Index

‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables and “b” indicate boxes.’
A
Access network partition, 139
Active Ethernet (AE), See Point-to-point systems (P2P)
Analog optical transmitter, 258–259
Analog telephone adaptor (ATA), 136
Angle-polished connector (APC), 105
APON, 8
Asynchronous transfer mode, 8
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 54
Audit log viewer, 340f
Automatic gain control (AGC), 101–102
Automatic protection switching (APS), 343–344
Avalanche photodiode (APD), 64, 103, 103t
B
Bandwidth assignment mode, 32–33
Basic tier, 243
Bending loss, 95
Bend-insensitive fibers, 95
Broadband Forum (BBF), 323
Broadcast basic tier, 243
Broadcast model, 239f
cord-cutters, 239–240
money flows, 240–241
national networks, in US, 238
retransmission consent model, 240
smaller national networks, in US, 238
Broadcast transmitters, 97–99, 98f
Broadcast video architecture, 235
broadcast plant fundamentals, 257–258
analog optical transmitter, 258–259
erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 265–266
optical transmitters, 259–261
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 261–265
control programming
descrambling, 245
Impulse Pay Per View (IPPV), 245–246
scrambling, 245
set-top boxes (STBs), 246
switched digital video (SDV), 247–248
upstream spectrum, 246
co-ops, 244
emergency alert, 244
headend, defined, 236
IPTV, 237–238
advantage, 236
local origination (LO) channels, 245
modern headend, 251–252
catcher, 252–253
encoding, 248–251
ingesting video, 252–253
in-home interfaces, 254–255, 254f
over-the-top (OTT) video, 253
personal video recorder (PVR), 254
pitcher, 252–253
pixels, 248
transmitting video options, 248, 249f
video flow, 252, 253f
optical network terminal (ONT), 237
PEG channels, 245
program/cash flow
broadcast model, 238–241
cable TV model, 241–244, 242f
multichannel video-programming distributor (MVPD), 238
multiple system operators (MSOs), 238
set-top boxes (STBs), 237
TV channels, 255–257
video on demand (VoD), 237, 245–246
Build operate transfer (BOT) model
organizational structure, 355
phases, 357–358
program management office (PMO), 355–356
project office, 356
support organization, 356
C
CableLabs, 77
Cable modem (CM), 77
Cable modem terminations system (CMTS), 7, 77, 324
Cable TV model, 242f
advertiser-supported, 242
basic tier, 243
broadcast basic tier, 243
direct broadcast satellite (DBS), 241–242
pay networks, 242
pay-per-view (PPV), 243
Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N), 258–259
Catcher, 252–253
Central office (CO), 4
Chromatic dispersion, 94
Circuit emulation services, 146–147
Classes of service (CoS), 55–56
Cleaning connectors, 108–109, 108f
Coax line terminal (CLT), 80
Communication
fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems, 6–7
architectural architectures, 6f, 7–8
data link, 8–11, 9f
network protocols, 8–11, 9f
physical technologies, 3–4
terminology, 4–6
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, CALEA, 21
Community antenna television (CATV) systems, 3
Configuration management
backup and restore capability, 372
definition of assets, 368–370, 370t
processes, 370–371
test network, 371
Connectivity fault management (CFM), 337–338
Content delivery network (CDN), 288–289
Continuity check message (CCM), 339
Conventional photodiodes, 101f, 102–103
Cord-cutters, 239–240
Cordless phones, 321–322
Core network partition, 138–139
Customer premises equipment (CPE), 136, 405
D
Data services, 145–147
commercial, 146–147
requirements considerations, 147
residential, 145–146
Data services architecture
data service integration, 188
high-speed data service model, 219, 219f
example service model partitions, 219, 220t
network insertion point, 219
provisioning aspects, 223
scalability aspects, 222–223
service assurance, 221–222
service ingress and egress points, 223
service transport, 221
trusted interfaces, 222
IPTV service model, 226, 227f
network insertion point, 227
network model partitions, 227, 228t
provisioning aspects, 229
scalability aspects, 229
service assurance, 228
service ingress and egress points, 229–230
service transport, 228
trusted interfaces, 228–229
management integration, 188
network resiliency, 188
network scalability, 188
network services support, 187–188
organization and pon-specific attributes
commercial services, 191–192
data networking, PON Standards for, 192–194
