Index
A
Accidental Empires (Cringely)
Accounting, gender dimensions of professionalization efforts
Acer
ActionTec
Adair, Bill
Adams, Jane
ADAPSO (Association for Data Processing Service Organizations)
Advertising, computer-related
“Beautifully executed” game ad
Greek study of gender and computing through images
men vs. women portrayals in
note
overview
for training school
Aerospace industry
Aftenposten (newspaper), treatment of gender in articles about computers
Allen, Fran
Alpha Micro PC
American Library Association (ALA)
Amstrad computers
Antonelli, Kathleen McNulty Mauchly. See McNulty, Kathleen
Apple Computer
Applications services. See Software and computer services
Applied Data Research
Aptitude testing, in computer industry
Argonaut Information Systems
Army, U.S.
Aspray, William
Association for Computing Machinery
Association for Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO)
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
AT&T
Automation in the Office (Hoos)
Avram, Henriette
B
Babbage, Charles
Backus, John. See also FORTRAN.
Bajcsy, Ruzena
Baker, Charles
Barlow, John Perry
Baron, Ava
Bartik, Jean. See Jennings, Betty Jean
Beautiful Code (2007 book)
Beaver, Donald B.
Beck, Glen
Berman, Fran
Bernstein, Alex
Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat (MIT Press)
Beyond the Typewriter (Strom)
Bilas, Frances
Bisquier, Arthur
Blue boxes
Blue collar work, punch-card work as
Blum, Lenore
Bond, Susan
Bookkeeping
Borg, Anita
Brand, Stewart
Brandon, Richard
Britain
Central Computing Bureau
civil service grade for Automatic Data Processing work
computing work in public sector jobs
decline as world power
equal pay issues
gender and computing work
high-tech labor shortages
machine operators in public sector
pre-electronic history of data processing
British Overseas Airways Corporation
Brown, Helen Gurley
Bryan, Alice
Burkintere, Horace
Burroughs
Butler, Judith
C
Cannon, William
Canon printers
Captain Crunch
Carlson, Walter M.
Carmelite nuns
Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU)
Carson, Helene
Cassell, Justine
Catz, Safra
Census Bureau, U.S.
1890 census, use of punch-card machines
Current Population Survey data
Certification programs
Chandler, Alfred
Chaplin, Charlie, likeness in computer ads
Charles Babbage Institute
Charlie Chaplin figure, in computer ads
Chess players
Cisco Systems
Civil War, U.S. government as place of clerical employment for women
Clapp, Judy
Clerical work. See also Data entry
becomes feminized
as library “housekeeping”
women as data entry clerks
women as newcomers to
for women in 19th century
COBOL
Cockburn, Cynthia
“Coding” work. See also Programmers and programming
Colleges. See Education, computer-related
.com domain
Company Men (Clark)
Compaq
Compensation. See Wages
Computer education. See Education, computer-related; Training, computer-related
Computer engineers, in job status hierarchy. See also Programmers and programming; STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines
Computer for All (Greek home computing journal)
Computer gaming
“Computer girls”
Computer History Museum
Computer operators
Computer phobia
Computer printers, gender in advertising
Computer science. See also Education, computer-related
comparison of with other STEM disciplines
comparison with data processing
development of public identity
emergence as discipline
external perceptions of geek culture as deterrent for women
future direction for making needed changes
growth and decline as field of undergraduate study
growth relative to other disciplines
organizational shift in consideration as separate “discipline”
proportion of women in
Computer Science Corporation
Computer screens, gender in advertising
Computer training. See Education, computer-related; Training, computer-related
Computers
background
comparison with punch-card machines
early history
gender dynamics of MetLife jobs
impact on women workers
negative impact for women workers
refining of data processing tasks
as ubiquitous
Computing Research Association
Computing work. See also Data processing; Programmers and programming
association with mathematics
barriers to women’s full acceptance
correlation with computer science education
countering stereotypical “male geek” image
culture of computing
currently male-dominated
growth in U.S. workforce without regard to gender
historical perspective on gendered identity
presence of women early on
