References

Adams, B. 1968. Kinship in an urban setting. Chicago: Markham Press.

Adizes, I. 1979. Organizational passages: Diagnosing and treating lifecycle problems of organizations. Organizational Dynamics 8 (1): 2—25.

Aldous, J. 1978. Family careers: Developmental change in families. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

————. 1990. Family development and the life course: Two perspectives on family change. Journal of Marriage and the Family 52: 571-83.

Aldrich, H.E., and R. Waldinger. 1990. “Ethnicity and entrepreneurship.” Annual Review of Sociology 16: 111—35.

Aristotle. 1992 edition. “The ownership of property” in The politics. London: Penguin: 112—19.

Arthur Andersen and Company. 1995. American family business survey.

Auwers, L. 1978. “Fathers, sons, and wealth in colonial Windsor, Connecticut.” Journal of Family History 3 (2): 136-49.

Ayers, G.R. 1990. Rough family justice: Equity in family business succession planning. Family Business Review III (1): 3—22.

Bank, S., and M.D. Kahn. 1982. The sibling bond. New York: Basic Books.

Barnes, L.B. 1988. Incongruent hierarchies: Daughters and younger sons as company CEOs. Family Business Review I (1): 9—21.

Barnes, L.B., and S.A. Hershon. 1976. Transferring power in the family business. Harvard Business Review 54 (4): 105-14.

Barnett, E, and S. Barnett. 1988. Working together: Entrepreneurial couples. Belmont, Calif.: Ten Speed Press.

Barry, B. 1975. The development of organization structure in the family firm. Journal of General Management 3 (1): 42—60.

Bayus, B.L. 1994. Are product life cycles really getting shorter? Journal of Product Innovation Management 11 (4): 300-08.

Beckhard, R. 1969. Organization development: Strategies and models. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Beckhard, R., and W.G. Dyer, Jr. 1983. Managing continuity in the family-owned business. Organizational Dynamics 12 (1): 5—12.

Bedford, V.H. 1989. Sibling research in historical perspective: The discovery of a forgotten relationship. American Behavioral Scientist 33 (1): 6-18.

Beehr, T.A. 1986. The process of retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychology 39: 31—5.

Bellman, G.M. 1990. The consultant’s calling. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bennis, W.G., K.D. Benne, and R. Chin, eds. 1985. The planning of change. 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Bennis, W.G. and H. Shepard. 1956. A theory of group development. Human Relations 9: 415—37.

Benson, B., E.T. Crego, and R.H. Drucker. 1990. Your family business: A success guide for growth and survival. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin.

Berenbeim, R.E. 1984. How business families manage the transition from owner to professional management. The Conference Board. Reprinted in 1990 in Family Business Review III (1): 69-110.

Berle, A.A., and G.C. Means. 1932. The modern corporation and private property. New York: Macmillan.

Bird, B.J. 1989. Entrepreneurial Behavior. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.

Birley, S., and LC. MacMillan, eds. 1995. International entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge.

Block, P. 1981. Flawless consulting. San Diego: University Associates.

Blood, R.O., and D.M. Wolfe. 1960. Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.

Bolman, L., and T. Deal. 1984. Modern approaches to understanding and managing organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bossard, J.H.S., and E.S. Boll. 1960. The sociology of child development. 3rd ed. New York: Harper and Row.

Bowen, D.D., and R.D. Hisrich. 1986. The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective. Academy of Management Review 11 (2): 393— 407.

Bowen, M. (attributed). 1972. Toward the differentiation of self in one’s own family. In Family interaction, edited by J.L. Framo. New York: Springer.

Brockhaus, R.H., Sr., and P.S. Horwitz. 1986. The psychology of the entrepreneur. In The art and science of entrepreneurship, edited by D. Sexton and R. Smilor. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.

Brodsky, M.A. 1993. Successful female corporate managers and entrepreneurs: Similarities and differences. Group and organization management 18 (3): 366-78.

