Index

Act of God, 26–27

Act utilitarianism, 6

Advocacy, of ethics, 103–108

AdWeek, 82 fn, 24

American Beverage Association, 77

American Cancer Society’s programs, 131

American Society for Control of Cancer, 74

Amnesty International, 186

Andrews, Kenneth, 8

Apartheid, 93, 186

APCO Worldwide, 124

Apparent duties, 152

Applied ethics, 4

Ariely, Dan, 205

Aristotelianism, 30–34

Aristotle, 5, 30–31, 33–34, 39, 49–50, 58, 83, 89–90, 146–147, 163, 174, 221

Astroturf, 77, 113, 192

AT&T racial incident, 206–217

Planned Parenthood, 29–128

Atlantic Monthly, 44

Authenticity, of persuader, 196–197

Auto airbags, 220

Autonomy, of person, 93–94

 

Baker, Gerard, 81

Baker, Sherry, 196

Barnum, Phineas T., 34–35

Beechnut Packing Company, 43

Bentham, Jeremey, 6, 116–118

Bernays, Anne, 15

Bernays, Edward L.,

biography, 40–44

first public relations campaign, 42

later public relations campaigns, 43

“light’s Golden Jubilee,” 43

purpose, 50

regrets, 67

socio-psychological approach, 40–41

Torches of Freedom, 22–23

Biden, Joe, 169

Big Data, 95–96

Bivins, Thomas, 1, 96, 162, 168

Blogs, 4, 7, 55–56, 62, 78–80, 84, 113, 196–197

Bok, Sissela, 64

Bolton, Roger, 66, 124

Boston Herald, 36

Bounded goodness, 142

Bounded rationality, 178–179

Bowen, Shannon, 6, 20, 200–202, 221

Brand journalism. See Native advertising

Brin, Sergey, 185

Brody, Jane, 99

Brooks, David, 12, 221, 225

Broom, Glen, M., 9, 104

Buddah, Guatama, 29

Burson, Harold, 103–104, 124–125

Burson-Marsteller, 78, 103–104, 126

BusinessWeek, 75, 78, 88, 182

Byoir, Carl, 126

 

Californians for Beverage Choice, 77

Callahan, J.C., 4

Capitalism, 134–136

Care, 167–170

Carr, David, 18

Carr-Saunders, A. M., 11

Caruso, Eugene, 176

Categorical imperative, 5, 94

Center, Allen, H., 230

Center for Public Integrity, 80

Character, of public relations, 29–47, 49–67

of company, 32–33, 222–223

Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), 53, 120

Chicago Merchandise Mart, 111

Chief Communications Officers (CCOs), 17

China, 185–186

Cisco Network Academies, 144

Citibank, 180–181

Clarity, 85

Climate change, 112–114, 129

Coalition for Affordable City, 77

Code of Athens, 194–195

Codes of Ethics, 119, 191–196

Cogan, Morris, L., 11

Cognitive Dissonance, 178

Cohan, George M., 43

Coleman Renita, 173, fn 1

Columbia Journalism Review, 61

Commercial speech, 54, 55–56

Committee on Public Information, 101

Company Codes of Conduct, 25, 125, 157, 212

Comparative ethics. See Descriptive ethics

Competence, individual qualities to identify and develop, 8

Compliance, ethical, 224–225

Congressional Black Caucus, 216

Consequence-based ethics, 190–191

Consumer Reports, 76

Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 21, 131, 141

shared value, 142–143

strategic, 143–146

Corporate speech, 54, 56–58

Council for Tobacco Research, 88

Council of PR Firms, 26

Court of Public Opinion, 122–123

Critique of Pure Reason, 91

Cultural Differences, 180–184

Cutlip, Scott, M., 9, 21, 47, 134

 