proportion of women workers
Consumer Systems
Control Data Corporation
Conway, Lynn
Cosmopolitan (magazine), “Computer Girls” article
Council on Library Resources
Coyle, Karen
Cringely, Robert X. (pen name)
Cullinane Corporation
Cultural change, local
Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau
Cusumano, Michael
D
Data entry. See also Word processing
accuracy issue
after advent of electronic computers
becomes more taxing chore
follow-on occupation to punch-card workers
as women’s work
Data processing
addition of programming job
British government requirements
carryover from office administrative work
carryover from tabulating machine work
Census Bureau gender data
chance for men to elevate positions within corporate hierarchy
comparison with computer science
data entry task for electronic computers
gender history
jobs in increasing order of pay and prestige
mirroring of punched-card departments
name changes involving “information”
pre-electronic history in Britain
redefined in electronic computer age
salaries and employment patterns
trade literature reinforcement of gender divisions
view of academic computer specialists toward
Data Processing Management Association (DPMA)
Datamedia
Datamicro computers
Davies, Margery
Davis, Clark
Desk Set (movie)
Detlefsen, Ellen Gay
Dewey, Melvil
Diebold, John
Dijkstra, Edsger
Discourse theory, defined
Discursive logic
Doctoral degrees
proportion of computer science degrees awarded to women
proportion of Greek women doctoral students in computer science
proportion of women in all fields earning
Domain names, defining
Donkey Kong (game)
Dot.com bubble
Douglas, Nikki
Downey, Greg
DPMA (Data Processing Management Association)
Dragon’s Lair (game)
Draper, John
DTK computers
E
eBay
Eckert, John Presper
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company
E-commerce
Education, computer-related. See also Training, computer-related
comparison of women by country
correlation of computer science graduates with computing workforce
first undergraduate department established
gendered job differences among graduates in Greece
growth and decline of computer science as field of undergraduate study
hybrid of technical vs. business knowledge
nonuniversity training paths for women
number of bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees awarded in U.S.
proportion of doctoral degrees awarded to women
proportion of undergraduate degrees awarded to women
proportion of women as faculty members
proportion of women earning BS, MS, and Ph.D. degrees
proportion of women in undergraduate programs
universities as patterned on medieval monastic model
Edwards, Melvin
Electronic computers. See Computers
Electronic Data Systems (EDS)
Elliot, Cal
Engh-Kittlesen, Karsten
Engineering. See also STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines
gender-independent approaches to making changes to image
organizational relationship to computer science education
percentage of women earning doctoral degrees
ENIAC computer
hardware vs. software
history
status hierarchy of workers
women recruited for “set up”
Entrepreneurs, women as
Entrex
Equal pay demands, first
Equal Rights Amendment
Eriqson Soft Education
Esquire (magazine)
Estrin, Judith
Evaluation bias, defined
Evgenides Institute Library
F
Fairchild, Mary Salome Cutler
Family wage
Faulkner, William
Feinler, Elizabeth “Jake”
Females. See Women
Feminist movement
Field, F. Bernice
Fiorina, Carly
Fisher, Allan
FORTRAN. See also Backus, John
Freedman, Janet
Friedan, Betty
Frieze, Carol
From Barbie to Mortal Kombat (MIT Press)
G
Gaming, computer
Gard, Toby
Gates, Bill
Gay men
Geeks, hackers, and nerds
GEISCO
Gender
in ads for computer training schools
approaches to changing images that are independent of stereotypes
approaches to changing stereotypical images
differences in treatment in Norwegian Aftenposten articles about computers
discursive model of analysis
in history of data processing
how relationship to computer technology developed in popular discourse
jobs for computer science graduates in Greece
keypunch operations as low-paid work
portrayals of men vs. women in computer advertising
as social construct
stereotypes
and U.K. computing jobs
where women differ from men in what they seek from computing work
Gender gap
framing
international aspects
media-driven stereotypes
General Electric
Gentry, Grace
Gentry, Richard
Geodatic, Inc.
