shooting Uncontrolled Action
Shooting Controlled Action
Segmented Shooting
Multicamera Techniques
Visual Variety
Crossing the Axis of Action Line
Organizing the Angles
Program Opening
Focusing Audience Attention
Shifting Visual Interest
Creating Tension
Pace
Timing
Visual Clarity
Viewing Angle
Distractions
Confusing and Frustrating Subject Treatment
The Visual Problem
The Illusion of Time
Time Lapses
Flashbacks
Cutaway Shots (Insert Shots)
Reaction Shots/Partials/Cut-In Shots
The Recorded Insert
Stock Shots (Library Shots)
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: David Nixon
Chapter 18: The Studio Production
Unrehearsed Formats
Advance Rehearsals
Studio Rehearsal
Rehearsal Procedures
The Floor Manager
Rehearsal
Recording/Transmission
Guiding the Talent
Cueing
Methods of Cueing
Prompting the Talent
Production Timing
Recording the Production
Live-on-Tape
Basic Retakes
Shooting Out of Order
Isolated Camera (ISO)
Single-Camera Recording
Review Questions
Interview with A Professional: Fiona Catherwood
Interview with a Professional: Lauren Claus
Chapter 19: Directing Talent
Talent
Importance of People in the Scene
Presenting the Information
Selecting Talent
The Challenges of Working with Talent
Inexperienced Talent
The Host
The Off-Camera Host
When There Are Problems
Research
What Should Talent Wear?
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Sarah Leckie
Interview with a Professional: Morgan Schutters
Chapter 20: Production Style
Visual Style
Appropriateness
Routines
Ambience
The Illusion of Truth
Pictorial Function
Picture Applications
Production Rhetoric
Audio Style
Imaginative Sound
Sound Elements
Sound Emphasis
Sound Applications
Offscreen Sound
Substituted Sound
Controlling Sound Treatment
The Effect of Combining Sounds
Selective Sound
Audio/Video Relationships
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Dave Greider
Interview with a Professional: Jeremy Rauch
Chapter 21: Remote Production
What Is a Remote Production?
Remote Production versus Studio Production
Shooting on Location
The Single Camera on Location
Typical Setups
Power Supplies
Single-Camera Shooting
Handling the Camera
Lens Angles
Automatic Controls
Audio
Storing the Gear
Multicamera Remote Production
Multicamera Planning and Preparation
Remote Production Vehicles
Remote Production Truck/OB Van
Live Transmission
Event Coverage
Sports Action
Review Questions
Interview With a Professional: Tom Cavanaugh
Interview with a Professional: Cindy Pennington
Part 7: Distribution
Chapter 22: Distributing Your Production
Broadcast Distribution
3G/4G Transmission
Traditional NonBroadcast Distribution (usually referred to as video)
Distributing Hard Copies of the Production
Online Distribution
Live Online Distribution
IPTV
Festivals and Competitions
Summary
Review Questions
Interview with a Professional: Tripp Crosby
Glossary
Index
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Chapter 3: The Television Production Facility
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Chapter 4: The Production Process
PART
2
The Process, Script, and Production Plan
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