EPON reference model, 194, 194f
GPON reference model, 193, 193f
residential services, 191
overall service model planning, 232
RF video service model, 230, 230f
network insertion point, 231
network model partitions, 231, 231t
provisioning aspects, 232
scalability aspects, 231–232
service assurance, 231
service ingress and egress points, 232
service transport, 231
trusted interfaces, 231
service model architectures, 187, 212
OLT data path, 217
ONT data path, 214–216
ONT services interfaces, 216
PON link, 216–217
PON system service model partitions, 195f, 213–217
service specification methodology, 213
SNI port interface, 217
supporting functions, 217–218
UNI port interface, 213–214
transport models, 187, 200
access edge transport considerations, 212
layer 3 forwarding, 211
layer 2 transport, 202
layer 3 transport, routing, 211–212
L3 prioritization, 212
routing protocols, 211–212
VLAN architectures, See VLAN architectures
unified model
forced forwarding upstream, 198–199
optical distribution network (ODN), 195
PON access network model, 194, 195f
PON access system integration, 197–198
shared medium security, 199–200, 201f
vendor systems assessment, 188–190, 189t
VoIP telephony service model, 224, 224f
network insertion point, 224
network model partitions, 224, 225t
provisioning aspects, 226
scalability aspects, 226
service assurance, 225
service ingress and egress points, 226
service transport, 225
trusted interfaces, 226
Decision-making process
FTTH networks, 18–22
business considerations, 18–19
hidden extras, 21
organizational considerations, 21–22
technology considerations, 19–21
Denial of service (DOS), 403–404
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 3
Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), 4
Dispersion, 94–95
Dispersion shifted fiber, 94
Distributed feedback laser diodes, 100, 100t
DOCSIS, 10–11, 14
DOCSIS provisioning of EPON (DPoE), 29–30
defined, 77–79
OLT/ONT interoperability, 78–79
provisioning/management and services, 77–78, 78f–79f
Domain name services (DNS), 408
E
Electromagnetic waves, 86
Electronic program guide (EPG), 257, 286
Element management system (EMS), 61–62
Encoding, 248–251
Encryption
authentication, 416–417
certificate authority (CA), 416
fundamentals, 413–414, 414f
key exchange, 415–416
public-private key pairs, 415–416
symmetrical key encryption, 415
EPON, 10, 17
EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC), 11, 30
current status, 81
defined, 79–81, 80f
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), 90, 99, 265–266, 271
block diagram, 266, 266f
characteristics, 266–271
RF signal level issues, 270–271
sample RF optical design, 267–270, 268f, 268b
Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON)
defined, 27–28
extensions, 43–45
IEEE 1588, 44–45
Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF), 45
SIEPON, 44
features, 30–43
clock synchronization, 31–32, 31t
DC elimination, 31–32
downstream logical link identifier (LLID), 37–39, 38f
element management, 42–43
encryption, 32
flow control vs. multipoint control protocol, 32–33
logical link identifier (LLID), 33–43
multicast logical link identifier (LLID), 39–40
operational support system (OSS), 43
optical network terminal (ONT), 33
P2P ethernet vs. PON, 34–37, 35f
speed, 30–31
system management, 41–42
upstream logical link identifier (LLID), 40–41, 41f
PON optics, 45–48
options, 45–47, 46t, 47f
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 47–48
variations, 28–30
DOCSIS provisioning of EPON (DPoE), 29–30
2.5 EPON, 28
EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC), 30
10G-EPON, 28–29
hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) technology, 29–30
radio frequency over glass (RFoG), 29
SIEPON, 29
F
Fabry-Perot laser diodes, 99–100
Fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security (FCAPS) model, 379–380
Fax compression, 318
Fiber availability, 124–125
Fiber optics
erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), 90
fiber optic transmission, 85–89
frequencies and wavelength, 86–89, 86f
FTTH networks, 97–102
broadcast transmitters, 97–99, 98f
data transmitters, 99–100
distributed feedback laser diodes, 100, 100t
erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 99
Fabry-Perot laser diodes, 99–100
laser operational characteristics, 100–102, 101f
grand wavelength plans, 88f, 89–93
advantages, 92–93
fiber optics propagation, 91–92, 92f