Darcy, Jeff, 132

Decision making and ethics, 7–8

Declaration of Principles, 37–38

Defining Issues Test (DIT), 173, fn 1

Degeorge, R., 184

Democracy, impact on, 23–24

Defamation, 57

Deontology, 5, 91–94

Descriptive ethics, 4

Dilenschneider, Robert, 87, 126

Dillard’s, 165

Disinformarion, 98

Diversity programs, 170

Domestic Violence Awareness Month, 132

Dominant coalition, 189

Donaldson, Thomas, 137, 184

Dozier, David, M, 104

Drucker, Peter, 141–142, 167

Duties and rights. See also specific duties

axiomatic, 151–152

to clients, 154

to clients’ stakeholders, 154

to employer, 154

to fellow practitioners, 154

and loyalties, 157–158

to ourselves, 154

to society, 154

Duty of beneficence, 152–156, 167, 169, 222

Duty of fidelity, 151–154, 167

Duty of gratitude, 151–153, 158, 167

Duty of justice, 50, 139, 152–153, 159, 161, 163–167

Duty of harm-prevention (non-malfeasance), 151–153, 155, 159, 167

Duty of reparation, 151–153, 156, 167

Duty of self-improvement, 152–153, 167

 

Edelman, 3, 79, 82, 86–87, 112–115, 129

Edelman, Dan, 111

Edelman, Richard, 17, 19, 79, 83, 112–115, 119, 122

Edelman Trust Barometer, 3

Electronic extension, of symmetrical dialog, 221

Ellington, James, 94

Ellsworth, James, 36–37, 45, 67

Emotions, public relations practitioners and, 101–103

Employee communications, 64, 93, 104, 206–217, 221

Enron, 189

Environmental Protection Agency, 17

Equity, of appeal, 196–197

Ethical absolutism, 179

Ethical advocacy

validity, 85–90

veracity, 51–53, 58–59, 67

visibility, 83–84

Ethical compliance, 224–225

Ethical decision making, 173–187, 205

public interest in, 111–130

rules in global public relations, 184

Ethical egoism, 6

Ethical reasoning, framework for, 189–202, 204–217

Ethical relativism, 182–186

Ethics

of advocacy, 103–108

and decision making, 7–8

deontology, 5, 91–94

early development, 29–31

feminist, 163–167

forward motion, 27–28

importance of, 3–4

of representation, 124–127

teleology, 6, 116–119

virtue, 5, 30–34

Eudemonia, 31

Ewen, Stewart, 23, 39–40, 43, 101

Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management, 105–108

The Executive’s Guide to Handling a Press Interview, 61

 

Facebook, 79, 156, 166, 169

Faustian, 81

Federal Drug Administration, 56

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 55, 56, 196, 219

Federation of Sewage Works Association, 17

Feminist ethics, 162–167

Festinger, Leon, 178

Fish, Frederick, 36

Fitzpatrick, Kathy, 199–200

FleishmanHillard, 4, 58

Flexner, Abraham, 11

Foot, Philippa, 149

Ford, Henry, 134

Fortune, 185

Framing, 62–63

Franco, Anthony, M., 10

Freeman, R. Edward, 136–137, 140

Friedman, Marilyn, 163

Friedman, Milton, 132, 133–136, 138, 140

 

Gauthier, Candace, 199–200

Gellerman, Saul, 8

General Electric, 43

General Motors, 156

George, Bill, 182

Ghostwriting, 83–84

Gilligan, Carol, 163

Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communications Management (GAPR), 120, 191–192

Glover Park Group, 124

Gmail, 186

Goebbels, Joseph, 103, 105

Golden Mean, 31

Golden Rule, 29

Goldstein, Linda, 55

Goodpaster, Kenneth, F., 6

Good Will, 103, 153

Google’s ethical calculus, 185–186

Greenwashing, 146

Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, 92

Grunig, James, 104–108, 200, 221

Grunig, Larissa, 168

Guardian newspaper, 112–113

 

Habermas, Jürgen, 20

Haidt, Jonathan, 150–151

Hallahan, Kirk, 233

Hanson, Kirk, 51

Harrington, Alan, 52

Harvard Business School, 182

Harvard Law Review, 95

Hill, John W.,

biography, 69–71

emotional appeals, 89

paper groups, 78

right to be heard, 97

tobacco campaign, 73–76

tobacco strategy, 72–73, 96–98

Hill & Knowlton, 3–4, 69–76, 96–98, 126

Hofstede, Gert, 180–181

Holy Grail, of ethical study, 195

How To Lie with Statistics, 52

Huff, Darrell, 52

Hughes, Everett, C. 11

Human dignity, 92–93

Hunt, Todd, 9, 104

 

