Index

A

Acceptable state, 121, 123

Access control, 10

Accuracy, 77, 87

Actuators, infrastructure, 12

Adaptive component management service (ACMS), 20

Ajax-based user interface, 136

Application level migration, 57, 58

Application Program Interfaces (APIs), 81, 98, 103–104, 176

Application state persistence/recovery, 61–62

Architecture, 11–12, 28, 49–50, 174–178

Atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) properties, 129

Atomic services, 17

Atomic units, 87

Audio services, 82, 92, 94–95, 100

Autonomic service-provisioning framework, 77

Availability, security management, 10

B

Back end support environment, 99

Belief, evidence theory, 35

Best path prediction, 32

Bottlenecks, 75, 77, 84, 97

C

Call-back instances, 104

Candidate set generation, 39

Canny algorithm, 31

CATran, 130–132

CELF approach, 152, 157

Centralized services, 97, 98

Certificate authority (CA), 19

Challenges, 3–5, 14, 174

Clustering, 113

Collaborative filtering (CF) approaches, 8, 135, 143–152, 163

Communication unit, 129

Compensating transaction generator (CTG), 129

Compiler support, 60–61

Composite objects, 39

ConcurTask Trees (CTT) model, 78

Confidentiality, 10

Constraints, 5, 78, 100–101

Content-based approaches, 8, 135

Context

acquisition, 16

category, 26–27

collection, 25–29

defined context, 27

direct, 26, 27

format, 92–93, 106

local service matching, 85

management, middleware, 16–17

probers, 84

reasoning, 16–17

representation, 16

Context awareness

challenges, 3

context category, 26

dynamic transaction management, 121

evaluations, 129

little consideration of, 114

method, HCI, 75

technology, 5–6

transaction model, 116–120

Context-driven service selection, 79–81

Context manager, 83–84

Context reasoning prototype, 33–43

Contiki, 180

Control area net (CAN)-based network layer (CBL), 20–21

Coordination algorithm, 121–123

Coordinator, evaluations, 129

CORTEX system, 15

Cosine similarity metric, 85

Coverage, 85

CREDSUP, 136

D

Daily work assisting service, 171

DAML language, 76

Data

collection, 136–138

management, 4, 17–18

processing, 103

producers and consumers, 18

sources, 18

storage, 102–103

transfer, 123

verification, 123

DBLP dataset, 155–156, 159

Decomposition, 49

Deduced objects, 38

Default participant, 125

Defined context, 27

Delay-sensitive migration process, 58

Dempster-Shafer theory, 6

Dempster-Shafer theory, context reasoning (DSCR)

