Notes

Introduction

1 A discussion of historical workplace automation and its impact on the meaning of work and the role of management can be found in Shoshana Zuboff’s book In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988).

2 Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: Norton, 2014), 132.

3 Martin Ford, Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (New York: Basic, 2015), xi.

4 Ibid.

5 Elaine Pofeldt, “Shocker: Forty Percent of Workers Now Have ‘Contingent’ Jobs, Says U.S. Government,” Forbes, May 25, 2015.

6 Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Oxford Martin School Working Paper, Oxford University, September 17, 2013, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/down-loads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf; Steve Goldstein, “Eighty Million U.S. Jobs at Risk from Automation, Central Bank Official Says,” Marketwatch, November 12, 2015, www.marketwatch.com.

7 John A. Bargh and Tanya L. Chartrand, “The Unbearable Automaticity of Being,” American Psychologist 54, no. 7 (1999): 462–79; Dolly Chugh and Max H. Bazerman, “Bounded Awareness: What You Fail to See Can Hurt You,” Mind & Society 6, no. 1 (2007): 1–18; Gerald L. Clore and Janet Palmer, “Affective Guidance of Intelligent Agents: How Emotion Controls Cognition,” Cognitive Systems Research 10, no. 1 (2009): 21–30; Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Penguin, 1994); Daniel Kahneman, “Bias, Blindness, and How We Truly Think (Part 1),” Bloomberg.com, October 24, 2011; Kahneman, “A Short Course in Thinking about Thinking,” Edge Master Class, Edge.org, Rutherford, CA, July 20–22, 2007, www.edge.org/; Daniel Kahneman and Gary Klein, “Conditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree,” American Psychologist 64, no. 6 (2009): 515–26; Elizabeth A. Phelps, “Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala,” Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 27–53; Ron Ritchhart and David N. Perkins, “Learning to Think: The Challenges of Teaching Thinking,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, ed. Keith J. Holyoak and Robert G. Morrison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Justin Storbeck and Gerald L. Clore, “On the Interdependence of Cognition and Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 21, no. 6 (2007): 1212–37; Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185 (1974): 1124–31.

8 Chris Argyris, “Teaching Smart People How to Learn,” Harvard Business Review 69, no. 3 (1991): 99–109; Jack Mezirow, “Transformative Learning: Theory to Practice,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 74 (1997): 5–12; Abraham H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1962); Richard J. Davidson and Sharon Begley, The Emotional Life of Your Brain: How Its Unique Patterns Affect the Way You Think, Feel, and Live—and How You Can Change Them (New York: Plume, 2013).

9 Barbara Fredrickson, Love 2.0: How Our Supreme Emotion Affects Everything We Feel, Think, Do, and Become (New York: Penguin, 2013), 10.

10 Jerry Kaplan, Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015).

Chapter 1 The Smart Machine Age: A New Game Requires New Rules

1 Richard Feloni, “Billionaire Hedge Fund Manager Ray Dalio—Who Encourages Employees to See Their Team as a ‘Machine’—Is Building an Artificial Intelligence Unit,” Business Insider, February 27, 2015; Jonathan Cohn, “The Robot Will See You Now,” Atlantic, February 20, 2013.

2 Peter Diamandis, “Disrupting Today’s Healthcare System,” Huffington Post, November 9, 2015.

3 Barb Darrow, “Computers Can’t Read Your Mind Yet, but They’re Getting Closer,” Fortune, September 11, 2015.

4 Frank MacCrory, George Westerman, Yousef Alhammadi, and Erik Brynjolfsson, “Racing with and against the Machine: Changes in Occupational Skill Composition in an Era of Rapid Technological Advance,” Thirty-Fifth International Conference on Information Systems, Auckland, December 14–17, 2014, 14.

5 Choe Sang-Hun, “Google’s Computer Program Beats Lee Se-dol in Go Tournament,” New York Times, March 15, 2016.

6 See, for example, Ford, Rise of the Robots; Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osburn, “Technology at Work: The Future of Innovation and Employment,” Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions, February 2015, www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk; Brynjolfsson and McAfee, Second Machine Age: Work; David Hémous and Morten Olsen, “The Rise of the Machines: Automation, Horizontal Innovation, and Income Inequality,” IESE Business School Working Paper No. WP1110-E, December 8, 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2328774; J. D. Heyes, “Robots to Take Over Jobs in Human Service Industry, Increasing the Percentage of Unemployed Americans,” Natural News, April 3, 2013, www.natural-news.com; “Immigrants from the Future,” Economist, March 29, 2014; “Rise of the Robots,” Economist, March 29, 2014; Cohn, “The Robot Will See You Now”; “The Disruptive Era of Smart Machines Is upon Us,” Gartner report, September 30, 2013; Adam Clark Estes, “Meet Google’s Robot Army. It’s Growing,” Gizmodo, January 27, 2014, gizmodo.com; Seth G. Benzell, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Guillermo LaGarda, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement,” NBER Working Paper No. 20941, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, February 2015.