guiding light, 91
headend fiber management, 115–116, 116f
laser safety, 117
mistakes, 118–119
OLT transceivers, 103–104, 104f
optical detectors
avalanche photodiodes, 103, 103t
conventional photodiodes, 101f, 102–103
optical passives, 104–115
cleaning connectors, 108–109, 108f
LGX module, 114–115, 114f
optical attenuators, 112–113, 113f
optical connectors, 105–109
optical connector types, 108
optical filters, 112
optical splitters, 110–112, 110f
SC connectors, 105–107, 106f–107f
wave division multiplexers (WDM), 112, 116f
real fiber optic cables, 93–97
bending loss, 95
dispersion, 94–95
stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 95–96, 96f
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 96–97
Fixed optical attenuators, 113f
Forward error correction (FEC), 64
error correction, 420–422, 421t
error detection, 420–422, 421t
interleaving, 422–423
parity, 419–420
real FEC, 422
Frequency, 86–89, 86f
FTTx equipment vendor expectations, 354
FTTx network owner/operator-managed build model, 359
vendor organization professional services, 359–360
vendor organization technical support, 361–364
vendor organization training, 360–361, 362t–363t
G
Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GE-PON), See Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON)
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON), 10–11, 15
defined, 51
element management system (EMS), 61–62
features, 52–60
after discovering process, 57–58
clock synchronization, 52–53
DC elimination, 52–53
discovering process, 56–57
encryption, 53
flow control, 54–56
ONT identification terminology, 55, 55f
ONT management and control interface (OMCI), 60–61
PON protection, 58–60
speed, 52
T-CONTS, 56, 56f
Type B Protection, 58–60, 59f
Type C Protection, 58–60, 59f
operational support system (OSS), 62–63
PON optics, 63–67
optics options, 63–65, 64t
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 66–67
XG-PON, 65–66, 66t
Graphical user interface (GUI), 61
Guiding light, 91
H
Headend, See Modern headend
Headend fiber management, 115–116, 116f
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), 250, 279
High-speed data service model, 219, 219f
example service model partitions, 219, 220t
network insertion point, 219
provisioning aspects, 223
scalability aspects, 222–223
service assurance, 221–222
service ingress and egress points, 223
service transport, 221
trusted interfaces, 222
Hub, 4–5
Hybrid fiber-coax (HFC), 3, 14, 29–30
I
Idle code, 265, 265f
IEEE 1588, 44–45
Impulse Pay Per View (IPPV), 245–246
Industry organization
FTTH networks, 22
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 51–52, 87–88, 323
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 286
Internet service providers (ISPs), 17
IPTV architecture
AD insertion, 302
buffering, 293–295, 294f
differentiated services, 295–297, 296f
error correction, 299
i-frame waiting, 300–301
integrated services, 297–298, 297f
jitter, 293
jitter buffer fill, 300
packet reordering, 300
program request, 299
quality of service (QoS), 295–298
reordering frames, 301–302, 302f
transmission control protocol (TCP), 291–292
tuning time, 298–302
user datagram protocol (UDP), 292–293
compression and bit rates, 277–280
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), 279
MPEG-2, 277–278
MPEG-4, 278
other improvements, 279–280
ultrahigh-definition TV (UHDTV), 279–280
video coding 1, 279
optimization, 303–305
overview, 273–274
scrambling, 303
signal grooming, 303
transmission options, 280–291
FTTH network, 280–282, 281f
headend program streams, 287
network requirements, 288–291, 290f
unicast, 282–283, 282f
types, 274–277
over-the-top (OTT), 274–275
subscription IPTV, 275–276
subscription OTT, 276–277
IPTV service model, 226, 227f
network insertion point, 227
network model partitions, 227, 228t
provisioning aspects, 229
scalability aspects, 229
service assurance, 228
service ingress and egress points, 229–230
service transport, 228
trusted interfaces, 228–229
J
Jitter, 293
Jitter buffer fill, 300
L
LGX module, 114–115, 114f
Linktrace message (LTM), 339
Local exchange carrier (LEC), 15
Local origination (LO) channels, 245
Logical link identifier (LLID), 33–43
downstream, 37–39, 38f
multicast, 39–40
upstream, 40–41, 41f
Logical link layer, 32
Loopback message (LBM), 339
M
MAC Ping, 341
Management network security, 404–407
architecture, 404–406, 405f