Giddens, Don
Gilbert, Heather
Gilder, George
Gillespie, Cathy
Girl gamers movement
Girl Scouts
Gladwell, Malcolm
Goldberg, Adele
Goldstine, Herman
Goldstine, Irwin
.gov domain
Graham, Fan Chung
Greece
gender differences in computing work
jobs for computer science graduates
study of gender and computing through images
women in lower-status and lower-paying computing work
Greenbaum, Joan
Greenberg, Herman
Grier, David
Groovy Net
Grosch, Herb
Grrlgamer.com
Grundy, Frances
H
Hackers, nerds, and geeks
Hafter, Ruth
Halbt, Lois
Hall of Fame, Women in Technology International
Hamilton, Judith
Hammer, Carl
Hard drives, gender in advertising
Hardy, Ann
Harris, Roma
Hawthorn, Paula
Hazle, Marlene
Hegenomic discourse
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewlett, Walter
Hewlett-Packard. See also Fiorina, Carly
Hildenbrand, Suzanne
Hill, Grace Marie. See Gentry, Grace
Hill, Lester E.
History. See Oral history interviews
Holberton, Frances (Betty) Snyder
Hollerith, Herman
Home computers. See Personal computers and Kitchen computer.
Honeywell
Hoos, Ida
Hopper, Grace Murray
Horowitz, Roger
Hotel Plan advertisement
I
IBM (International Business Machines)
IBM Fellows
IBM PCs. See also Personal computers
IBM Programmer Aptitude Test (PAT)
ICP Software Directory
ICs. See Independent contractors
ICT (information and communication technology)
IEEE Computer Pioneer Award
Images of gender and computing. See also Stereotypes
IMC-Prince IBM clone
Imlay, John
Implicit Association Test
Independent contractors
Infoplan
Infoquest
Inforex
Informatics, Inc.
Information science
Intel
International Computer Products (ICP)
Internet
availability in Norway
defining of domain names
Intersection rhetoric
IT services businesses
IT workers, as professionals
ITAA (Information Technology Association of America)
Ivory Coast
J
Jenkins, Henry
Jennings, Betty Jean
Jobs, Steve
Johnson, Christine
Johnson, Luanne
Johnson, Nancy
Jolie, Angelina
Jones, Shirley
K
Kalok hard drives
Karamesini, Maria
Keller, Arnold E.
Keypunch operations. See also Punch-card machine operations
comparison with punch-card machine operation
keypunchers, defined
as low-paid work
as women’s work
workers not welcome in NMAA
Kircher, Mary
Kitchen computer
Kourouvakalis, Dimitrios
Kraft, Philip
Kyocera printers
L
Laclau-Mouffe discourse theory
Lambda Technologies
Lara Croft character
Lesbian women
Levy, Steven
Lexmark printers
Librarianship
cataloging becomes technical services
clerical work as “housekeeping”
dreams of library computerization
and feminist movement
gender-based personality tests for library hiring
as gendered profession
history of computing in libraries
“push-button” libraries
role of libraries in women’s engagement with computers
types of libraries
Library catalogs
Library of Congress
Library schools
Licensing requirements
Lichteman, Ruth
Light, Jennifer
Linotype
Lisa computers
Liskov, Barbara
Local change
Logitech
Lovegrove, Gillian
Lovelace, Ada
Lowenthal, Helen
Lucent Technologies
M
Maack, Mary Niles
Machine men, origin of term
Machine operators
as programmers
in U.K. public sector
vs. programmers
Macho culture
Macho vocabulary
Mahoney, Mike
Malaysia
women in lower-status and lower-paying computing work
women in university computer education
Males. See Men
Management Science America (MSA)
Mandel, Lois
MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging)
Margolis, Jane
Marian the Librarian
Marriage bar
Masculinity. See also Men
association with inherent programming ability
and computer culture
status anxiety problem
up-grading of “machine men”
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Mathematics
organizational relationship to computer science education
proportion of women awarded bachelor’s degrees
proportion of women awarded doctoral degrees
relationship to computer programming
Mauchly, John
McIroy, Douglas
McNulty, Kathleen
Meade, Carver
Media
and gender-based computing stereotypes
how relationship of gender to computer technology developed in popular discourse
Norwegian newspaper focus on computer stereotypes
Medieval monastic model
Meltzer, Marlyn Wescoff. See Wescoff, Marlyn
Men
in ads for computer training schools
criminal and otherwise negative use of computers
dominance of popular image
image as nerds, hackers, geeks
jobs for computer science graduates in Greece
“machine men”
as nonusers of computers
“organization man”
overrepresentation in computing
portrayals in computer advertising
treatment in Norwegian Aftenposten articles about computers
two kinds of masculine identity
Mentoring. See also Role models
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
Microsoft
Microtek printers
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
MITA printers
Moeller, Lou
Monastic model
Moore, James P.
