Act of God, 26–27
Act utilitarianism, 6
Advocacy, of ethics, 103–108
AdWeek, 82 fn, 24
American Beverage Association, 77
American Cancer Society’s programs, 131
American Society for Control of Cancer, 74
Amnesty International, 186
Andrews, Kenneth, 8
APCO Worldwide, 124
Apparent duties, 152
Applied ethics, 4
Ariely, Dan, 205
Aristotelianism, 30–34
Aristotle, 5, 30–31, 33–34, 39, 49–50, 58, 83, 89–90, 146–147, 163, 174, 221
AT&T racial incident, 206–217
Planned Parenthood, 29–128
Atlantic Monthly, 44
Authenticity, of persuader, 196–197
Auto airbags, 220
Autonomy, of person, 93–94
Baker, Gerard, 81
Baker, Sherry, 196
Barnum, Phineas T., 34–35
Beechnut Packing Company, 43
Bernays, Anne, 15
Bernays, Edward L.,
biography, 40–44
first public relations campaign, 42
later public relations campaigns, 43
“light’s Golden Jubilee,” 43
purpose, 50
regrets, 67
socio-psychological approach, 40–41
Torches of Freedom, 22–23
Biden, Joe, 169
Big Data, 95–96
Bivins, Thomas, 1, 96, 162, 168
Blogs, 4, 7, 55–56, 62, 78–80, 84, 113, 196–197
Bok, Sissela, 64
Boston Herald, 36
Bounded goodness, 142
Bounded rationality, 178–179
Bowen, Shannon, 6, 20, 200–202, 221
Brand journalism. See Native advertising
Brin, Sergey, 185
Brody, Jane, 99
Buddah, Guatama, 29
Burson, Harold, 103–104, 124–125
Burson-Marsteller, 78, 103–104, 126
Byoir, Carl, 126
Californians for Beverage Choice, 77
Callahan, J.C., 4
Capitalism, 134–136
Care, 167–170
Carr, David, 18
Carr-Saunders, A. M., 11
Caruso, Eugene, 176
Center, Allen, H., 230
Center for Public Integrity, 80
Character, of public relations, 29–47, 49–67
Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), 53, 120
Chicago Merchandise Mart, 111
Chief Communications Officers (CCOs), 17
China, 185–186
Cisco Network Academies, 144
Citibank, 180–181
Clarity, 85
Coalition for Affordable City, 77
Code of Athens, 194–195
Cogan, Morris, L., 11
Cognitive Dissonance, 178
Cohan, George M., 43
Coleman Renita, 173, fn 1
Columbia Journalism Review, 61
Committee on Public Information, 101
Company Codes of Conduct, 25, 125, 157, 212
Comparative ethics. See Descriptive ethics
Competence, individual qualities to identify and develop, 8
Compliance, ethical, 224–225
Congressional Black Caucus, 216
Consequence-based ethics, 190–191
Consumer Reports, 76
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 21, 131, 141
shared value, 142–143
strategic, 143–146
Council for Tobacco Research, 88
Council of PR Firms, 26
Court of Public Opinion, 122–123
Critique of Pure Reason, 91
Cultural Differences, 180–184
Cutlip, Scott, M., 9, 21, 47, 134
Darcy, Jeff, 132
Decision making and ethics, 7–8
Declaration of Principles, 37–38
Defining Issues Test (DIT), 173, fn 1
Degeorge, R., 184
Democracy, impact on, 23–24
Defamation, 57
Descriptive ethics, 4
Dilenschneider, Robert, 87, 126
Dillard’s, 165
Disinformarion, 98
Diversity programs, 170
Domestic Violence Awareness Month, 132
Dominant coalition, 189
Dozier, David, M, 104
Duties and rights. See also specific duties
axiomatic, 151–152
to clients, 154
to clients’ stakeholders, 154
to employer, 154
to fellow practitioners, 154
and loyalties, 157–158
to ourselves, 154
to society, 154
Duty of beneficence, 152–156, 167, 169, 222
Duty of fidelity, 151–154, 167
Duty of gratitude, 151–153, 158, 167
Duty of justice, 50, 139, 152–153, 159, 161, 163–167
Duty of harm-prevention (non-malfeasance), 151–153, 155, 159, 167
Duty of reparation, 151–153, 156, 167
Duty of self-improvement, 152–153, 167
Edelman, 3, 79, 82, 86–87, 112–115, 129
Edelman, Dan, 111
Edelman, Richard, 17, 19, 79, 83, 112–115, 119, 122
Edelman Trust Barometer, 3
Electronic extension, of symmetrical dialog, 221
Ellington, James, 94
Ellsworth, James, 36–37, 45, 67
Emotions, public relations practitioners and, 101–103
Employee communications, 64, 93, 104, 206–217, 221
Enron, 189
Environmental Protection Agency, 17
Equity, of appeal, 196–197
Ethical absolutism, 179
Ethical advocacy
validity, 85–90
visibility, 83–84
Ethical compliance, 224–225
Ethical decision making, 173–187, 205
public interest in, 111–130