Brown, F.H. 1991. Reweaving the family tapestry: A multigenerational approach to families. New York: Norton.

Bruno, A.V., and T.T. Tyebjee. 1982. The environment for entrepreneurship. In Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, edited by C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, and K.H. Vesper. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Calder, G.H. 1961. The peculiar problems of family businesses. Business Horizons 4 (3): 93—102.

Carlock, R.S. 1994. A classroom discussion with James R. Cargill. Family Business Review VII (3): 297—307.

Carroll, R. 1988. Siblings and the family business. In Siblings in therapy: Life span and clinical issues, edited by M.D. Kahn and K.G. Lewis. New York: Norton.

Carter, E., and M. McGoldrick, eds. 1988. The changing family life cycle: A framework for family therapy. New York: Gardner Press.

Cates, J.N., and M.B. Sussman. 1982. Family systems and inheritance. Marriage and Family Review 5 (3): 1—24.

Centers, R., B.H. Raven, and A. Rodrigues. 1971. Conjugal power structure: A re-examination. American Sociological Review 36 (2): 264-78.

Chandler, A. 1962. Strategy and structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Chau, T.T. 1991. “Approaches to succession in East Asian business organizations.” Family Business Review IV (4): 161-89.

Christensen, C.R., and B. Scott. 1964. Review of course activities. Working paper. IMEDE, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Churchill, N., and V. Lewis. 1983. The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review (May-June): 30—51.

Cicirelli, V.G. 1985. Sibling relationships throughout the life cycle. In The handbook of family psychology and therapy, edited by L. L’Abate. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.

Clignet, R. 1995. Efficiency, reciprocity, and ascriptive equality: The three major strategies governing the selection of heirs in America. Social Science Quarterly 76 (2): 274—93.

Cohn, M. 1990. Passing the torch: Transfer strategies for your family business. Blue Ridge Summit, Penn.: Liberty Hall Press.

Collin, S., and L. Bengtsson. 1991. Diversification and corporate governance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, August.

Combrinck-Graham, L. 1985. A developmental model for family systems. Family Process 24 (2): 139-51.

Connidis, I.A., and L.D. Campbell. 1995. Closeness, confiding, and contact among siblings in middle and late adulthood. Journal of Family Issues 16 (6): 722—45.

Copland, A. 1995. Deconstructing the lone genius myth: Toward a contextual view of creativity. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 35 (3): 69—112.

Covin, J., and D. Slevin. 1990. New venture strategic posture, structure, and performance: An industry life cycle analysis. Journal of Business Venturing 5: 123—35.

Cramton, C.D. 1993. Is rugged individualism the whole story? Public and private accounts of a firm’s founding. Family Business Review VI (3): 233—61.

Cushman, J.W. 1986. “The Khaw group: Chinese business in early twentiethcentury Penang.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies XVII (1): 58—79.

————. 1991. Family and state: The formation of a Sino-Thai tin-mining dynasty. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

Daily, C.M., and M.J. Dollinger. 1992. An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review V (2): 117—36.

Danco, L.A. 1975. Beyond survival: A business owner’s guide for success. Cleveland: University Press.

Danco, L.A., and D.J. Jonovic. 1981. Outside directors in the family-owned business. Cleveland: University Press.

Davis, J., and R. Tagiuri. 1989. The influence of life stage on father-son work relationships in family companies. Family Business Review II (1): 47-74.

Deutsch, M. 1977. The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. New Haven: Yale University Press.

DiMaggio, P., and W. Powell. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48:147-60.

Dodge, H., and J. Robbins. 1992. An empirical investigation of the organizational life cycle model for small business development and survival. Journal of Vocational Behavior 36: 258—73.

Donckles, R., and E. Fröhlich. 1991. Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS. Family Business Review IV (2): 149—60.

Donnelly, R. 1964. The family business. Harvard Business Review 42: 93— 105.