managing, 406–407
Management systems
provisioning, 151–152
requirements, 151–153
Material dispersion, 94
Media access control (MAC), 32–34
Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF), 45
Metro ethernet services, 146
Modern headend, 251–252
catcher, 252–253
encoding, 248–251
ingesting video, 252–253
in-home interfaces, 254–255, 254f
over-the-top (OTT) video, 253
personal video recorder (PVR), 254
pitcher, 252–253
pixels, 248
transmitting video options, 248, 249f
video flow, 252, 253f
MPEG-4, 250, 278
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD), 286
Multichannel video-programming distributor (MVPD), 238
Multimode fiber, 85
Multiple dwelling unit (MDU), 95, 282
Multiple system operators (MSOs), 238
Multipoint control protocol (MPCP), 32–33
N
Network documentation, 364
documentation repository, 368
logical configuration, 366, 367t
methods of procedure (MoP), 368, 369t
physical configuration, 364–366, 366t
Network lifecycle
build operate transfer (BOT) model, 355–356
consultant/build organization managed, 358–359
FTTx equipment vendor expectations, 354
FTTx network owner/operator-managed build model, 359–364
network build models, 354–358
program management office (PMO), 352–353
project oversight, 353–354
Network management architecture
accounting management, 329–330
configuration management, 328f, 330–335
auto-configuration speed, 332
service preprovision speed, 332
service provisioning, 332–335
software management, 332–335
defined, 323–337
digital subscriber line (DSL) access network, 323, 324f
fault management, 327–329, 328f
MIB objects, 325–326, 326f
performance management, 335–336
PON access network, 324, 324f–325f
protocols and interfaces, 325–327
security management, 333f, 336–337, 338f
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 325–326
Transaction Language 1 (TL1), 327
troubleshooting and maintenance, 337–344
Ethernet OAM CFM, 337–341, 341f
forced protection switch, 342–344, 343f
OTDR monitoring, 341–342, 341f
Y.1731 management, 337–341, 341f
XML, 326
Network routing security, 407–408
Network telemetry, 385–391
applying, 391
networking equipment data, 389–390
PON equipment data, 386–389
services-specific telemetry, 390–391
Northbound interface (NBI), 62
O
ONT 1, 39
ONT 2, 39
ONT 3, 39
ONT identification terminology, 55, 55f
ONT management and control interface (OMCI), 60–61
Operational support system (OSS), 62–63, 153
Optical attenuators, 112–113, 113f
Optical distribution network (ODN), 74–75
Optical line terminal (OLT), 7, 17, 80
Optical modulation index (OMI), 96–97, 101–102, 258
Optical network terminal (ONT), 6–7, 237, 258–259
Optical network unit (ONU), See Optical network terminal (ONT)
Optical transmitters, 4–6
chromatic dispersion, 259–260
stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 260–261, 261f
Organizations building
FTTH networks, 14–18
incumbent local exchange carrier, 15–16
Northern European municipal power utility, 16–17
US municipal electric system, 15
US municipality-owned utility, 17–18
Outside plant (OSP), 153
aerial/underground, 166–170
aerial plant, 166–168
cable trace, 170
conduit, 170
existing developments, 169
new developments, 168–169
optical ground wire (OPGW), 167
summer snowshoes, 167–168
underground plant, 168–170
cable color codes, 165–166, 165t
connecting fibers, 170–172
connectorization, 171–172
fusion splicing, 171
preterminated drop cable, 172
defined, 157
design methodologies, 174–180
Class B+ optics, 179–180, 180f
EPON, 175–179
GPON optics, 179
penalty, 179
PX10 OLT, 177–179, 178f
PX20 OLT, 177–179, 178f
PX20 optics, 175–177, 176f
dumb/simple and stupid stuff
cable route, 183
favorite, 186
fiber, 182–183
green and blue mixing, 182
mother nature, 185
vandals, 184–185
vehicle damage, 184
inside cabling, 172–174
bend radius, 172–173
indoor installation fiber, 173
ribbon fibers, 173–174
optical performance, 174
skills, 157–158
splitting philosophy, 160–165
brownfields, 165
centralized splitting, 161–162, 161f, 163f
distributed splitting, 160–161, 161f
greenfields, 164
homerun fibers, 160
practical centralized splitting architecture, 162–165, 163f–164f
testing optical networks, 180–181
optical level meter, 181
optical time domain reflectometer, 181
visible light source, 181
Over-the-top (OTT), 19–20, 253, 274–275
P
Packet reordering, 300
Passive optical network (PON)
active Ethernet (AE), 121–125, 122t
fiber availability, 124–125
