C# in Depth, Second Edition

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C# in Depth, Second Edition

C# in Depth, Second Edition

L

L0, L1, L2 caches, DLR Lambda, 2^nd lambda calculus lambda expressions, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th caching common uses in extension methods converting to delegates converting to expression trees dynamic typing event handlers implicitly typed parameters, 2^nd inferring parameter and return types restrictions when converting to expression trees static checking timing of checking the body type inference lambda. See lambda expression. LambdaExpression Langer, Angelika language complexity language design language designers, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Language Integrated Query language integration language specification, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th iterators lack of guarantees of memory layout object initializer terminology query continuations query expressions transparent identifiers type inference ubiquity of generics languages additional functionality for nullable types behavior with nullable types incorporating closures Last LinkedList<T> layout of code, object initializers lazy evaluation, 2^nd Lazy<T> LDAP leaf expressions, expression trees learning left outer joins generated SQL simulating with group joins left sequence legacy contracts, 2^nd let contextual keyword LINQ to SQL libraries, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th DLR duck typing generics licensing lifetime management lifetime, captured variables LIFO lifted conversions lifted operators limitations C# 1 type system generics line breaks line count, bad measure of complexity LineReader lines, iterating over a file LinkedList LinkedListNode linking, Primary Interop Assemblies LINQ, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th. See also Language Integrated Query. anonymous types data model dynamic code key enabling aspects query styles, 2^nd standard query operators third party providers without query expressions LINQ providers, building your own LINQ to Entities LINQ to Objects, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th covariance in C# 4 execution path extended in System.Interactive extending LINQ to Rx LINQ to SQL, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th DataContext execution path queries LINQ to XML, 2^nd, 3^rd declarative construction design decisions LINQPad, 2^nd Lippert, Eric, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th Liskov’s Substitution Principle List<T>, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th collection initializers lambda expression examples lists literals default parameter values little-endian local variable declarations, anonymous methods local variables, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th autogenerated for fake pass-by-value captured by anonymous methods dynamic for pass-by-reference parameters implicit typing instantiation iterator blocks restrictions on var traditional postcondition testing locking, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th field-like events log files, 2^nd Log, DataContext logging, 2^nd, 3^rd configuration fake LINQ provider logic nullable Booleans represented in expression trees logical AND operator logical negation operator logically related conditions combining in where clauses LongCount loops, captured variables, 2^nd l-values

M

macros magic value pattern, 2^nd, 3^rd magic variables Main method, snippets mainstream languages maintainability, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th maintenance, 2^nd cost of multiple configurations MakeGenericType malformed contracts managed code Managed Extensibility Framework Mandelbrot mapping, LINQ to SQL MARS marshalling, 2^nd master pages matching Math mathematical code Max SortedSet<T> maybe, nullable logic MD5 meaning, clarifying arguments mechanisms, iteration media player MEF Meier, Sid member invocation member resolution members, obtaining without reflection memory cost of JIT compilation generics limit on buffering operations overhead of extra methods overhead of objects representation of null memory fragmentation memory leaks MemoryStream, 2^nd messages, contract failures metadata, 2^nd contracts DynamicAttribute LINQ to SQL metaobjects, 2^nd, 3^rd metaprogramming MetaRumpelstiltskin method arguments compared with type arguments role in type inference method calls, specifying arrays as arguments method group conversions, 2^nd ambiguity breaking changes method groups, 2^nd complexities in overloading dynamic code method invocation, ExpandoObject method parameters, compared with type parameters method signatures MethodInfo, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th compiler shortcut MethodInvoker, 2^nd methods compatibility with delegate types delegate compatibility generated by anonymous methods meaning of return statements using results with var virtual dispatch metrics Meyer, Bertrand Micro Framework, 2^nd micro-optimization Microsoft, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th anonymous type implementation CCR and DSS Toolkit choices around exceptions event pattern guidelines pragma directives Reactive Extensions Robotics Studio Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel migrating, to use extension methods Min SortedSet<T> MinValue miscellaneous utility library MiscUtil, 2^nd, 3^rd misinformation missing data misuse of helper classes ML mocking, 2^nd model databases modifiers extension methods out and ref with named arguments monads Mondrian monitors, locking changes in C# 4 Mono, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th MonoTouch Monty Python Moonlight MoreLINQ, 2^nd MouseEventArgs MouseEventHandler MoveNext, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th msbuild mscorlib MSDN, 2^nd, 3^rd expression tree documentation multicast delegates, generic variance MulticastDelegate multiple active result sets multiple criteria, sorting multiple dispatch multiple from clauses multiple orderings, in one orderby clause multiple query continuations multiple type parameters variance multitargeting mutability, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th collections, 2^nd encouraged by C# 3 GetViewBetween method call chaining mutated state, postconditions myths, value types and reference types

