Subject Index
A
- abatement technology
- access
- to capital
- to decision-makers
- to education
- to information
- to politicians and regulators
- achieving sustainable development
- acid rain
- impact of
- interfirm permit trade
- active solar power
- administrative simplicity
- advertising, regulation of
- for controlling consumption
- effective
- “good” vs “bad” commercials
- pollution tax on
- agency building
- agrarian transition
- agreements as public goods
- agricultural breeding
- agricultural output
- agricultural subsidies
- airborne mercury
- air pollution
- control
- air toxics
- regulation
- Alaska Permanent Fund
- Al Gore’s Alliance for Climate Protection
- ambient air quality
- American Clean Energy and Security Act
- American Paper Institute
- American Petroleum Institute
- Antarctic Treaty
- anthropocentrism
- aquaculture
- ARCO
- auto emissions tax
B
- backstop technology
- Baltimore, air pollution control in
- bandwagon effect
- ‘bean-counting’ exercises
- behavioral economics
- behavior change
- benefit-cost analyses
- advantage of
- benefit measure for pollution reduction
- consumer surplus
- prospect theory
- willingness to accept (WTA) compensation
- willingness to pay (WTP)
- of climate-change policy
- contingent valuations (CVs)
- environmental protection, balance of investment for
- under FIFRA
- good
- hedonic regression
- monetary value on human life
- police departments’ homicide budget based on
- political influence in
- control the scientific agenda
- hard numbers illusion
- paralysis by analysis
- real-world benefit-cost
- technical studies of
- travel-cost method
- benefit-cost analysis
- best available control technology (BACT)
- best available technology (BAT)
- best practical technology (BPT)
- bias against land disposal
- Billite industry
- biocentrism
- biodiversity
- biofuels
- biomass
- birth control
- BP Chemicals
- Bruntland Commission Report
- bubble policy
- “business-as-usual” warming
- bycatch
D
- damage insurance
- dam construction
- dead zone
- debt-for-nature swaps
- decentralized nature of problem
- defensive expenditures
- deforestation
- “demand-pull” policy
- demand-side management (DSM)
- density-dependent growth function
- depreciation of natural capital
- destructive fishing
- development-environmental struggles
- discounted benefits
- discounted resource rent
- discounting
- climate change
- maximum sustained yield vs golden rule of growth harvest
- discount rate
- elasticity of marginal utility of consumption
- growth rate of the economy
- present value of net benefits
- Ramsey equation
- rate of time preference
- dollars
- domestic business
- dose-response model
- double dividend hypothesis
- Dow
- Ducks Unlimited
- DuPont
- dynamic efficiency
F
- face-to-face bargaining process
- family size, economic approach to
- economic benefits
- economic costs
- economic insurance
- high-investment strategy
- income supplement
- low-investment strategy
- poverty-fertility relationship
- faulty telescopic facility
- fear of future liability
- Federal Army Corps of Engineers
- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
- Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
- feebates
- Fertilizer Institute
- flow pollutants
- food availability
- agricultural technology and
- increases in population and
- Salmon fisheries, case of
- food security
- “food versus fuel” conflicts
- Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
- fossil fuel industry
- fracking
- environmental impacts of
- technology
- free-market environmentalists
- free ride
- free-rider problem
- free riding
- fuel-blending techniques
G
- gasoline tax
- gene pool for agriculture
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- general equilibrium (GE) effects
- genuine progress indicator (GPI)
- 1970s and 1980s
- genuine savings
- geometric population growth, Malthusian assumption
- geothermal power
- Girl Scouts
- global environmental agreements
- global warming
- consequences of
- agricultural output
- catastrophic outcomes
- destruction of biodiversity
- economic growth process
- impact on poor countries
- impact on United States
- natural ecosystems
- ocean acidification
- sea-level rise
- economic issues of
- factors contributing
- global issues, resolving, question of
- public good
- greenhouse effect
- “nonmarket” costs of
- positive and negative feedback
- reduction measures
- cap-and-trade law for global-warming pollution
- command-and control regulation
- conservatives view governmental intervention
- efficiency standard for
- imperfect information
- incentive-based regulation
- opportunity for political influence
- pollution taxes
- progressives view governmental intervention
- R&D of clean-energy technologies
- zoning laws
- runaway greenhouse effect
- slowing of
- stopping
- reality
- theory
- global warming treaty
- God Squad
- golden rule of growth
- golden rule of growth harvest
- Good benefit–cost analysis
- government obstacles to CTs
- direct or indirect subsidies
