- The Ruby Programming Language
- A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
- Preface
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Structure and Execution of Ruby Programs
- 3. Datatypes and Objects
- Numbers
- Text
- Arrays
- Hashes
- Ranges
- Symbols
- True, False, and Nil
- Objects
- 4. Expressions and Operators
- Literals and Keyword Literals
- Variable References
- Constant References
- Method Invocations
- Assignments
- Operators
- Unary + and –
- Exponentiation: **
- Arithmetic: +, –, *, /, and %
- Shift and Append: << and >>
- Complement, Union, Intersection: ~, &, |, and ^
- Comparison: <, <=, >, >=, and <=>
- Equality: ==, !=, =~, !~, and ===
- Boolean Operators: &&, ||, !, and, or, not
- Ranges and Flip-Flops: .. and ...
- Conditional: ?:
- Assignment Operators
- The defined? Operator
- Statement Modifiers
- Nonoperators
- 5. Statements and Control Structures
- Conditionals
- Loops
- Iterators and Enumerable Objects
- Blocks
- Altering Control Flow
- Exceptions and Exception Handling
- BEGIN and END
- Threads, Fibers, and Continuations
- 6. Methods, Procs, Lambdas, and Closures
- 7. Classes and Modules
- Defining a Simple Class
- Creating the Class
- Instantiating a Point
- Initializing a Point
- Defining a to_s Method
- Accessors and Attributes
- Defining Operators
- Array and Hash Access with [ ]
- Enumerating Coordinates
- Point Equality
- Ordering Points
- A Mutable Point
- Quick and Easy Mutable Classes
- A Class Method
- Constants
- Class Variables
- Class Instance Variables
- Method Visibility: Public, Protected, Private
- Subclassing and Inheritance
- Object Creation and Initialization
- Modules
- Loading and Requiring Modules
- Singleton Methods and the Eigenclass
- Method Lookup
- Constant Lookup
- Defining a Simple Class
- 8. Reflection and Metaprogramming
- 9. The Ruby Platform
- Strings
- Regular Expressions
- Numbers and Math
- Dates and Times
- Collections
- Files and Directories
- Input/Output
- Networking
- Threads and Concurrency
- 10. The Ruby Environment
- Index
- About the Authors
- Colophon
- Copyright
This chapter is a catch-all for Ruby programming topics that have not been discussed elsewhere. Most of the features covered here have to do with the interface between Ruby and the operating system on which it is running. As such, some of these features are OS-dependent. Similarly, many of the features may be implementation dependent: not every Ruby interpreter will implement them in the same way. Topics covered include:
The Ruby interpreter’s command-line arguments and environment variables.
The top-level execution environment: global functions, variables, and constants.
Shortcuts for text processing scripts: global functions, variables, and interpreter options, usually inspired by the Perl programming language, that make it possible to write short but powerful Ruby programs for processing text files.
OS commands: running shell commands and invoking executables in the underlying operating system. These are features that allow Ruby to be used as a scripting or “glue” language.
Security: how to reduce the risk of SQL injection and similar attacks with Ruby’s tainting mechanism, and how to “sandbox” untrusted Ruby code with
$SAFEexecution levels.
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