network architecture, video impacts on, 124
network operations, 128
penetration, 122–124, 123f–124f
service activation, 128
standards organizations, 127–128
technologies and standards, 126–128
technologies for services, 128–129
data flow, 409–412, 410f
PEG channels, 245
Performance management
application, 391–396
data services, 394–395
IPTV service, 395–396
network capacity, 391–392
network health, 391
services health, 392–396
voice service, 392–394
defined, 377–378
deployment strategy, 396–400
description, 378–382
FCAPS model, 379–380
framework, 382
FTTx network phases, 380–382, 381f
network telemetry, 385–391
applying, 391
networking equipment data, 389–390
PON equipment data, 386–389
services-specific telemetry, 390–391
system, 382–385
integrated network system, 382–383, 383f
multilevel performance management, 384–385, 384f, 385t
workbench, 398–399
Personal video recorder (PVR), 254
Physical level operations and maintenance (PLOAM), 54–55
Pitcher, 252–253
Plain old telephone service (POTS), 7
Planning
open access networks, 154
overview, 133
requirements, 133–136
access goals, 134
business goals, 134
FTTx network build project organization, 135–136
mapping top-level requirements, 134–136
network requirements repository, 135
technical goals, 134
technical requirements
business support systems, 152–153
circuit emulation services, 146–147
commercial data services, 146–147
data service requirements considerations, 147
data services, 145–147
FTTx equipment, 136–137
general networking requirements, 137–144
inside plant, 136–137
IPTV, 148
management systems requirements, 151–153
metro ethernet services, 146
network partitioning, 137–139, 138f
operational support system (OSS), 153
outside plant (OSP), 153
provisioning management systems, 151–152
quality of service, 139–144
residential data service, 145–146
resiliency, 139–144
RF video, 148
scaling, 139–144
services deployment requirements, 144–151
video on demand (VoD), 148
video services, 147–149
video services requirements considerations, 149
voice services, 149–151
VoIP special circuits, 151
Point-to-point systems (P2P), 7–8
architecture, 69–73, 70f
business services, 73
data concentration, 70–71, 70f
defined, 69–73
oversubscription, 71–73, 72f
PON
advantages over, 71
disadvantages over, 71
Point-to-point systems (P2P) ethernet
vs. PON, 34–37, 35f
Polarization mode dispersion, 95
PON, 6–7
P2P ethernet vs., 34–37, 35f
Production engineering, 375
operations team toolkits, 376
periodic network assessment, 375–376
Production operations, 347–348, 365t
configuration management
backup and restore capability, 372
definition of assets, 368–370, 370t
processes, 370–371
test network, 371
network documentation, 364
documentation repository, 368
logical configuration, 366, 367t
methods of procedure (MoP), 368, 369t
physical configuration, 364–366, 366t
network lifecycle
build operate transfer (BOT) model, 355–356
consultant/build organization managed, 358–359
FTTx equipment vendor expectations, 354
FTTx network owner/operator-managed build model, 359–364
network build models, 354–358
program management office (PMO), 352–353
project oversight, 353–354
operations team, 364, 365t
production engineering, 375
operations team toolkits, 376
periodic network assessment, 375–376
project lifecycle process, 349, 350f
full-scale production, 352
project phase closures and transitions, 352
project phases and deliverables, 349–352
project reviews and communications, 352
resolving problems, 374–375
troubleshooting, 373–374
working with equipment vendors, 372–373
Program management office (PMO), 352–353
Program request, 299
Project lifecycle process, 349, 350f
full-scale production, 352
project phase closures and transitions, 352
project phases and deliverables
initial production turn-up, 351–352
project implementation phase, 351
project planning phase, 349–351
project reviews and communications, 352
Q
Quality of service (QoS), 55–56, 139–144, 295–298, 319, 425, 427–428
R
Radio frequency over glass (RFoG), 29, 90
Reconciliation layer, 37
Reflection, 91
Refraction, 91
Reordering frames, 301–302, 302f
Resiliency, 139–144
RF over glass (RFoG)
defined, 73–76
R-ONU, 76, 76f
system block diagram, 74–75, 75f
RF video service model, 230, 230f
network insertion point, 231
network model partitions, 231, 231t
provisioning aspects, 232
scalability aspects, 231–232
service assurance, 231