- grants to municipalities
- greenhouse effect
- greenhouse gases
- green jobs
- Greenpeace
- Green Revolution
- Green Seal
- “green stimulus” package recommendation
- gross domestic product (GDP)
- genuine savings vs percentage change in
- vs growth in GPI
- as a measure of market activity
- per capita basis
- problems with
- excluding nonmarket production value
- failing to account for production capital depreciation
- reflecting ‘average’ rather than ‘typical’ person
- from sustainability perspective
- Ground-level ozone
- growth
- golden rule of
- marginal
- growth function of renewable resources
- biological resources
- growth rate of the economy
H
- hard numbers illusion
- harvesting of wild products
- hazardous air pollutants (HAP)
- hazardous waste, definition
- disposal of waste
- bias against land disposal
- common disposal methods
- Love Canal case
- hazardous waste facilities
- cleaning up sustainability costs
- disposal of waste
- clean up of
- income distribution and
- race and
- safety vs efficiency
- health risks
- EPA’s regulations
- willingness to accept annual tax credits for, case of
- hedonic regression
- challenges
- to control for home improvements
- PCB contamination, damages from, study of
- to value life
- high-level waste
- high market discount rates
- high-speed rail
- Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation
- Hotelling model
- Hotelling’s rule
- dynamic efficiency
- Hotelling price and production path through time
- for renewable resources
- resource use
- hot spots
- housing in desirable neighborhoods
- human capital
- human development index (HDI)
- hydraulic fracturing
- environmental impacts of
- hydroelectric power
- hydrogen fuel cell
- hypothetical bias
I
- ideology
- imperfect information
- incentive-based (IB) regulation
- advantages
- burden of information and
- vs CAC
- cap-and-trade system
- command-and-control (CAC) regulation
- cost-effectiveness and
- bankruptcy constraint
- Coase theorem corollary
- labor market efficiency
- pollution taxes
- revenue neutral
- cost-effectiveness rule
- cost-effective reductions
- Grimeville City Council, case of
- imperfect information and
- innovative—and cost-saving—pollution-reduction options
- marketable permits and acid rain
- new-source bias
- pollution tax
- pollution taxes vs market permits
- potential problems with
- banking
- with cap-and-trade systems
- concentrated pollutant issue
- development of market power
- in general
- government-set price floor
- hot-spot issue
- monitoring and compliance
- nonuniformly mixed pollutant
- with permit systems
- price ceiling
- price volatility
- with taxes
- thin market problem
- uniformly mixed pollutant issue
- technological progress and
- incentives under
- long-run
- theoretical perspective
- uniform emission standards
- incentive-compatible regulation
- incentive to cheat
- inclusive wealth (IW)
- measuring
- prospects for achieving sustainability
- rate of growth per capita
- resource rents from GDP and
- indicator species
- indirect pollution taxes
- individual transferable quota (ITQ)
- indoor air pollution
- industrialization
- infrastructure development
- infrastructure investments
- in-house analytic capability
- intergovernmental organization (IGO)
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- internalizing the externalities
- International Energy Agency
- InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model
- IPAT equation
- irreversibility
J
- job satisfaction
- jobs vs environment trade-off
- economy-wide trade-off
- environmental spending and
- green jobs
- plant shutdowns
- structural unemployment
- Joint Implementation procedure
- joint production of multiple ecosystem services
- judicial model of regulation
K
- Kyoto global warming treaty
- Kyoto Protocol
- Kyoto targets
- Kyoto treaty
L
- L.A. Basin’s RECLAIM and mobile emissions trading programs
- labor market efficiency
- laissez-faire market system
- lead banking program
- lead trading program
- leakage problem
- least-cost technology
- life-cycle analysis
- life-support system for humans
- limits to growth
- locally unwanted land uses (LULUs)
- long-run cost effect
- long-run marginal costs
- Love Canal case
- lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) technology
- low-level waste
M
- Malthusian population trap
- population growth
- Malthusian predictions
- Malthus’s theory
- agricultural technology and food production
- challenges of technological advances
- geometrical increase of population
- Green Revolution technologies
- limits imposed by natural resources
- rising affluence and population
- mandate European-style vacations
- manufactured capital
- March Air Force Base
- marginal analysis
- marginal benefits
- of cleanup
- of pollution reduction
- marginal cost–marginal benefit (MC-MB)
- marginal cost of production
- marginal costs
- marginal growth (MG)
- marginal unit
- marine protected areas for species recovery
- market for “loanable funds”