7 “Amazon’s Bezos: It’s Hard to Overstate Impact of AI,” May 31, 2016, www.msn.com/en-us/video/tunedin/amazons-bezos-hard-to-overstate-impact-of-ai/vp-BBtJTKz.

8 “What’s Next for Artificial Intelligence: The Best Minds in the Business … on What Life Will Look Like in the Age of the Machines,” Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2016.

9 Kevin Kelly, The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future (New York: Viking, 2016), 21.

10 Goldstein, “Eighty Million U.S. Jobs at Risk from Automation.”

11 Frey and Osborne, “Future of Employment.”

12 Pofeldt, “Shocker: Forty Percent of Workers Now Have ‘Contingent’ Jobs.”

13 Ryan Kim, “By 2020, Independent Workers Will Be the Majority,” Gigaom, December 8, 2011, gigaom.com/2011/12/08/mbo-partners-network-2011/.

14 Ford, Rise of the Robots, 176

15 Tony Wagner, Most Likely to Succeed: Preparing Our Kids for the Innovation Era (New York: Scribner, 2015), 63.

16 Howard Gardner, Five Minds for the Future (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2006).

17 See, e.g., “New Vision for Education: Unlocking the Potential of Technology,” World Economic Forum and Boston Consulting Group, Geneva, Switzerland (2015); MacCrory, Westerman, Alhammadi, and Brynjolfsson, “Racing with and against the Machine.”

18 Daniel T. Willingham, “Critical Thinking: Why Is It So Hard to Teach?” Arts Education Policy Review 109, no. 4 (2008): 21–32.

19 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 14.

20 Ibid., 24.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid., 3.

23 Herbert Simon, Models of My Life (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), 144.

24 Gerald L. Clore and Jeffrey R. Huntsinger, “How Emotions Inform Judgment and Regulate Thought,” Trends in Cognitive Science 11, no. 9 (2007): 393–99; Gerald L. Clore and Janet Palmer, “Affective Guidance of Intelligent Agents: How Emotion Controls Cognition,” Cognitive Systems Research 10, no. 1 (2009): 21–30; Antonio R. Damasio, “Descartes’ Error and the Future of Human Life,” Scientific American 271, no. 4 (1994): 144; Jan De Houwer and Dirk Hermans, eds., Cognition and Emotion: Reviews of Current Research and Theories (Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2010); Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, “The Smoke around Mirror Neurons: Goals as Socio-cultural and Emotional Organizers of Perception and Action in Learning,” Mind, Brain, and Education 2, no. 2 (2008): 67–73; Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, Joanna A. Christodoulou, and Vanessa Singh, “Rest Is Not Idleness: Implications of the Brain’s Default Mode for Human Development and Education,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (2012): 352–64; Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and Antonio Damasio, “We Feel, Therefore We Learn: The Relevance of Affective and Social Neuroscience to Education,” Mind, Brain, and Education 1, no. 1 (2007): 3–10; Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and Kurt W. Fischer, “Neuroscience Bases of Learning,” in International Encyclopedia of Education, 3rd ed., ed. V. G. Aukrust (Oxford: Elsevier, 2009); Nasir Naqvi, Baba Shiv, and Antoine Bechara, “The Role of Emotion in Decision Making: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 5 (2006): 260–64; Mike Oaksford, Frances Morris, Becki Grainger, and J. Mark G. Williams, “Mood, Reasoning, and Central Executive Processes,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22, no. 2 (1996): 476–92; Luiz Pessoa, “Emergent Processes in Cognitive-Emotional Interactions,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (2010): 433–48; Pessoa, “How Do Emotion and Motivation Direct Executive Control?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 4 (2009): 160–66; Pessoa, “On the Relationship between Emotion and Cognition,” Nature Reviews/Neuroscience 9 (2008): 148–58; Justin Storbeck and Gerald L. Clore, “On the Interdependence of Cognition and Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 21, no. 6 (2007): 1212–37.