rules in global public relations, 184
Ethical egoism, 6
Ethical reasoning, framework for, 189–202, 204–217
Ethical relativism, 182–186
Ethics
of advocacy, 103–108
and decision making, 7–8
early development, 29–31
feminist, 163–167
forward motion, 27–28
importance of, 3–4
of representation, 124–127
Eudemonia, 31
Ewen, Stewart, 23, 39–40, 43, 101
Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management, 105–108
The Executive’s Guide to Handling a Press Interview, 61
Faustian, 81
Federal Drug Administration, 56
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 55, 56, 196, 219
Federation of Sewage Works Association, 17
Feminist ethics, 162–167
Festinger, Leon, 178
Fish, Frederick, 36
Fitzpatrick, Kathy, 199–200
Flexner, Abraham, 11
Foot, Philippa, 149
Ford, Henry, 134
Fortune, 185
Framing, 62–63
Franco, Anthony, M., 10
Freeman, R. Edward, 136–137, 140
Friedman, Marilyn, 163
Friedman, Milton, 132, 133–136, 138, 140
Gauthier, Candace, 199–200
Gellerman, Saul, 8
General Electric, 43
General Motors, 156
George, Bill, 182
Ghostwriting, 83–84
Gilligan, Carol, 163
Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communications Management (GAPR), 120, 191–192
Glover Park Group, 124
Gmail, 186
Golden Mean, 31
Golden Rule, 29
Goldstein, Linda, 55
Goodpaster, Kenneth, F., 6
Google’s ethical calculus, 185–186
Greenwashing, 146
Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, 92
Grunig, James, 104–108, 200, 221
Grunig, Larissa, 168
Guardian newspaper, 112–113
Habermas, Jürgen, 20
Haidt, Jonathan, 150–151
Hallahan, Kirk, 233
Hanson, Kirk, 51
Harrington, Alan, 52
Harvard Business School, 182
Harvard Law Review, 95
Hill, John W.,
biography, 69–71
emotional appeals, 89
paper groups, 78
right to be heard, 97
tobacco campaign, 73–76
tobacco strategy, 72–73, 96–98
Hill & Knowlton, 3–4, 69–76, 96–98, 126
Hofstede, Gert, 180–181
Holy Grail, of ethical study, 195
How To Lie with Statistics, 52
Huff, Darrell, 52
Hughes, Everett, C. 11
Human dignity, 92–93
Imperfect duty, 155
Implicit Bias Test, 177
Implicit social cognition, 175–177
International Association of Business Communicators (IABC), 104, 119, 191
International Public Relations Association (IPRA), 119–120, 191
Internet Advertising Bureau, 82
Intuitionist, 151
Johannesen, Richard, 1
Johnson & Johnson, 223–224
Journalists, public relations practitioners and, 18–19
Justice, 164–167
Kantian approach, 93–94, 98, 100, 102, 120, 137, 140–141, 200–202, 221
Kant, Immanuel, 5–6, 91–96, 103, 108–109, 115–116, 152–153, 155, 161, 190, 200–201
Kardashian, Kim, 84
Kekst, Gershon, 87–88
Kissinger, Henry, 61
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 173, fn 1
Kruckeberg, Dean, 193
Le Bon, Gustave, 41
Lee, Ivy,
coal miner’s strike, 37–39
Congressional testimony, 39
declaration of principles, 38
emotion, 89–90
I. G. Farben Industrie, 125
propaganda, 78
purpose, 50
L’Etang, Jacquie, 21
Levick, 124
Libel, 57
Liberman, Myron, 11
Lieber, Paul, 173, fn 1
Light’s Golden Jubilee, 43
Lincoln, Abraham, 222
Loyalties, duties and, 157–158
Luntz, Frank, 63
virtue, 33
practices, 33–34
practice obligations, 64–65
Mackey, John, 80
Mainland China, 186
The Making of a Public Relations Man, 75
Male dominance, 164
Managing Public Relations, 104
Martinson, David, 196
Materiality, definition of, 197
Matrat, Lucien, 194
Matthews, John, B., 6
Media Skepticism, 18–19
Media training, for public relations, 61–62
Medical Review of Reviews, 42
Meta-ethics, 4
Michaelson, David, 53
Milgram, Stanley, 174
Mill, John, 6, 116–119, 153, 161
Mills, Donald, L., 11
Moral Balance, 177
NAACP, 208
National Football League (NFL), 131
National Labor Relations Act, 70
National Mining Association, 81
National Smokers Alliance, 77
Native advertising, 81–83
The New England Journal of Medicine, 100
New York, 132
New Yorker, 81
New York Post, 52
The New York Times, 12, 18, 59, 78, 82, 86, 99, 100, 123, 156, 221
Nisan, M., 177
Nolan, Hamilton, 19
Nosek, Brian, 175
Obama, Barack, 123
Occupations, professions and, 11
Old Navy, 165
Otteson, James, 92
Oxford English Dictionary, 62
Page, Arthur W.