Dreux, D.R. 1990. Financing family business: Alternatives to selling out or going public. Family Business Review III (3): 225-43· Amended 1992, Family Business Review V (1): 111—12.

Dumas, C. 1989. Understanding of father-daughter and father-son dyads in family-owned businesses. Family Business Review II (1): 31—46.

————. 1990. Preparing the new CEO: Managing the father-daughter succession process in family businesses. Family Business Review III (2): 169-81.

Dunn, J., and R. Plomin. 1990. Separate lives: Why siblings are so different. New York: Basic Books.

Duvall, E.M. 1957. Family development. Chicago: J. B. Lippincott Company.

————. 1977. Marriage and family development. 5th ed. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott.

Duvall, E.M., and R.L. Hill. 1948. Report of the committee on the dynamics of family interaction. Washington, D.C.: National Conference on Family Life.

Dyer, W.G., Jr. 1986. Cultural change in family firms: Anticipating and managing business and family transitions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

————. 1989. Integrating professional management into a family owned business. Family Business Review 11 (3): 221—35.

————. 1992. The entrepreneurial experience. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Elder, G.H., Jr. 1987. Families and lives: Some developments in life-course studies. Journal of Family History 12 (1—3): 179—99.

Engels, F. 1942. The origin of the family, private property, and the state (1884). New York: International Publishers.

Engels, E, and K. Marx. 1848. Communist Manifesto.

Erikson, E.H. 1963. Childhood and society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton.

————. 1980. Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.

Flamholtz, E. 1986. How to make the transition from an entrepreneurship to a professionally managed firm. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Francis, A. 1980. Families, firms, and finance capital: The development of U.K. industrial firms with particular reference to their ownership and control. Sociology 14 (1): 1—27.

Friedman, S.D. 1991. Sibling relationships and intergenerational succession in family firms. Family Business Review IV (1): 3—20.

Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. 1979. Recycling the family: Perspectives for researching a neglected family form. Marriage and Family Review 2: 12—22.

Furstenberg, F.F., Jr., and G.B. Spanier. 1984. Recycling the family: Remarriage after divorce. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Gallo, M.A., and J. Sveen. 1991. Internationalizing the family business: Facilitating and restraining factors. Family Business Review IV (2): 181— 90.

Gersick, C. 1988. Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal 31 (1): 9—41.

————. 1991. Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of Management Review 16 (1): 10—36.

Gersick, K. 1992. Ethnicity and organizational forms: An interview with William Ouchi. Family Business Review V (4): 417—36.

————. 1996. Equal isn’t always fair. Family Business 7 (2): 44—9.

Gibbon, A., and P. Hadekel. 1990. Steinberg: The breakup of a family empire. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.

Gilligan, C. 1982. In a different voice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Gillis-Donovan, J., and C. Moynihan-Bradt. 1990. The power of invisible women in the family business. Family Business Review III (2): 153—67.

Glick, P.C. 1947. The family cycle. American Sociological Review 12: 164— 74.

————. 1955. The life cycle of the family. Marriage and Family Living V: 3—9.

————. 1977. Updating the family life cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family 39: 5—13.

Gould, R. 1978. Transformations: Growth and change in adult life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Greenhaus, J. 1987. Career management. Hinsdale, Ill.: The Dryden Press.

Greiner, L. 1972. Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review (July—August): 37—46.

Handler, W.C. 1994. Succession in family business: A review of the research. Family Business Review VII (2): 133—74.

Handler, W.C., and K.C. Kram. 1988. Succession in family firms: The problem of resistance. Family Business Review I (4): 361—81.

Hannan, M.T., and J. Freeman. 1977. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology 82: 929—64.

Hareven, T.K. 1978. Transitions: The family and the life course in historical perspective. New York: Academic Press.

Harris, D., J.I. Martinez, and J.L. Ward. 1994. Is strategy different for the family-owned business? Family Business Review VII (2): 159—74.