25 Karen Gasper, “Do You See What I See? Affect and Visual Information Processing,” Cognition and Emotion 18, no. 3 (2004): 405–21; Gasper, “Permission to Seek Freely? The Effect of Happy and Sad Moods on Generating Old and New Ideas,” Creativity Research Journal 16, nos. 2–3 (2004): 215–29; Gasper, “When Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Mood and Problem Solving,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39, no. 3 (2003): 248–62; Karen Gasper and Gerald L. Clore, “Attending to the Big Picture: Mood and Global versus Local Processing of Visual Information,” Psychological Science 13, no. 1 (2002): 34–40; Barbara L. Fredrickson, “Updated Thinking on Positivity Ratios,” American Psychologist 68, no. 9 (2013): 814–22; Barbara L. Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive (New York: Crown, 2009); Fredrickson, “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 218–26; Barbara L. Fredrickson and Christine Branigan, “Positive Emotions Broaden the Scope of Attention and Thought-Action Repertoires,” Cognition and Emotion 19, no. 3 (2005): 313–32.

26 Daniel Dennett, Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking (New York: Norton, 2013), 21.

27 Pietro Badia, Bonnie McBane, and Steve Suter, “Preference Behavior in an Immediate versus Variably Delayed Shock Situation with and without a Warning Signal,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (1966): 847–52.

28 Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin 117, no. 3 (1995): 497–529.

29 Geoff Colvin, Humans Are Underrated: What High Achievers Know That Brilliant Machines Never Will (New York: Portfolio, 2015).

Chapter 2 NewSmart: A New Definition of “Smart”

1 Jack Mezirow, “Transformative Learning: Theory to Practice,” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 74 (Summer 1997): 5.

2 Ibid., 7.

3 Ed Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 94.

4 Ibid., 182.

5 Ray Dalio, Principles, Bridgewater Associates, www.bwater.com/Uploads/File-Manager/Principles/Bridgewater-Associates-Ray-Dalio-Principles.pdf.

6 Edward D. Hess, Learn or Die: Using Science to Build a Leading-Edge Learning Organization (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).

7 Ray Dalio, “How to Get a Job … at Bridgewater,” Bloomberg.com, April 12, 2012.

8 Hess, Learn or Die, 122–26.

9 Stuart Firestein, Ignorance: How It Drives Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 15.

10 Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, 14.

11 Christopher Peterson and Martin E.P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 144.

12 Mark Pagel, “Knowledge as Hypothesis,” in This Will Make You Smarter: New Scientific Concepts to Improve Your Thinking, ed. John Brockman (New York: Harper Perennial, 2012), 341.

13 Max Tegmark, “Promoting a Scientific Lifestyle,” in Brockman, This Will Make You Smarter, 20.

14 Carlo Rovelli, “The Uselessness of Certainty,” in Brockman, This Will Make You Smarter, 51.

15 Paul and Elder, Critical Thinking, 33.

16 Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation (New York: Riverhead, 2010), 134.

17 Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: Harper Perennial, 1997), 11.

18 Brené Brown, Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead (New York: Avery, 2012), 130.

19 Ibid.

20 Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Ballantine, 2006), 175.

21 Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Creative Potential within Us All (New York: Crown Business, 2013), 51.

Chapter 3 Humility: The Gateway to Human Excellence in the SMA

1 “Valuable Intellectual Traits,” CriticalThinking.org, www.criticalthinking.org/pages/valuable-intellectual-traits/528.

2 Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Atria, 2009).

3 W. Keith Campbell and Constantine Sedikides, “Self-Threat Magnifies the Self-Serving Bias: A Meta-Analytic Integration,” Review of General Psychology 3, no. 1 (1999): 23; Miron Zuckerman, “Attribution of Success and Failure Revisited, or: The Motivational Bias Is Alive and Well in Attribution Theory,” Journal of Personality 47, no. 2 (1979): 245–87.

4 Roger G. Tweed and Darrin R. Lehman,”Learning Considered Within a Cultural Context: Confucian and Socratic Approaches,” American Psychologist 57, no. 2 (2002): 95.

5 For an overview of recent research, see Joseph Chancellor and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “Humble Beginnings: Current Trends, State Perspective, and Hallmarks of Humility,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7, no. 11 (2013): 819–33.