evidence selection strategy, 40–41

evidence theory, 34–35

model, 36–37

objects layer, 38–39

overview, 33–34

performance, 41–43

propagating evidence, 37–39

recognizing user activity, 39–40

sensors layer, 37–38

Dempster’s rule, 35

Desktop level migration, 57, 58

Device discovery and evaluation module (DDEM), 64, 66–67, 69

Device layer, 174–175

Devices

fault tolerance, 4

matching, 75

mobile, as entity, 116–117

pervasive computing systems, 11–14

profile, 93–95, 106–107

DHTML viewstate, 58–59

Digg Web site, 140

Direct context, 26–27

DisconnetProb, 130, 131

Discount rate, sensors, 37

Discovery, see Service registration and discovery

Dispatch requests, 80

Display moment, 101, 104

Distributed hash table (DHT)-based P2P overlay, 17

Document vector, 138

Dynamic characteristics, 26

Dynamic context, 27

Dynamic transaction management, 121–125

E

Eavesdropping attacks, 177

ECA, 118–120

Effective region, 86

Embedded Web services, 178–181

EMDP approach, 150

Empty processing elements, 52

Entities, 116–117

Environments

context format, 93

context manager, 83

iCampus case study, 169–171

mobile transaction evaluation, 129–130

pervasive computing systems, 19–21

Errors, 3, 31

Euclidean distance, 85

Evidence selection strategy, 40–41

Evidence theory, 24, 34–35, 37–39

Exact context reasoning, 16

Executing state, 121, 123

Executors, 121–123

Expert search, 162–163

Extended independent cascade (EIC) model, 157, 159–160

F

Failed ratio (FR), 130

Failed state, 121, 123

False context information, 3

Fault tolerance, 4

Favorite fraction, 137, 139–142

Feature combinations, 140, 141–142

Fixed host (FH), 116

Fixed infrastructure, uncertain, 112

Fixed networks, 116

Flexibility dynamics, 48, 54

Forwarding, 124

Frame of discernment, 24

Framework, 28–29

FriendFeed, 140

Front end support environment, 99

Full function device (FFD), 174–175

Functionality vs. resource usage, 5

Fuzzy characteristics, 26

Fuzzy context reasoning, 16–17

G

GetTemp function, 180, 181

Global combination selection, 81, 86, 87, 88–89

Global decisions, 123

Global item similarity (GIS), 146, 148, 149

Global positioning system (GPS), 29, 31–33

Global System for Mobile (GSM) signals, 16

Global transaction states, 121

Global variables, 61–62

Greedy algorithms, 152–153, 156–165

H

Heterogeneous characteristics, 4, 58, 112

Hierarchical concurrency control algorithm, 113

High Commit Mobile (HiCoMo) transactions, 113

Historical context database, 33

History-based composition, 17

HITS algorithm, 160, 162–165

Hot-swapping, 98

HTML/DHTML viewstate, 58–59

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

context-awareness method, 75

context-driven service selection, 79–89

context manager, 83–84

device matching, 75

global combination selection, 85–89

interaction migration, 76–79

local service matching, 84–85

many users, one device, 75

migration request, 92

one user, many devices, 74–75

overview, 73–76

scalability of algorithm, 75

service selection, 75

smart office video calls, scenario, 89–97

summary, 104–105

technology, 6–7

user devices, 81–83

Web service-based migration framework, 97–104