biography, 44–46
principles, 50
Society, 222–223
Page Principles, 50
Page Society, 222–223
Page, Walter Hines, 44
Paul, Mike, 170
Paul, Ron, 9
Pejovich, Svetozar, 139
People for Ethical Treatment of Animals, 102
Pepsico’s Sustainable Farm Initiative, 144
Permissibility, of ghostwriting, 84
Politics, 161
Potter, Justice Stewart, 137
Porter, Michael, 142–147
Preferred Gender Pronoun, 169
Preston, Lee, 137
Price, J., 176
Prima facie duties, 152–158
Privacy, 26, 58, 78, 87, 95, 155, 187
Professionalism and public relations, 10–13
Professional responsibility theory, 199–200
Professions, occupations and, 11
Propaganda, 40, 50 fn 8, 78, 101, 105, 108, 126
PRWeek, 17 fn 5, 24 fn 15, 53 fn 9, 166
Public Discourse, 19–21
Public advocacy, 70–71
Public Interest, 20, 26, 75, 119–127.
codes of ethics, 9–13, 119–120, 191–196
emotional appeals and, 101–102
historical development, 29–30, 34–46
interpretive, 104–105
media skepticism of, 18–19, 105
practice of, 64–65
professionalism, 10–13
social criticism of, 16–18
strategic, 104–105
Purpose, 31–32
Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), 1, 10, 25–26, 53, 119, 191–193
Publishers Clearing House, 85–86
Putin, Vladimir, 123
Qorvis, 124
Racepoint Group, 124
Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, 208
Rationality, 88
Rawls, John, 117–118
Reader’s Digest, 72
Real Beauty, 166
Relevance, 86
Respect, for person, 196–197
Rest, James, 173, fn 1
Reuters 2015 Digital News Report, 82
Right to Life Victories, 127
Ritzer, George, 9
Rogich Communications Group, 124
Rosenberg, Dick, 7
Ross, William David, 151–158, 169
Rule utilitarianism, 6
Schmertz, Herb, 100
Securities and Exchange Commission, 56
Senate Special Committee on Aging, 85–86
Settled science, 121
Shared value, 142–143
Shareowner value theory, 133–136
Silent Spring, 146
Simon, Herbert, 179
Six Questions, 198
Slander, 57
Smoking, public relations and, 22–23, 67, 72–78, 88–89, 96–99
Social contract theory, 162
Social criticism, 16–18
Social responsibility, 196
Social media
trolls, 80
sockpuppets, 80–81
Society, defined, 222
Sociological Fund Committee, 42
Soft drink industry, 219
Solomon, Nancy, 18
Solomon, Robert, 65
Soroking, Lee H., 76
Southwire, 144
Speech, 54
Commercial, 55–56
Corporate, 56–57
Spinning, 62–63
Stakeholder theory, 137–140
Strine, Leo, 135–136
Subjection of Women, 161
Tajfel, H., 177
TARSE test, 196–197
Tedlow, Richard, 70
Theory of duties, 151–155f
Third-party endorsement, 20
front groups, misuse of, 77–82
Tiananmen Square, 185
Time, 165
Tobacco industry, 219
Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), 73, 96–97
Torches of Freedom, 23
Toxic Sludge Is Good for You, 17
Traverse-Healy, Tim, 195
Trolleyology, 150
Trolls, 88
Truth
and law, 54–58
nature of, 51–54
and public relations, 58–59
of message, 196–197
Tversky, Amos, 22
Twain, Mark, 52
United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, 155–157, 184, 194, 198
Universality, of ethical standards, 179
Urban League, 208
U. S. Department of Labor, 19
Validity, 85–90
VandenDolder, Tess, 124
Vanderbilt, William, 40
Van Hook, Stephen, R., 1
Virtue-based ethics, 5, 29–34, 50–51, 64–66, 190
Virtues, of public relations, 29–47
Visibility, 83–84
Vollmer, Howard, M., 11
Walker, Edward T., 77
Wall Street Journal, 74, 81, 85, 98, 134, 186, 205
Washington Post, 100
Washington Times, 127
Water Environment Federation, 17
Wilkins, Lee, 173, fn 1
Wilson, E.O., 32
Wilson, P. A., 11
Wolfers, J., 176
Word of Mouth Association’s Code of Ethics, 79
WorldCom, 189
Wright, Donald. K., 6