6 P. Z. Myers, “The Mediocrity Principle,” in Brockman, This Will Make You Smarter, 6.

7 Frans de Waal, “What I Learned from Tickling Apes,” New York Times, April 8, 2016,.

8 Adam Grant, Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success (New York: Penguin, 2014).

9 Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap … and Others Don’t (New York: HarperBusiness, 2001), 22.

10 Douglas LaBier, “Why Humble, Empathic Business Leaders Are More Successful,” Huffington Post, December 24, 2014; Karoline Hofslett Kopperud, “Engaging Leaders in the Eyes of the Beholder on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Work Engagement, Service Climate, and Self–Other Agreement,” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 21, no. 1 (2014): 29–42; Bradley P. Owens, “Expressed Humility in Organizations: Implications for Performance, Teams, and Leadership,” Organization Science 24, no. 5 (2013): 1517–38.

11 See, for example, Adam Bryant, Quick and Nimble: Lessons from Leading CEOs on How to Create a Culture of Innovation (New York: Times Books, 2014); Hess, Learn or Die.

12 Edward D. Hess, The Road to Organic Growth: How Great Companies Consistently Grow Marketshare from Within (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 147.

13 Hess, Learn or Die, 18.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Laszlo Bock, Work Rules! Insights from Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead (New York: Twelve, 2015).

18 Quoted in Thomas L. Friedman, “How to Get a Job at Google,” New York Times, February 22, 2014.

19 Ibid.

20 Laszlo Bock, Work Rules! Insights from Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead (New York: Twelve, 2015), 67.

21 Catmull and Wallace, Creativity, Inc., xvi.

22 Jocko Willink and Leif Babin, Extreme Ownership: How U.S. Navy SEALs Lead and Win (New York: St. Martin’s, 2015), 100.

Chapter 4 Quieting Ego

1 Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control (New York: Little, Brown, 2014), 260.

2 Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive (New York: Crown, 2009), 179.

3 Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 4.

4 Matthew A. Killingsworth and Daniel T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932.

5 William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1 (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2013), 424.

6 Richard J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (2003): 564–70; Gaelle Desbordes et al., “Effects of Mindful-Attention and Compassion Meditation Training on Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli in an Ordinary, Non-Meditative State,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012); Britta K. Hölzel et al., “How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 6 (2011): 537–59; Britta K. Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43; Jon Kabat-Zinn, “Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future,” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10, no. 2 (2003): 144–56; Olga M. Klimecki, Susanne Leiberg, Claus Lamm, and Tania Singer, “Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect after Compassion Training,” Cerebral Cortex 23, no. 7 (2013): 1552–61; Amishi P. Jha, Jason Krompinger, and Michael J. Baime, “Mindfulness Training Modifies Subsystems of Attention,” Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2007): 109–19; Amishi P. Jha et al., “Examining the Protective Effects of Mindfulness Training on Working Memory Capacity and Affective Experience,” Emotion 10, no. 1 (2010): 54–64; Antoine Lutz, Julie Brefczynski-Lewis, Tom Johnstone, and Richard J. Davidson, “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise,” PLOS ONE 3, no. 3 (2008): e1897; Antoine Lutz, Heleen A. Slagter, John D. Dunne, and Richard J. Davidson, “Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12, no. 4 (2008): 163–69.

7 Badri Bajaj and Neerja Pande, “Mediating Role of Resilience in the Impact of Mindfulness on Life Satisfaction and Affect as Indices of Subjective Well-Being,” Personality and Individual Differences 93 (2016): 63–67.

8 Mark Williams and Danny Penman, Mindfulness: An Eight-Week Plan for Finding Peace in a Frantic World (New York: Rodale, 2011), 5.

9 Ibid., 6; Hölzel et al., “How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work?”; Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density.”

10 Elliott Kruse, Joseph Chancellor, Peter M. Ruberton, and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “An Upward Spiral between Gratitude and Humility,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 5, no. 7 (2014): 805–14.

11 Barbara Ehrenreich, “The Selfish Side of Gratitude,” New York Times, December 31, 2015.

Chapter 5 Managing Self: Thinking and Emotions

1 Hess, Learn or Die.

2 Ibid., 81–86.

3 Ibid., 75–78.

4 Gary Klein, Seeing What Others Don’t: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013).

5 Ibid., 86–87.

6 Ibid., 245; Jeanne Liedtka and Tim Ogilvie, Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).

7 Intuit Labs, “NEXT Tool: Rapid Experiments with Customers,” www.intuitlabs.com/portfolio/next-tool/, accessed August 1, 2016.