service ingress and egress points, 232
service transport, 231
trusted interfaces, 231
Running disparity sets, 31
S
Scaling, 139–144
Scrambling, 303
Service Interoperability In Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (SIEPON)
current status, 82–83
defined, 81–83, 82f
Service-level agreements (SLAs), 73
Service model architectures, 187, 212
OLT data path, 217
ONT data path, 214–216
ONT services interfaces, 216
PON link, 216–217
PON system service model partitions, 195f, 213–217
service specification methodology, 213
SNI port interface, 217
supporting functions, 217–218
UNI port interface, 213–214
Service model supporting functions
network insertion point data service integration, 217
provisioning aspects, 218
scalability aspects, 218
secure interfaces, 218
service assurance, 218
service ingress and egress points, 218
service transport, 218
Service network interface (SNI), 104
Set-top boxes (STBs), 20
SIEPON, 29, 44
Signal degrade (SD) alarm, 58
Signal fail (SF) alarm, 58
Signal grooming, 303
Single-mode fiber, 85
SIP systems
conferencing, 314
detailed look, 311–314, 312f
multimedia, 314
other protocols, 311
primitives, 311
registrar server, 312–313, 312f
SIP trapezoid, 309–311, 310f
SIP trapezoid, 309–311, 310f
Small form-factor pluggable (SFP), 103–104
Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE), 11
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), 279
South-bound interface (SBI), 325
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 95–96, 96f, 260–261, 261f
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 47–48, 66–67, 96–97, 410–411
countermeasures, 261, 263–265, 264f
EPON systems, 262
idle code mitigation, 265, 265f
optical attenuation countermeasure, 263, 264f
pre-emphasis countermeasure, 262–263, 262f
Subscription IPTV, 275–276
Subscription OTT, 276–277
Switched digital video (SDV), 247–248
T
T-CONTS, 56, 56f
Time division multiple access (TDMA), 411
Time division multiplexing (TDM), 38, 409
Traditional fibers, 89
Trans-impedance amplifier (TIA), 102–103
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 291–292
Transport models, 187, 200
access edge transport considerations, 212
layer 3 forwarding, 211
layer 2 transport, 202
layer 3 transport, routing, 211–212
L3 prioritization, 212
routing protocols, 211–212
VLAN architectures, See VLAN architectures
Transport network partition, 139
Trusted Third Parties (TTPs), 21
Tuning time, 298–302
U
Ultrahigh-definition TV (UHDTV), 279–280
Unicast, 282–283, 282f
Unified model
forced forwarding upstream, 198–199
optical distribution network (ODN), 195
PON access network model, 194, 195f
PON access system integration, 197–198
shared medium security, 199–200, 201f
Uninterruptible power, 320–322
Uninterruptible power source (UPS), 93
United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT), 404
Upstream network interface partition, 137–138
Upstream signals, 6
User datagram protocol (UDP), 292–293
V
Velocity of propagation, 87
Video coding 1 (VC-1), 250, 279
Video on demand (VoD), 237
Video services, 147–149
IPTV, 148
requirements considerations, 149
RF video, 148
video on demand (VoD), 148
VLAN architectures, 202–211
model topology, 208, 208t
networking standards tagging, 202–203, 205t
quality of service (QoS), 208–211, 210t
tagging modes, 203–208, 205t–206t
Voice over internet protocol (VoIP), 36
defined, 307–308
lawful intercept, 314–315
SIP systems
conferencing, 314
detailed look, 311–314, 312f
multimedia, 314
other protocols, 311
primitives, 311
registrar server, 312–313, 312f
SIP trapezoid, 309–311, 310f
special circuits, 151
standards, 308–309
telephony service model, 224, 224f
network insertion point, 224
network model partitions, 224, 225t
provisioning aspects, 226
scalability aspects, 226
service assurance, 225
service ingress and egress points, 226
service transport, 225
trusted interfaces, 226
voice system, 315–322
cordless phones, 321–322
dumb stuff, 315–316
emergency calls, 322
fax compression, 318
ground loops, 316
packet size, 319–320
quality of service (QoS), 319
uninterruptible power, 320–322
voice compression, 316–318
voice quality, 316
Voice services, 149–151
W
Water peak, 93–94
Wave division multiplexers (WDM), 8, 64, 74, 112, 116f
Waveguide dispersion, 94
Wavelength, 86–89, 86f
Web revenue model, 241
WiFi, 20
X
XG-PON, 52, 65–66, 66t
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