N

name/value pairs named arguments, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th evaluation order in tandem with optional parameters to resolve overload ambiguity named indexers, 2^nd design decisions namespace alias qualifier namespace aliases, 2^nd namespaces extension methods, 2^nd LINQ to XML naming, 2^nd, 3^rd avoiding collisions collisions, 2^nd compile-time duck typing extension methods, 2^nd generic reflection methods lambda expression parameters overloading and dynamic typing parameters readability benefit of object initializers scope in the real world variables used in contracts naming conventions class contracts extension methods lambda expression parameters ObjectInvariant type parameters, 2^nd NaN. See not a number. native code, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th generics natural language, fluent interfaces nested classes nested subscriptions, LINQ to Rx nested types, 2^nd generics in snippets interfaces nested variance NetworkStream new keyword, object initializers new style contracts Ng, Sam NGen Noda Time Nodes nodes LINQ to XML of expression trees NodeType property, expression trees none, Code Contracts retention option nongeneric classes, requirement for extension methods nongeneric helper classes non-nested classes, requirement for extension methods non-null obligations non-nullable fields, generating inner joins non-nullable reference types, 2^nd non-pointer types nonrepeatable sequences nonvirtual calls, instance method calls on null references nonvoid return types, lambda expressions no-op select clauses not a number notation, transparent identifiers notes NotificationSubscription, sample data model NULL database fields SQL null, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th as a typeless expression comparisons with generic values, 2^nd default parameter values extension methods ignored in LINQ to XML construction language support for Nullable<T> magic value for optional parameters meaning of meaning when combining delegates nullable value types parameter passing reference type constraints results of CompareTo(null) null coalescing operator, 2^nd used in comparisons null literal null references boxing Nullable extension methods null values Hashtable Nullable class, 2^nd nullable fields, generating outer joins nullable types lifted conversions meaning in the C# specification nullable value types, 2^nd, 3^rd compared with “nullable type” conversions in LINQ to XML generic comparisons optional parameters underlying type Nullable<T> boxing constructors conversions default constructor, 2^nd Equals method explicit conversions, 2^nd GetHashCode method GetValueOrDefault method HasValue property, 2^nd implicit conversions, 2^nd null value operators ToString method unboxing Value property nullity nullity check, events NullReferenceException, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th unboxing numbers, LINQ to XML content

O

object immediate base of helper classes LINQ to XML construction pattern use before generics object initializers, 2^nd, 3^rd encouraging mutability object model, Office Object Relational Mapping ObjectInvariant, conventions object-oriented code object-oriented data models, inner joins object-oriented programming object-relational mapping objects distinguishing from references role in parameter passing Observable<T> ObservableCollection<T> observables, hot and cold observers off-by-one errors Office, 2^nd, 3^rd office suite OfType, 2^nd, 3^rd OldValue on, contextual keyword OnCompleted one-to-one correspondence, group joins OnException OnNext on-the-fly reconfiguration open constructed types, reflection with generics open source DLR libraries open types generics OpenText, 2^nd operand types, operators or nullable types operator constraints operators, 2^nd. See also Nullable, operators. default value expression generics Nullable<T> overloaded terminology provided by languages for nullable types purity static classes type constraints optimization, 2^nd, 3^rd LINQ operators, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th optional parameters, 2^nd, 3^rd declaring in tandem with named arguments optional values order of evaluation, null coalescing operator order of execution, multicast delegates OrderBy, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th OrderByDescending, 2^nd, 3^rd OrderedParallelQuery ordering, 2^nd arguments and parameters dictionaries importance in anonymous types initialization Parallel LINQ OrdinalIgnoreCase ORM. See Object Relational Mapping. out modifier, covariance out of process queries, 2^nd out parameters forbidden in partial methods inability to capture lambda expressions named arguments postconditions prohibited in iterator blocks restrictions on extension methods restrictions on generic variance restrictions on optional parameters OutAttribute outer joins LINQ to SQL outer sequence outer variables output parameters, 2^nd TryXXX pattern output positions covariance out parameters Output window, warning numbers overengineering overflows overhead, memory used by objects Overlaps overload resolution, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th breaking changes due to generic variance extension methods generic types generics lambda expressions and dynamic typing named arguments and optional parameters summary of changes in C# 3 overloaded operators, nullable types overloading, 2^nd alternative to optional parameters changes in C# 3 complicated by inheritance custom LINQ operators dynamic arguments Func delegate types GroupBy method group conversions method groups query expressions and dot notation single and multiple dispatch overloads, Execute and CreateQuery overriding, 2^nd, 3^rd partial types return type covariance ownership