Harvey, M., and R.G. Evans. 1994. Family business and multiple levels of conflict. Family Business Review VII (4): 331—48.

————. 1995. Forgotten sources of capital for the family-owned business. Family Business Review VIII (3): 159—76.

Havighurst, R.J. 1966. Developmental tasks and education. New York: David McKay.

Heer, D.M. 1963. The measurement and bases of family power: An overview. Marriage and Family Living, 25: 133—39.

Hetherington, E.M., D. Reiss, and R. Plomin, eds. 1994. Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hilburt-Davis, J., and P. Senturia. 1995. Using the process/content framework: Guidelines for the content expert. Family Business Review VIII (3): 189-99.

Hines, P.M., N. Garcia-Preto, M. McGoldrick, R. Almeida, and S. Weltman. 1992. Intergenerational relationships across cultures. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 23: 323–38.

Hofferth, S.L. 1985. Updating children’s life course. Journal of Marriage and the Family 47 (I): 93–115.

Hoffmire, J.S., J.H. Willis, and R.J. Gilbert. 1992. Practice note: Questions and answers regarding ESOPs for family businesses. Family Business Review V (2): 173–80.

Hollander, J.L. 1973. Making vocational choices. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Hollander, B.S. 1990. Hail to the chiefs. Family Business 1 (3): 40–3.

Hollander, B.S., and N.S. Elman. 1988. Family-owned business: An emerging field of inquiry. Family Business Review I (2): 145–64.

Hsu, P.S.C. 1984. The influence of family structure and values on business organizations in Oriental cultures: A comparison of China and Japan. In Proceedings of the Academy of International Business, June, 754–68.

Hunt, L.A. 1992. The family romance of the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Jaffe, D. 1990. Working with the ones you love: Conflict resolution and problem-solving strategies for a successful family business. Berkeley: Conari Press.

Johnson, S.C. 1988. The essence of a family business. Indianapolis: Curtis.

————. 1990. Why we’ll never go public. Family Business I (4): 16–21.

Jonovic, D.J. 1989. Outside review in a wider context: An alternative to the classic board. Family Business Review II (2): 125–40.

Judge, D.S. 1995. American legacies and the variable life histories of women and men. Human Nature 6 (4): 291–323.

Kadis, L.B., and R. McClendon. 1991. A relationship perspective on the couple-owned business. Family Business Review IV (4): 413–24.

Kanter, R.M. 1983. The change masters. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Kasl, S.V. 1980. The impact of retirement. In Current concerns in occupational stress, edited by C.L. Cooper and R. Payne. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Katz, D., and R.L. Kahn. 1978. The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Kaye, K. 1985. Toward a developmental psychology of the family. In Handbook of family psychology and therapy, edited by L. L’Abate. Volume I. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey.

————. 1991. Penetrating the cycle of sustained conflict. Family Business Review IV (1): 21–44.

Kepner, E. 1983. The family and the firm: A coevolutionary perspective. Organizational Dynamics 12 (1): 57–70.

Kets de Vries, M. 1985. The dark side of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review 63 (6): 160–67.

Kimberly, J. 1979. Issues in the creation of organizations: Initiation, innovation and institutionalization. Academy of Management Journal 22 (3) : 437–57.

Kimberly, J., R.H. Miles, and Associates. 1980. The organizational lifecycle. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kotter, J., V. Faux, and C. McArthur. 1978. Self-assessment and career development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Lamb, M., and B. Sutton-Smith, eds. 1982. Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the life span. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Lane, S.H. 1989. An organizational development / team-building approach to consultation with family businesses. Family Business Review II (1): 5–16.

Lank, A.G. 1991. Challenging times for European family enterprises. Family Business Review IV (2): 121–25.

Lansberg, I. 1983. Managing human resources in family firms: The problem of institutional overlap. Organizational Dynamics 12 (I): 39–46.