XML, 105–107

I

ICluster, 147

Illustrations, 68–70

Implementation, 68–70, 180–181

Incorrect reasoning, 3

Independent cascade model (IC), 154, 160–161

Indirect context, 26, 27

Indoor techniques, user tracking, 15–16, 29–30

Influence diffusion models, 154

Influence maximization problem, 152, 157

Influence model, 159

Influence spread, 160–161

Information overload, 74

Infrared technology, 13, 16, 30

Infrastructure, 11–13, 112

Initialization section, 61

Initiators, 121–125

Integrity, security management, 10

Intelligent Campus (iCampus), 21, 169–173

Intelligent urban traffic management, 31–33

Interaction devices manager (IDM), 99, 101–104

Interaction requirements description (IRD), 99, 100–101, 104

Interactions

devices selection, 103–104

learning from past, 8

migration, 6–7, 75–79

migration request, 103

mobile transaction evaluation, 132

rendering, 104

services and service selection, 79–81

termination, 104

Interaction Web service description (IWSD), 101

Interaction Web service (IWS), 102

Interdependent characteristics, 26

Internet, context collection, 28

Interrelation of services, 97

InterSynd system, 136

Inverse update frequency (IUF), 139, 140, 142

I/O adapter management module (IOAMM), 64, 66–67, 69

IPSpace (IPv6-enabled intelligent space), 173–182

iShadow, 169–173

Isolation Only Transaction (IOT), 113

ISST vs. IS, 162

Item-to-item collaboration filtering, 135

J

Jawbone UP, 2

JINI discovery system, 77

JPEG encoding, 49, 52

K

Kangaroo transaction, 113

K-anonymity, 18

Kendall’s notation, 56

Keyboard input service, 81, 94

Kimura and Saito algorithm, 152

K like-minded users, 146, 147, 148–149

K-means algorithm, 146

L

Latency, scalability, 97

Latent semantic indexing (LSI), 153, 155

Lightweight embedded Web services, 178–181

Lightweight modules, 21

Lightweight task migration, 58

Linear threshold model, 154

Link states, mobile transaction evaluation, 130–131

Local service matching, 80–81, 84–85, 94–95

Location information, 6, 116–117

Location services, 29

Long term evolution (LTE) technology, 13

Low-level context, 27

LRI form, 63–64

M

Many users, one device, 75

Map service, 21, 171

Matching degree, 95–97

Matrix factorization, 155

Maximum term frequency normalization (NTF), 138

Memory-based schemes, 135

Mesh routers, 14

Meta-words, new, 60–61

Metrics, 150, 159–160

Micaz, 33

Microsoft SQL servers, 33

Middleware and middleware layer

challenges, 5

concepts, 5

context management, 16–17

data management, 17–18

defined, 11

hiding complexity and heterogeneity, 14

iShadow, 170

lightweight embedded Web services, 178–179

overview, 14–15

resource management, 15

security management, 18–19

service management, 17

systems, 15

user tracking, 15–16

Migration

context-driven service selection, 81

latencies, 68–69

management modules, 64

request initiation, 79–80

Migration support environment (MSE), 81, 98–100, 101–104

MixedGreedy algorithm, 152

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), 17

Mobile clients, 14

Mobile devices (MD/MDD), 116–117, 121, 129–130; see also Pervasive mobile transactions