P

P/Invoke, 2^nd pain points Pair<T1,T2> Parallel Extensions, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th Parallel LINQ ParallelEnumerable parallelism, 2^nd, 3^rd ParallelQuery parameter array optional parameters parameter expressions appearance in visualizer parameter list parameter names from range variables importance of names parameter passing parameter type contravariance parameter types anonymous methods conversion from argument types delegates parameter wildcarding ParameterExpression parameterized properties ParameterizedThreadStart, 2^nd, 3^rd parameterless constructors, 2^nd, 3^rd default parameter values generic type constraints parameters anonymous methods binding in expression trees captured by anonymous methods comparing type and method parameters contravariance contravariance in delegates documentation dynamic dynamic type implicit typing in lambda expressions initializing arrays Invoke method on a delegate type iterator blocks lambda expressions with a single parameter listing explicitly in lambdas optional readability required for extension methods terminology type inference using lambda expressions for logging ParamName params optional parameters parent nodes, LINQ to XML content parentheses constructor calls query expressions and dot notation removing from lambda expressions parser partial methods, 2^nd partial types initialization LINQ to SQL restrictions partial variance partial, contextual keyword PartialComparer partitioning operators pass by reference pathological cases pattern matching patterns, 2^nd, 3^rd iterator language support nullability pausing execution, iterator blocks pdb files Peek Queue<T> Stack<T> perfection performance, 2^nd, 3^rd as operator with nullable value types boxing Code Contracts, 2^nd cost of JIT compilation dynamic typing, 2^nd generic comparisons with null generics, 2^nd, 3^rd Java generics LINQ, 2^nd, 3^rd of value and reference types TryXXX pattern performance characteristics permissions perspectives, viewing types and objects Pex phases, type inference PIA. See Primary Interop Assemblies. pinning pipelines LINQ piping data placeholders Result type parameters planning, generic variance platform designers PLINQ Point structures, mutability pointer types, restrictions on extension methods pointers, 2^nd, 3^rd polymorphism, 2^nd Pop portability position, iterators postconditions, 2^nd inherited contracts Power Collections power, language design choices practices pragma directives checksum warnings pragmatism pre and post, Code Contracts retention option precompilation, ASP.NET preconditions, 2^nd Code Contracts retention option contract reference assemblies inherited contracts suggested by static checker variations in meaning predefined conversions predefined operators Predicate purity predicates, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th predictability prefix, convention for type parameter names preprocessing directives preprocessing, query expressions preprocessor symbols, 2^nd Code Contracts primary constraints Primary Interop Assemblies, 2^nd, 3^rd primary keys primary orderings primitive types private access modifier partial methods private accessibility, from nested types private constructors, helper methods private fields private members, access from nested types processing models, buffering versus streaming ProcessStartInfo producer/consumer pattern production assemblies productivity, 2^nd, 3^rd profiles program verifier, Spec# project files editing for dependencies project management projection initializers projection operators projections, 2^nd, 3^rd grouping LINQ to Rx sorting Projects, sample data model promises promotion, addition operands pronunciation generics lambda expressions properties, 2^nd access modifiers anonymous types automatically implemented default ExpandoObject getter / setter access mutability navigation in object-oriented models projection initializers purity setting subproperties with object initializers setting with object initializers property descriptors property names, anonymous types protected access, prohibited in static classes protected methods Protocol Buffers provider pattern proxying, COM public domain public interface, unit testing public keys, friend assemblies public methods, invariants publish/subscribe pattern pull model, LINQ to Objects pure methods PureAttribute purity Push push model, LINQ to Rx Python, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th