Mosely, Tom
Moynihan, Patrick
Ms. PacMan (game)
Murphy, Evelyn
Murphy, Phyliss
The Music Man (movie)
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
N
National Academy of Engineering
National Association of Computer Consultant Businesses (NACCB)
National Center for Women and Information Technology (NCWIT)
National Machine Accountants Association (NMAA)
National Organization for Women
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Navy, U.S.
Negroponte, Nicholas
Neiman-Marcus
Nelson, Donna J.
Nerds, hackers, and geeks
New York World’s Fair
NMAA. See National Machine Accountants Association (NMAA)
Noble, David
Noble, Sid
Nonhegemonic men and women
Norway, cultural perceptions of computers
Noyce, Robert
O
Occupational sex typing
Ohio College Library Center (OCLC)
OKI printers
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)
Oracle
Oral history interviews
.org domain
Organization man, origin of term
Out of Their Minds (1995 book)
Outsourcing
P
Pair programming
Panasonic monitors
Parker, Ralph H.
(PAT) IBM Programmer Aptitude Test
Pay. See Wages
Péré, Wayne
Perry, Dallis
Personal computers
availability in Norway
impact on data processing
vs. minicomputers
Personality profiles
role in computer industry hiring
testing for library school admission and library hiring
Personnel Group of America (PGA)
Philips monitors
Phyliss Murphy & Associates
Physical sciences, percentage of women earning doctoral degrees. See also STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines
Pink-collar sweatshop
Pinnacle Systems
Pioneers. See ENIAC computer; Oral history interviews
Pleger, Gary
Point-of-sale retailing
Pong (game)
Priesthood, programming as
Printers, computer, gender in advertising
Professionalization, in computer fields
Programmers and programming
adoption of term
association of masculine personality characteristics with inherent programming ability
backgrounds of males involved early
as “black art”
Bureau of Labor Statistics adds job
compensation statistics
craft techniques needed to work with limits of primitive computer hardware
delegitimizing of women
disparities between individuals
ENIAC women as first
gender statistics
job appeal for women
in job status hierarchy
making masculine
management efforts to routinize work
programming as priesthood
question of professional status
relationship to mathematics
role of aptitude tests
role of personality profiles
traits for success
in U.K.
vs. “coders”
vs. machine operation
women as “computer girls” according to 1967 Cosmopolitan
women as independent contractors
women as programmers
Programmers at Work (1986 book)
Prudential Insurance
Punch-card machine operations. See also Keypunch operations
comparison of men’s work and women’s work
as gender-segregated
transition to electronic computers
use by Census Bureau in tabulating 1890 census
Purdue University
R
Radar Research Establishment, U.K.
Rand Corporation
Remington Rand
Revenge of the Nerds (movie)
Rizopoulos, Konstantinos
Roberts, Marvis
Rockmael, Valerie
Role models. See also Mentoring
Rometty, Ginni
Rosenbaum, Ron
Rosie the Riveter
Rossiter, Margaret
Rotella, Elyce
Royal Air Force, U.K.