8 Twyla Tharp, The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003).

9 R. Keith Sawyer, Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

10 Gary Klein, “Performing a Project PreMortem,” Harvard Business Review 85, no. 9 (2007): 18–19.

11 Ibid.

12 Richard J. Davidson, The Emotional Life of Your Brain: How Its Unique Patterns Affect the Way You Think, Feel, and Live—and How You Can Change Them (New York: Plume, 2012), 90.

13 Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control (New York: Little, Brown, 2014), 150.

14 Hess, Learn or Die, 156.

15 Tharp, Creative Habit, 31.

16 Ibid., 21.

17 Kelley and Kelley, Creative Confidence, 183.

18 Gregory Berns, Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2008), 76–81.

19 Pamela Weintraub, “The Voice of Reason,” Psychology Today, June 2014, 58.

20 Mischel, Marshmallow Test, 260.

21 Peter Salovey and J. D. Mayer, “Emotional Intelligence,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 9 (1990): 189.

22 John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey, “What Is Emotional Intelligence?,” in Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications, ed. Peter Salovey and David J. Sluyter (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

23 Anita Williams Woolley et al., “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups,” Science 330.6004 (2010): 686–88.

24 David Engel et al., “Reading the Mind in the Eyes or Reading between the Lines? Theory of Mind Predicts Collective Intelligence Equally Well Online and Face-to-Face,” PLOS ONE 9.12 (2014): e115212.

25 Lisa Feldman Barrett, “What Emotions Are and Aren’t,” New York Times, July 31, 2015.

Chapter 6 Reflective Listening

1 William Isaacs, Dialogue: The Art of Thinking Together (New York: Crown Business, 1999), 84.

2 Jane E. Dutton, Energize Your Workplace: How to Create and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 37.

3 Isaacs, Dialogue, 101.

4 Ibid., 149.

Chapter 7 Otherness: Emotionally Connecting and Relating to Others

1 Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity: Top-notch Research Reveals the 3:1 Ratio That Will Change Your Life (New York: Three Rivers, 2009), 191.

2 Jane E. Dutton, Energize Your Workplace: How to Create and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 16–17.

3 Sidney M. Jourard, The Transparent Self (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971), 6.

4 Barbara Fredrickson, Love 2.0: How Our Supreme Emotion Affects Everything We Feel, Think, Do, and Become (New York: Penguin, 2013), 10.

5 Edgar H. Schein, Humble Consulting: How to Provide Real Help Faster (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2016), 15.

6 Ibid., 23.

Chapter 8 Your NewSmart Behaviors Assessment Tool

1 Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey, Immunity to Change: How to Overcome It and Unlock the Potential in Yourself and Your Organization (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2009).

Chapter 9: Leading a NewSmart Organization

1 Abraham H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 3rd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1998), 65.

2 Hess, Learn or Die.

3 Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci, and Richard M. Ryan, “Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-Being in Two Work Settings,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (2004): 2046; Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior,” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (2000): 227–68.

4 Richard Feloni, “Facebook’s HR Chief Conducted a Company-Wide Study to Find Its Best Managers and Seven Behaviors Stood Out,” Business Insider, January 27, 2016, www.businessinsider.com/.

5 Adam Grant, Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World (New York: Viking, 2016), 13.

6 Julia B. Bear and Anita Williams Woolley, “The Role of Gender in Team Collaboration and Performance,” Interdisciplinary Science Review 36, no. 2 (2011): 146–53; Marc A. Brackett, John D. Mayer, and Rebecca M. Warner, “Emotional Intelligence and Its Relation to Everyday Behavior,” Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004): 1387–1402; Larry Cahill, “His Brain, Her Brain,” Scientific American Mind, special collectors’ edition 21, no. 2 (2010): 4–11; Cahill, “Why Sex Matters for Neuroscience,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 6 (2006): 477–84; Emily Grijalva et al., “Gender Differences in Narcissism: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychological Bulletin 141, no. 2 (2015): 261; William Ickes, Paul R. Gesn, and Tiffany Graham, “Gender Differences in Empathic Accuracy: Differential Ability or Differential Motivation?” Personal Relationships 7 (2000): 95–109.

7 Bock, Work Rules!, 67.

8 Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 155.

9 Ibid., 237.

10 Catmull and Wallace, Creativity, Inc., 185.

11 Ibid., 101.

12 Ibid., 61.

13 Ibid., 104.

14 Ibid., 109.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid., 139.

17 Herbert A. Simon, Models of My Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 150.