Imperfect duty, 155

Implicit Bias Test, 177

Implicit social cognition, 175–177

International Association of Business Communicators (IABC), 104, 119, 191

International Public Relations Association (IPRA), 119–120, 191

Internet Advertising Bureau, 82

Intuitionist, 151

 

Johannesen, Richard, 1

Johnson & Johnson, 223–224

Journalists, public relations practitioners and, 18–19

Justice, 164–167

 

Kahneman, Daniel, 21–22, 24

Kantian approach, 93–94, 98, 100, 102, 120, 137, 140–141, 200–202, 221

Kant, Immanuel, 5–6, 91–96, 103, 108–109, 115–116, 152–153, 155, 161, 190, 200–201

Kardashian, Kim, 84

Kekst, Gershon, 87–88

Ketchum 4, 123–124

Kissinger, Henry, 61

Kohlberg, Lawrence, 173, fn 1

Kruckeberg, Dean, 193

 

Le Bon, Gustave, 41

Lee, Ivy,

coal miner’s strike, 37–39

Congressional testimony, 39

declaration of principles, 38

emotion, 89–90

I. G. Farben Industrie, 125

propaganda, 78

purpose, 50

truth, 51, 67

Legacy Learning, 196, 219

L’Etang, Jacquie, 21

Levick, 124

Libel, 57

Liberman, Myron, 11

Lieber, Paul, 173, fn 1

Light’s Golden Jubilee, 43

Like A Girl, 166–167, 169

Lincoln, Abraham, 222

Loyalties, duties and, 157–158

Luntz, Frank, 63

 

Macintyre, Alasdair

virtue, 33

practices, 33–34

practice obligations, 64–65

Mackey, John, 80

Mainland China, 186

The Making of a Public Relations Man, 75

Male dominance, 164

Managing Public Relations, 104

Martin, Dick, 61, 206

Martinson, David, 196

Materiality, definition of, 197

Matrat, Lucien, 194

Matthews, John, B., 6

McKinsey & Co., 138, 142

Media Skepticism, 18–19

Media training, for public relations, 61–62

Medical Review of Reviews, 42

Meta-ethics, 4

Michaelson, David, 53

Milgram, Stanley, 174

Mill, John, 6, 116–119, 153, 161

Mills, Donald, L., 11

Moral Balance, 177

NAACP, 208

 

National Football League (NFL), 131

National Labor Relations Act, 70

National Mining Association, 81

National Smokers Alliance, 77

Native advertising, 81–83

The New England Journal of Medicine, 100

New York, 132

New Yorker, 81

New York Post, 52

The New York Times, 12, 18, 59, 78, 82, 86, 99, 100, 123, 156, 221

Nisan, M., 177

Nolan, Hamilton, 19

Normative ethics, 4, 5–6

Nosek, Brian, 175

 

Obama, Barack, 123

Occupations, professions and, 11

Old Navy, 165

Otteson, James, 92

Oxford English Dictionary, 62

 

Page, Arthur W.

biography, 44–46

principles, 50

public interest, 45–46, 119

Society, 222–223

Page Principles, 50

Page Society, 222–223

Page, Walter Hines, 44

Paul, Mike, 170

Paul, Ron, 9

Pay For Play (PFP), 26, 183

Pejovich, Svetozar, 139

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals, 102

Pepsico’s Sustainable Farm Initiative, 144

Permissibility, of ghostwriting, 84

Plato, 5, 30, 50

Politics, 161

Potter, Justice Stewart, 137

Porter, Michael, 142–147

Preferred Gender Pronoun, 169

Preston, Lee, 137

Price, J., 176

Prima facie duties, 152–158

Privacy, 26, 58, 78, 87, 95, 155, 187

Professionalism and public relations, 10–13

Professional responsibility theory, 199–200

Professions, occupations and, 11

Propaganda, 40, 50 fn 8, 78, 101, 105, 108, 126

PRWeek, 17 fn 5, 24 fn 15, 53 fn 9, 166

Public Discourse, 19–21

Public advocacy, 70–71

Public Interest, 20, 26, 75, 119–127.