Mobile robot position identification, 30–31

Mobile ubiquitous device with/without database (MUD/MUDD), 116

Mobility, 3, 112, 114; see also Pervasive mobile transactions

Modality interchange, 61

Model-based collaborative filtering approaches, 135

Moflex model, 113

Monte Carlo simulations, 157, 160

MovieLens dataset, 150

Mozart Programming System, 58; see also xMozart platform

Multiconstrained optimal path (MCOP) problems, 78

Multimodality representation, 58

Multimodal programming, 67

Multiple modalities, 64, 66–67

Multithreading function, 180

N

Near field communication (NFC) technology, 13

NectraRSS, 136

NewGreedy algorithm, 152

Nike FuelBand, 2

Nodes, 14, 28, 48–49, 153–154

NonCATran, 130–132

NumInteration, 132

NumMobiTran, 130, 131

O

Objects layer, 38–39

Office environment, 90–91

Offline phase, CFSF approach, 145–147

One user, many devices, 74–75

Online phase, CFSF approach, 145, 147–149

Ontology languages, 20, 76

Outdoor techniques, user tracking, 15–16, 29–30

OZ language, 59–62, 64, 66–68; see also xMozart platform

P

Participants, 123–125, 129

Passwords, 176–177

PD approach, 150

Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), 144, 146, 150

Peer-to-peer structure, 97, 98

Performance

CFSF approach, 150–152

D-S theory, context reasoning, 41–43

RSS content-based recommendations, 140–142

social networks, top-K recommendations, 159–165

Personal area network (PAN), 174–175, 177

Person as entity, 116–117

Pervasive computing, 1–8

Pervasive computing systems, structure and elements

architecture, 1–2

devices, 11–14

environments, 19–21

infrastructure, 11–14

intelligent Campus, 21

middleware, 14–19

overview, 11

wireless networks, 13–14

Pervasive mobile transactions

context-aware transaction model, 116–120

dynamic transaction management, 121–125

evaluations, 129–132

formal transaction verification, 125–129

introduction, 111–114

overview, 111

transaction framework, 114–116

Pervasive multiprocessor (PMP) system, 48–54, 50, 54–57

Petri nets, 125–129

Photo sharing service, 21, 171

Physical contexts, 5

PICO/SeSCo system, 15

Pipeline-based resource allocation, 49–54

Plausibility, evidence theory, 35

Poisson distribution-based task arrival ratio, 52

Position identification, 29–31; see also Location information

PostRank, 137, 140, 142

Precision at N, 141

Probabilistic approach-based resource allocation, 54–57

Processing elements (PEs), 48, 52, 54–56

Process level migration, 57, 58, 75

Promotion transaction model, 113

Protoheads, 180

Public key infrastructure (PKI), 19

Pure cosine similarity (PCS), 146

Q

QTK toolkit, 59

Qualified executors, 121

Quality of Service (QoS), 18, 77, 86

R

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, 13, 16, 30

Randomly allocating algorithms, 49–54

Real-time road status report, 31–32

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI), 30

Recognition, user activity, 39–40

Reduce function device (RFD), 174–175

Remaining time estimation, 32

Re-ranking items, 140–141

Resource abstraction, 15

Resource allocation, 47–57

Resource control, 15

Resource handles, 60, 63

Resource management

application state persistence and recovery, 61–62

compiler support, 60–61

HTML/DHTML viewstate, 58–59

implementation and illustrations, 67–70

introduction, 57–58

middleware, 15

model, 58–62

overview, 47

OZ source file reorganization, 59

pipeline-based resource allocation, 49–54

PMP systems, 48–49

probabilistic approach-based resource allocation, 54–57

resource allocation, 47–57

resource redirection, 63–64

technology, 6

transparent task migration, 57–70

xMozart platform, 64–67

Resource registration and discovery, 15, 19

Resource router (RR), 49, 54–56

Resources, limited in pervasive environments, 112

Resource transformation schema, 63

Resource usage vs. functionality, 5

Response, 97, 124

Road status report, real-time, 31–32

Routine task predictability, 39

RSS content-based recommendations

average favorite, 141

data collection, 136–138

defined, 136

document vector, 138

favorite fraction, 139

feature combinations, 140–142

inverse update frequency, 139

overview, 136

performance, 140–142

PostRank, 140

precision at N, 141

recommendation algorithm features, 138–140

similarity, 138

single feature, 141

user preferences, 138–139

RSS readers, 7–8

S

Scalability

algorithm, HCI, 75

DSCR prototype, 41

intelligent Campus, 21

smart car space, 20

smart office video calls, scenario, 97

SCBPCC approach, 147, 150

Scenes system, 15

Scudware platform, 20–21, 76

Search service, 21, 171

Section-based OZ programming, 60

Secure service discovery service (SSDS), 19

Security architecture, 176–178

Security management, 18–19

Selective transition, 125–126

Semantic context management service (SCMS), 20

Semantics

integration, smart cars, 20

matching, 76–77, 100, 103

need for ontology languages, 76

new, compiler support, 60–61

Semantic virtual agents (SVAs), 20

Sensed context, 27

Sensing data, 18

Sensors, 12, 14, 28, 37–38

Service combinations, 75, 88–89