- demand curve for
- at equilibrium
- interest rate determination in
- market goods
- market obstacles facing CTs
- access to capital
- high discount rates
- marketing commitment
- sunk costs
- thin market problem
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
- maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
- maximum sustained yield (MSY)
- medicine
- mercury emissions
- Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
- minimum standard (MS)
- mobile source trading program
- monetary damages from pollution
- monetary value on human life
- “acceptance” of risk
- median value for a statistical life
- money and happiness
- monitor compliance
- monitoring and enforcement
- Monsanto
- Montreal Protocol
- more is better
- “mountaintop removal”
- multinational business
N
- National Academy of Sciences
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- criteria air pollutants
- nonattainment areas
- NSPS technology
- National Audobon Society
- national environmental organizations
- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
- National Wildlife Federation
- natural capital
- and ecosystem services
- natural capital depreciation
- rule for
- natural ecosystems
- natural gas, electricity from
- natural resource economics
- declining extraction costs for
- impacts of new technology
- upward movement in prices
- natural resources
- Natural Resources Defense Council
- Nature Conservancy
- negative effect of pollution
- negative externality
- negative feedback
- neoclassical economics
- neoclassical economists
- environmental protection
- Neo-Malthusians
- net benefits
- net monetary benefits of
- net national product (NNP)
- Net National Welfare (NNW)
- adjustment for changes in income distribution
- calculation of
- defined
- prospects for achieving sustainability
- rate of growth of
- resource rents from GDP and
- net primary production
- netting policy
- New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
- nonattainment areas
- nonbinding standards
- “nonconfrontational” approach
- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
- nonmarket benefits of environmental protection
- existence value
- option value
- total value
- use value
- nonmarket goods
- nonrenewable resources
- Hotelling model and
- oil prices
- oil production
- resource rent from
- testing of
- Nordhaus, William
- normative issue
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- NOx trading program
- East Coast
- nuclear power
- nuisance law
- numerical emission reduction targets
O
- occupational hazards
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- ocean acidification
- Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
- offset policy
- Oil Pollution Act
- oil prices
- oil production
- environmental impact of
- Hotelling’s prediction
- world demand and
- On-Bill-Recovery program
- OPEC oil cartel
- open access problem
- common ownership of resources and exhaustion
- common property resources
- graphical analysis of
- overexploitation issue
- overfishing issue
- resource rents
- open-access resource harvesting
- opportunity cost
- opportunity for political influence
- option value
- overconsumption
- environmental impact of
- policy solutions
- “overregulation”
- ozone depletion
- ozone hole
- ozone layer
- biodiversity
- depletion
Q
- quasi-judicial process
- quiet life
- quota systems
R
- radioactive waste, exposure effects
- rainfall regulator
- Ramsey equation
- rate of growth
- of well-being
- rate of time preference
- rat race
- features
- prisoner’s dilemma model
- REACH (registration, evaluation, and authorization of chemicals)
- reasonably available control technology (RACT)
- RECLAIM trading system
- reported emissions and allowances under
- Redefining Progress
- reduced impact logging
- Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- California’s program
- offsets from
- regulating services
- regulation of advertising
- regulatory impact analysis (RIAs)
- regulatory success
- clean technology
- environmental regulation, accomplishments of
- incentive-based regulation
- monitoring and enforcement, political constraints
- renewable energy
- renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
- renewable resources
- competitive firms and
- density-dependent growth function
- ecosystem services and natural capital
- existence value
- fisheries and endangered species
- bycatch
- cap-and-trade system
- golden rule of growth harvest
- indicator species
- individual transferable quota (ITQ)
- marine protected areas for species recovery
- maximum sustained yield
- minimum standard (MS)
- open-ocean fisheries
- quota systems
- safe minimum standard (SMS) for threatened resources
- Thailand’s mangrove swamps
- total allowable catch (TAC)
- Hotelling’s rule
- marginal growth and
- maximum sustainable yield
- open-access resource harvesting
- profit-based conservation
- profit-maximizing firms and
- profit maximizing yield
- resource-harvesting firm
- sustainable harvest
- reporting bias