————. 1985. Family firms that survived their founders. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, San Diego.

————. 1988. The succession conspiracy. Family Business Review I (2): 119–43.

————. 1991. On retirement: A conversation with Daniel Levinson. Family Business Review IV (1): 59–73.

————. 1994. A lesson in humility from the Greek gods. Family Business V (1): 9–10.

————. Forthcoming. Succession and continuity in family firms. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Lansberg, I., and E. Perrow. 1990. Understanding and working with leading family businesses in Latin America. Family Business Review III (3): 127–48.

Larner, R.J. 1966. Ownership and control in the largest non-financial corporations, 1929 and 1963. American Economics Review 56: 777–87.

LeMasters, E.E. 1957. Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family Living 19: 352–55.

Levi, L.D., H. Stierlin, and R.J. Savard. 1972. Fathers and sons: The interlocking crises of integrity and identity. Psychiatry 35 (1): 48–56.

Levine, J.H. 1972. The sphere of influence. American Sociological Review 37: 14–27.

Levinson, D.J. 1978. Seasons of a man’s life. New York: Basic Books.

————. 1986. A conception of adult development. American Psychologist 41 (1): 3—13.

————. 1996. Seasons of a woman’s life. New York: Knopf.

Levinson, D.J., and W. Gooden. 1985. The life cycle. In Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 4th ed., edited by H.I. Kaplan and B.J. Sadock. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Levinson, H. 1971. Conflicts that plague family business. Harvard Business Review (March–April): 90–8.

Lewin, K. 1951. Problems of research in social psychology (1943–44). In Field theory in social science, edited by D. Cartwright. New York: Harper and Row.

Lippitt, G.L., and W.H. Schmidt. 1967. Crises in a developing organization. Harvard Business Review (November–December): 102–12.

Loscocco, K.A., and K.T. Leicht. 1993. Gender, work-family linkages, and economic success among small business owners. Journal of Marriage and the Family 55 (4): 875–87.

McCollom, M. 1990. Problems and prospects in clinical research on family firms. Family Business Review III (3): 245–62.

————. 1992. The ownership trust and succession paralysis in the family business. Family Business Review V (2): 145–60.

————. 1995. Reevaluating group development: A critique of the familiar models. In Groups in context: A new perspective on group dynamics, edited by J. Gillette and M. McCollom. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.

McGivern, C. 1989. The dynamics of management succession: A model of chief executive succession in the small family firm. Family Business Review II (3): 401–11.

McGoldrick, M., and R. Gerson. 1985. Genograms in family assessment. New York: Norton.

McGoldrick, M., and J.G. Troast, Jr. 1993. Ethnicity, families, and family business: Implications for practitioners. Family Business Review VI (3): 283–300.

Mangelsdorf, M.E. 1994. Start-up funding: Consider the sources. Inc. 16 (8): 32.

Marcus, G.E. 1980. Law in the development of dynastic families among American business elites: The domestication of capital and the capitalization of family. Law and Society Review 14 (4): 859–903

Marshack, K.J. 1993. Copreneurial couples: A literature review on boundaries and transactions among copreneurs. Family Business Review VI (4): 355–69.

Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company. 1994. 1994 Research findings: A telephone survey of 1002 family business owners.

Mattessich, P., and R. Hill. 1987. Life cycle and family development. In Handbook of marriage and the family, edited by M.B. Sussman and S.K. Steinmetz. New York: Plenum.

Matthews, S.H., PJ. Delaney, and M.E. Adamek. 1989. Male kinship ties: Bonds between adult brothers. American Behavioral Scientist 33 (1) 58–69.

Menchik, PL. 1980. Primogeniture, equal sharing, and the U.S. distribution of wealth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics XCIV (2): 299–316.