Service composition, 17

Service-coverage coloring procedure, 88

Service grids and layer, 176–177

Service management, middleware, 17

Service matching procedure, 84–85

Service-oriented architecture (SOA/SOAP), 76, 78, 178–180

Service-oriented middleware support, 81

Service property matching, 84

Service registration and discovery, 17, 19

Service selection, 75, 77

Shadow functions, 62

Shortest path, executors, 121

Similarity, 137–138, 140–141

Singular value decomposition (SVD), 153, 155, 160

Skeleton representation, 101

Smart car environments, 19–21, 76

Smets approach, 41, 42

Smoothing function, 147

Social networks, top-K recommendations

algorithms, 159–160

expert search, 162–163

GAUP vs. CF, 163

greedy algorithm, 156–159

influence model, 159

influence spread, 160–161

ISST vs. IS, 162

metrics, 159–160

overview, 8, 152–153

performance, 159–165

problem formulation, 153–154

topic drift, HITS algorithm, 163–165

user preferences, computing, 155–156

State persistence, 62

State recovery, 68

State variables, 61

Static context, 27

Strict transactions, 113

Structure and elements, pervasive computing systems

devices, 11–14

environments, 19–21

infrastructure, 11–14

intelligent Campus, 21

middleware, 14–19

overview, 11

wireless networks, 13–14

Subtransaction execution, 123

Support environment, 98–100

Symmetric key AES algorithm, 174

System load, 130

T

Tag-free activity sensing (TASA), 30

Task analysis, PMP systems, 49

Task arrival ratio, 52

Task level migration, 75

Task management, 49

Task migration, 6

TCOT protocol, 113

Technology, 2–3, 5–8

TERESA, 78–79, 103

Term frequency (TF), 138

TF-IDF weighting method, 138

TinyOS, 33

Topic drift, HITS algorithm, 163–165

Top-K selection strategy, 41

Traditional mobile host (TMH), 116

Traffic information and management, 19, 26, 31–33

Transactions, see Pervasive mobile transactions

Transparency, 3

Transparent task migration

application state persistence and recovery, 61–62

compiler support, 60–61

HTML/DHTML viewstate, 58–59

implementation and illustrations, 67–70

initialization section, 61

introduction, 57–58

modality interchange, 61

model, 58–62

new semantics, 60–61

OZ source file reorganization, 59

resource handles, 60

resource redirection, 63–64

section-based OZ programming, 60

shadow functions, 62

state variables, 61

xMozart platform, 64–67

TSSO ticket, 177

U

Ubiquitous computing, 1, 74

Ubiquitous service broker (USB), 49

Unavailable transaction service, 114

Uncertain fixed infrastructure, 112

URI form, 63

Usability, challenges, 4

User active scope (UAS), 87–89, 95, 97

Users

activity recognition, 39–40

authentication, 176

clustering, 146

context format, 93

context manager, 83–84

devices, 81–83

HCI migration request, 92

history and preferences, 82–83

preference matching, 84

ratings, smoothing, 146–147

security management, 10

Users, preference and recommendations

background, 143–145

CFSF approach, 145–149

collaborative filtering-based recommendations, 143–152

data collection, 136–138

feature combinations, 140

greedy algorithm, 156–159

overview, 135–136

performance, 140–142, 159–165

problem formulation, 153–154

recommendation algorithm features, 138–140

RSS content-based recommendations, 136–142

social networks, top-K recommendations, 152–165

technology, 7–8

user preferences, computing, 155–156

Users, tracking

best path prediction, 32

middleware, 15–16

mobile robot position identification, 30–31

overview, 29

position identification, 29–30

real-time road status report, 31–32

remaining time estimation, 32

security management, 19

traffic information, 19, 31–33

User-topic matrix, 156

V

Vanishing point method, 30–31

Variables, global, 61–62

Vector space similarity (VSS), 144

Verification, 123, 126–129

Videos

calls, smart office, 90–93, 95–97

display service, 81

input service, 92, 95

output and output service, 82, 92, 94–95

surveillance, 16

Virtual contexts, 5

Vision-based schemes, 16

Visual position calibration method, 30–31

W

Weak transactions, 113

Wearable devices, 2, 13

Weather information, 26, 171

Web service-based HCI migration framework, 6–7, 75–76, 97–104

Web Service Description Language (WSDL), 76

Web Service Description Language-Semantics (WSDL-S), 102, 103

Web services, lightweight embedded, 178–181

Wi-Fi technology, 13, 33

Wireless mesh gateway (WMG), 28–29

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs), 14, 28

Wireless mesh router (WMR), 28

Wireless mesh sensor networks (WMSNs), 13, 28–29

Wireless mesh subnetwork, 116

Wireless networks, 13–14, 116–117

Wireless routing backbone network, 116

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

concepts, 13

context awareness, 5–6

context collection, 25–29

data management, 17

IPSpace, 174

service layer, 176

WLAN, 33

Word-of-mouth approach, 152; see also Social networks

Work flow, service composition, 17

WSDLs, 76, 178

X

XML language and format, 105–107, 176, 178, 182

xMozart platform, 6, 58–62, 64, 66–67; see also OZ language

Z

Zadeh paradox, 35