Public relations

codes of ethics, 9–13, 119–120, 191–196

emotional appeals and, 101–102

ethics and, 6–8, 24–27

historical development, 29–30, 34–46

interpretive, 104–105

media skepticism of, 18–19, 105

practice of, 64–65

professionalism, 10–13

social criticism of, 16–18

strategic, 104–105

Purpose, 31–32

Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), 1, 10, 25–26, 53, 119, 191–193

Publishers Clearing House, 85–86

Putin, Vladimir, 123

 

Qorvis, 124

 

Racepoint Group, 124

Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, 208

Rationality, 88

Rawls, John, 117–118

Reader’s Digest, 72

Real Beauty, 166

Relevance, 86

Respect, for person, 196–197

Rest, James, 173, fn 1

Reuters 2015 Digital News Report, 82

Right to Life Victories, 127

Ritzer, George, 9

Rogich Communications Group, 124

Rosenberg, Dick, 7

Ross, William David, 151–158, 169

Rule utilitarianism, 6

 

Schmertz, Herb, 100

Securities and Exchange Commission, 56

Senate Special Committee on Aging, 85–86

Settled science, 121

Shared value, 142–143

Shareowner value theory, 133–136

Silent Spring, 146

Simon, Herbert, 179

Six Questions, 198

Slander, 57

Smoking, public relations and, 22–23, 67, 72–78, 88–89, 96–99

Social contract theory, 162

Social criticism, 16–18

Social responsibility, 196

Social media

ghostblogging, 78–80, 84

trolls, 80

sockpuppets, 80–81

Society, defined, 222

Sociological Fund Committee, 42

Socrates 5, 30

Soft drink industry, 219

Solomon, Nancy, 18

Solomon, Robert, 65

Soroking, Lee H., 76

Southwire, 144

Speech, 54

Commercial, 55–56

Corporate, 56–57

Spinning, 62–63

Stacks, Don, W. 53, 150

Stakeholder theory, 137–140

Strine, Leo, 135–136

Subjection of Women, 161

 

Tajfel, H., 177

TARSE test, 196–197

Tedlow, Richard, 70

Teleology, 6, 116–119

Theory of duties, 151–155f

Third-party endorsement, 20

front groups, misuse of, 77–82

Tiananmen Square, 185

Time, 165

Tobacco industry, 219

Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), 73, 96–97

Torches of Freedom, 23

Toxic Sludge Is Good for You, 17

Traverse-Healy, Tim, 195

Trolleyology, 150

Trolls, 88

Truth

and law, 54–58

nature of, 51–54

and public relations, 58–59

of message, 196–197

Tversky, Amos, 22

Twain, Mark, 52

 

United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, 155–157, 184, 194, 198

Universality, of ethical standards, 179

Urban League, 208

U. S. Department of Labor, 19

Utilitarianism, 6, 116–119

 

Validity, 85–90

VandenDolder, Tess, 124

Vanderbilt, William, 40

Van Hook, Stephen, R., 1

Veracity, 51, 76

Virtue-based ethics, 5, 29–34, 50–51, 64–66, 190

Virtues, of public relations, 29–47

Visibility, 83–84

Vollmer, Howard, M., 11

 

Walker, Edward T., 77

Wall Street Journal, 74, 81, 85, 98, 134, 186, 205

Washington Post, 100

Washington Times, 127

Water Environment Federation, 17

Wilkins, Lee, 173, fn 1

Wilson, E.O., 32

Wilson, P. A., 11

Wolfers, J., 176

Word of Mouth Association’s Code of Ethics, 79

World’s Work, 44, 45

WorldCom, 189

Wright, Donald. K., 6

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