Ryan, Libby
Ryan Aeronautical
S
Salaries. See Wages
Sammet, Jean
Saravakos, Dimitris
Sayce, Anne
Scanners, gender in advertising
Schiller, Anita
Schools. See Education, computer-related
Schuman, Pat
Seattle World’s Fair
Second Life (game)
Second wave feminism
Section 1706, 1986 U.S. tax bill
Service Bureau Corporation
Services. See Software and computer services industry
Sex typing, occupational
Sexism
Shera, Jesse
Shirley, Steve
Shutt, Elsie
Sims (game)
Smiddy, Alma
Smith, Peggy
Social pleasures
Social Security Administration (SSA)
Software and computer services industry
Software developers. See also Programmers
comparison with bachelor degree graduates
in job status hierarchy
women as
Space Travel (game)
Spacewar (game)
Spence, Frances Bilas. See Bilas, Frances
Sperry-Rand. See UNIVAC
Spertus, Ellen
Spicer, Dag
Standard Register
Star printers
Status anxiety
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines
comparison of computer science with other disciplines
fluctuations in growth of undergraduate degrees
growth in percentage of women
percentage of women as faculty members
proportion of undergraduate degrees awarded to women
proportion of women graduates
reasons for women’s difficulty in gaining acceptance
retention of women in computer science vs. other fields
Stephens, Mark
Stereotypes. See also Nerds, hackers, and geeks
approaches to changing images
co-existing positive and negative images
countering “male geek” image
gender
increased public awareness
of librarians
Sternal, Toni
Stop instruction
Strom, Sharon Hartman
Strong Vocational Interest Bank (SVIB)
Summers, Larry
System Development Corporation (SDC)
Systems analysts
comparison with bachelor degree graduates
comparison with software developers
defined
as independent contractors
in job status hierarchy
women as
Systems men, defined
T
Tabulating machines. See also Punch-card machine operations
Tally printers
Taulbee Survey
Taxan monitors
Technical services, library
Technophobia
Teitelbaum, Ruth Lichteman. See Lichteman, Ruth
Televideo Systems
Terre Haute Brewing Company
Testing. See Aptitude testing, in computer industry; Personality profiles
Tobasi Company
Tomb Raider (game)
Tracy, Spencer
Trade literature
Trade organizations. See also ADAPSO (Association for Data Processing Service Organizations); DPMA (Data Processing Management Association); National Association of Computer Consultant Businesses (NACCB)
Training, computer-related. See also Education, computer-related
certification programs
nonuniversity paths for women
school advertising portrayals
Traudt, Mary Lozier
Turing Award
Turkle, Sherry
Tuttle, Helen
Tymshare, Inc.
U
Unions, as disadvantageous to women
UNIVAC
Universities. See Education, computer-related
University Computing Corporation
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing (Margolis and Fisher)
U.S. Army
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
U.S. Census Bureau
1890 census, use of punch-card machines
Current Population Survey data
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
U.S. Navy
V
Von Neumann, John
W
Wacjman, Judy
Wages
earnings gap among computer specialists
equal pay issue in Britain
family wage
gendered effects for punch-card vs. computer staffs
initial “equal pay for equal work” demand
at MetLife, before and after computerization
reasons for low-pay in punch-card operations
women in lower-status and lower-paying computing work worldwide
Weinberg, Gerald
Weizenbaum, Joseph
Welke, Larry
Wescoff, Marlyn
Western Digital hard drives
Westra, Roz
Whitman, Meg
Whitney, Telle
Whyte, William H.
Wilbur, Sylvia
Wilensky, Harold
Wilson, Harold
Wingerd, Laura
Wired magazine
Wolfe, Tom
Women
in ads for computer training schools
assumption that their poor job circumstance is “natural”
as computer pioneers
in computer-related occupations
as corporate CEOs in computer industry
employment in large IT enterprises
ENIAC girls
first equal pay demands
future direction for trends in computer science
historical perspective on experiences in computing
as IT entrepreneurs
jobs for computer science graduates in Greece
as leaders in Norwegian IT industry
lower-status and lower-paying computing work worldwide
as nonusers of computers
oral history interviews
portrayal in data processing trade literature
portrayals in computer advertising
proportion earning doctoral degrees in all disciplines
proportion earning undergraduate degrees in all disciplines
proportion in computing
proportion in undergraduate computer science programs
proportion of computer science doctoral degrees awarded to
proportion of computer science faculty
proportion of computer science undergraduate degrees awarded to
proportion of undergraduate STEM degrees awarded to
shrinking representation across disciplines as educational level and status increases
as “superusers” of office computers
in traditionally male-dominated professions
treatment in Norwegian Aftenposten articles about computers
underrepresentation in computing
Women in Technology International’s Hall of Fame
Women in workforce
“Women’s liberation”. See also Feminist movement
Word processing
Work Engendered (Baron)
World’s Fair, New York
World’s Fair, Seattle
Worsley, Beatrice Helen
Wozniak, Steve