Chapter 4

1.   Arup Maharatna, ‘India's Family Planning Programme: An Unpleasant Essay’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVII (10) (2002): pp. 971–981.

2.   K. Srinivasan, ‘Population Policies and Programmes in India Since Independence: A Saga of Great Expectations and Poor Performance’, Demography India, 27 (1) (1998): pp. 1–22.

3.   The Fourth Plan Document proposed to reduce birth rate from 35 per thousand to 32 per thousand by the end of the plan.

4.   The Statement on National Population Policy, 1976 and the Policy Statement on Family Welfare Programme were both laid on the Table of the House of the Parliament, but never discussed or adopted.

5.   While adopting the Health Policy, the Parliament emphasized on the need for a separate National Population Policy.

6.   The Seventh Plan states that ‘more than two thirds of the women in rural areas are still being attended by untrained dais’.

7.   MSS consists of 15 persons, 10 representing the varied social segments in the community and five functionaries involved in women's welfare activities at village level such as the adult education instructor, Anganwadi Worker, primary school teacher, Mahila Mukhya Sevika and the Dai. The auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) is the member-convenor.

8.   Arup Maharatna, op. cit.

9.   Rachel Kumar, ‘Gender in Reproductive and Child Health Policy’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVII (32) (2002): pp. 3369–3377.

10. The immediate objective of the NPP 2000 was ‘to address the unmet needs of contraception, health care infrastructure, and health personnel, and to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care. The medium term objective was to bring TFR to replacement levels by 2010…and the long term objective was to stabilise the population by 2045’.

11. Mohan Rao, ‘Population Policy: From Bad to Worse’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVII (22) (2002): pp. 2120–2122.

12. The North-South Divide had emerged even as far back as the early 1970s. Thus, as per data for 1971–1972, the TFR for Kerala and Tamil Nadu was 4 and that of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan was above 6. Leela Visaria and Pravain Visaria, ‘Long Term Population Projections for Major States, 1991–2101’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVII (45) (2003): pp. 4763–4775.

13. Ashish Bose, ‘North-South Divide in Indian Demographic Scene’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXV (20) (2000): pp. 1699.

14. The National Population Policy of 1975 and 1977 had suggested a ‘freeze’ on the number of Lok Sabha seats, and the issue merited attention also in a report of the Swaminathan Committee in 1994. A freeze was brought into effect by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment. The NPP 2000 has recommended that it be extended to the year 2026.

15. Registrar General's Expert Committee on Population Projections, 1997, quoted in Ashish Bose, North-South Divide in Indian Demographic Scene, op. cit.

16. Ashish Bose, ‘Population: The Quest for Stabilisation’, op. cit.

17. Ibid., p. 331.

18. K. S. James, op. cit., p. 498.

19. Leela Gulati and S. Irudaya, ‘The Added Years: Elderly in India and Kerala’, Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Women studies, XXXIV (44) (1999): p. WS51.

20. C. P. Sujaya, ‘Some Comments on National Policy on Older Persons’, Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Women Studies, XXXIV (44) (1999): pp. WS72-WS74.

21. There are, in fact, empirical grounds for this assertion. Recent studies reporting on the statistics include P. N. Mari Bhat and A. J. Francis Zavier, ‘Role of Religion in Fertility Decline: The Case of Indian Muslims’, Economic and Political Weekly, XL (5) (2005): pp. 385–402; P. M. Kulkarni, ‘Population Growth, Fertility and Religion in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, XL (5) (2005): pp. 403–410. Also see K. Moulasha and G. R. Rao, ‘Religion Specific Differentials in Fertility and Family Planning’, Economic and Political Weekly, 34 (1999): p. 442, wherein the authors base their arguments on the NFHS data.

22. Roger Jeffery and Patricia Jeffery, ‘Religion and Fertility in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXV (35 and 36) (2000): pp. 3253–3259.

23. P. N. Mari Bhat and A. J. Francis Zavier, ‘Role of Religion in Fertility Decline: The Case of Indian Muslims’, Economic and Political Weekly, XL (5) (2005): pp. 385–402.

24. A. Chattopadhyay, R. B. Bhagat and T. K. Roy, ‘Hindu Muslim Fertility Differentials: A Comparative Study of Different States of India’. In T. K. Roy, M. Guruswamy and P. Arokiasamy, eds., Population, Health and Development in India: Changing Perspectives (New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2004), pp. 137–156.