- incentive-compatible regulation
- in-house analytic capability
- research and development (R&D)
- of energy technologies
- investments
- resource conservation
- debt-for-nature swaps
- development-environmental struggles
- enforcement process
- existence value for the rain forest
- free ride
- gene pool for agriculture
- harvesting of wild products
- medicine
- payments for ecosystem services (PES)
- public good
- rainfall regulator
- sustained-yield farming and ranching methods
- sustained-yield resource development
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
- control technologies
- enforcement process
- resource depletion
- resource depletion effect
- resource-harvesting firm
- resource rents
- discounted
- measuring
- from nonrenewable resources
- “revealed preference” of consumers
- Rio biodiversity treaty
- Rio Earth Summit
- risk assessment, pollution
- conservative model
- dose-response model
- environmental hazards
- mortality
- public perception of
- risk averse
- as viewed by the EPA
- risk averse
- Royal Dutch Shell
- runaway greenhouse effect
T
- tax-deductible business expense
- taxes
- carbon
- pollution
- Tea Party politics
- technology-based regulatory approach
- technology-forcing role
- technology-forcing standards
- temperature rise, greenhouse gas emission and
- total allowable catch (TAC)
- totalitarianism
- total value
- toxic chemicals, regulation of
- Toxic Chemicals Substances Act (TSCA)
- toxic dumping
- Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
- Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
- tradeable permit/marketable permit systems
- trade and environment, in low-income countries
- business mobility
- free-trade agreements
- race to the bottom
- trade-based challenges to environmental laws
- weak environmental enforcement
- trade-in-toxics
- trade sanctions
- trading system
- East Coast NOx
- European Emissions
- failed efforts
- L.A. Basin’s RECLAIM and mobile emissions trading programs
- lead trading program
- mobile source trading program
- NOx trading program
- RECLAIM
- SO2
- United States experience
- urban air pollutants, trading of
- trading waste
- traditional economic development
- transactions costs
- transfer technology and resources
- travel-cost method
- consumer surplus
- demand curve derived from
- external factor for
- recreational benefits of Florida beaches, study of
- reliability of
- true willingness to pay
U
- uncertainty
- UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
- uniform emission standards
- uniqueness
- United States
- advertising, role in consumption
- air pollution control in Baltimore
- coal-fired electric power production in
- consumption of fossil fuels
- development decisions
- emissions of SO2
- environmental regulation
- corporate interests
- political influence
- experience with trading urban air pollutants
- free-market environmentalists
- global warming impact on
- “green stimulus” package recommendation
- HDI
- housing in desirable neighborhoods
- hydraulic fracturing, impact of
- investments in energy technology
- LosAngeles’s clunker program
- median value for a statistical life
- money and happiness
- oil production
- pollution taxes
- productivity growth
- restrictions on local industries
- safety standards
- suburbanization of
- topsoil losses
- trends in water quality
- unsustainable economic development process
- use of California’s scarce water resources
- value of natural capital
- Wisconsin taxpayers, case of
- unit-pricing program
- unsafe drinking water
- UN’s International Panel on Climate Change
- urban air pollutants, trading of
- urban waterfront redevelopment
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- bubble policy
- “bubble” policy for air pollution control
- Emission Trading Program
- environmental regulation
- lead banking program
- lobbyists vs
- netting policy
- offset policy
- user fees
- use value
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- utilitarianism
- social norms and
- utility–consumption relationship
- utility function
V
- value judgments
- Veblen effect
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
- votes
W
- waste assimilation
- water pollution law
- grants to municipalities
- nonpoint water pollution
- ways to control
- Water Quality Act
- Waxman-Markey Bill
- weak sustainability
- measuring
- welfare with social consumption
- competitive element
- economic implications
- GDP growth
- GPI
- noncompetitive element
- utility function
- willingness-to-pay measures
- well-defined problem
- Wilderness Society
- willingness to accept (WTA)
- willingness to pay (WTP)
- contingent valuations
- Washington State cleanup policy, case of
- windfall profits
- wind power
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- World Wildlife Federation
- World Wildlife Fund
Z
- zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV)
- zero-sum game
- zero-sum lobbying competition
- zoning laws
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