Q

quantifier operators queries LINQ to SQL LINQ to XML observables parallelizing query continuations, 2^nd multiple query expression pattern, 2^nd query expressions, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th compared to dot notation, 2^nd consistency between LINQ providers continuation translations degenerate queries dynamic code explicitly typed range variables order of clauses select clauses translation, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th type inference example query optimizer Queryable, 2^nd, 3^rd querying QueryProvider, property of IQueryable Queue<T>

R

Rahien, Ayende random numbers, 2^nd Random, using carefully Range, 2^nd Excel LINQ to Rx ParallelEnumerable range variables, 2^nd combined with transparent identifiers explicit typing scope with query continuations Range<T> raw types (Java) reachability Reactive Extensions, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th readability, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th argument reordering captured variables consistency declarative code extension method naming extra methods for delegates generics implicit typing, 2^nd iterator blocks LINQ, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th LINQ to XML namespace support measuring objectively method group conversions multiple where clauses named arguments, 2^nd naming nullable types query expressions and dot notation single exit point transparent identifiers using Word before C# 4 ReadAllLines, 2^nd ReadAllText ReaderWriterLockSlim read-evaluate-print loop ReadFully reading from streams ReadLine read-only fields, anonymous types read-only properties, 2^nd anonymous types ReadOnlyCollection ReadOnlyCollection<T>, 2^nd ReadOnlyObservableCollection<T> receivers recompilation, 2^nd const and default values reconfiguration, on the fly rectangular arrays, 2^nd recursion guard in Code Contracts LINQ to XML construction red-black trees redeployment redirecting redistribution redundant computations ref parameters CLR support COM inability to capture invariance lambda expressions named arguments postconditions prohibited in iterator blocks restrictions on extension methods restrictions on optional parameters refactoring, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th reference conversions, 2^nd, 3^rd generic variance, 2^nd reference type constraints, 2^nd avoiding boxing reference types, 2^nd, 3^rd array covariance null coalescing operator nullability type arguments and generic variance wrapper for nullable value types references memory size navigation in object-oriented models referencing, Primary Interop Assemblies reflection, 2^nd, 3^rd generics, 2^nd invoking methods obtaining a MethodInfo, 2^nd operators and expression trees retrieving generic method definitions side-stepping with dynamic typing, 2^nd, 3^rd Reflector, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th reformatting refreshingly minty code regions register optimizations regular expressions relational data models, inner joins relational operators release builds, 2^nd assertions release requires, Code Contracts retention option releasing resources, foreach Remove, 2^nd, 3^rd RemoveAt RemoveFirst RemoveItem RemoveLast RemoveWhere removing delegates Repeat repetitive code REPL, 2^nd Replace required parameters requirements Requires, 2^nd research Reset resolution, dynamic calls resource acquisition, timing in iterators resource management, iterators resources, released after iterating responding dynamically Response.Redirect RESTful services restoring warnings restrictions default parameter values documenting dynamic code generic variance implicitly typed local variables nullable type operators optional parameters partial types Result return statements implicit return types lambda expressions prohibited in iterator blocks return types anonymous methods compatibility with delegate types compatibility, covariance of delegates in C# 2 covariance, 2^nd covariance in delegates delegates dynamic Func and Action implementing IDynamicMetaObjectProvider inferred from anonymous functions lambda expressions of Invoke method on a delegate type overloading return values covariance indicators of success postconditions return, anonymous methods ReturnType reuse, native code from JIT compilation Reverse, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th missing from LINQ to Rx SortedSet reversing strings rewriting, Code Contracts right associativity, null coalescing operators right sequence robustness, 2^nd aided by generics dynamic typing LINQ to XML queries static checking root element, LINQ to XML Root property, XDocument RouteValueDictionary rows, joins RPCs RSS Ruby, 2^nd rules C# 2 type inference DLR dynamic typing rules engines Rumpelstiltskin runtime, 2^nd behavior of casting RuntimeBinderException

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