Millar, F.E., and L.E. Rogers. 1988. Power dynamics in marital relationships. In Perspectives on marital interaction, edited by P. Noller and M.A. Fitzpatrick. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Miller, D., and P.H. Friesen. 1984. A longitudinal study of the corporate lifecycle. Management Science 30 (1): 1161–183.

Mintzberg, H., and J. Waters. 1982. Tracking strategy in an entrepreneurial firm. Academy of Management Journal 25 (3): 465–99.

Minuchin, S. 1974. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Minuchin, S., B. Montalvo, B.G. Guerney, Jr., B.L. Rosman, and E Schumer. 1967. Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books.

Mitchell, B.A. 1994. Family structures and leaving the nest: A social resource perspective. Sociological Perspectives 37 (4): 651–71.

Murdock, M., and C.W. Murdock. 1991. A legal perspective on shareholder relationships in family businesses: The scope of fiduciary duties. Family Business Review IV (3): 287–301.

Muson, H. 1995. How to keep the Campbell kids happy. Family Business 6 (1): 48–52.

Nelton, S. 1986. In love and in business: How entrepreneurial couples are changing the rules of business and marriage. New York: Wiley.

Nock, S.L. 1988. The family and hierarchy. Journal of Marriage and the Family 50 (November): 957–66.

Olson, P.D. 1987. Entrepreneurship and management. Journal of Small Business Management 25 (3): 7–12.

O’Rand, A.M., and M.L. Krecker. 1990. Concepts of the life cycle: Their history, meanings, and uses in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 16: 241–62.

Osherson, S. 1980. Holding on or letting go: Men and career change at midlife. New York: Free Press.

Panglaykim, J., and I. Palmer. 1970. Study of entrepreneurship in developing countries: The development of one Chinese concern in Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies I (1): 85–95.

Pfeffer, J., and G.R. Salancik. 1978. The external control of organizations. New York: Harper and Row.

Piaget, J. 1963. The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton. Plato. 1970 edition. The laws, edited by T.J. Saunders. London: Penguin.

————. 1987 edition. The republic, edited by H. Lee. New York: Penguin.

Ponthieu, L.D., and H.C. Caudill. 1993. Who’s the boss? Responsibility and decision making in copreneurial ventures. Family Business Review VI (1): 3–17.

Pope Leo XIII. 1940. Rerum novarum (encyclical on the condition of the workingmen: May 15, 1891). In Social wellsprings: Fourteen epochal documents by Pope Leo VIII, edited by J. Husslein. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company.

Poza, E.J. 1989. Smart growth: Critical choices for business continuity and prosperity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Reich, R.B. 1987. Entrepreneurship reconsidered: The team as hero. Harvard Business Review (May–June): 77–83.

Rosenberg, G.S., and D.E Anspach. 1973. Sibling solidarity in the working class. Journal of Marriage and the Family 35: 108–13.

Saluter, A.F 1994. Marital status and living arrangements: March 1994. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.

Schachter, F.F 1982. Sibling deidentification and split-parent identification: A family tetrad. In Sibling relationships: Their nature and significance across the lifespan, edited by M.E. Lamb and B. Sutton-Smith. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Schein, E.H. 1983. The role of the founder in creating organizational culture. Organizational Dynamics 12 (1): 13–28.

————. 1988. Process consultation: Its role in organizational development. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

————. 1992. Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

Schwartz, M.A., and L.B. Barnes. 1991. Outside boards and family business: Another look. Family Business Review IV (3): 269–85.

Scott, M., and R. Bruce. 1987. Five stages of growth in small business. Long-Range Planning 20 (3): 45–52.

Scott, W.R. 1992. Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Sharfman, M.P., B. Gray, and A. Yan. 1991. The context of interorganizational collaboration in the garment industry: An institutional perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 27 (2): 181–208.

Shapero, A., and L. Sokol. 1982. The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, edited by C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, and K.H. Vesper. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Simonton, D.K. 1983. Intergenerational transfer of individual differences in hereditary monarchs: Genetic, role-modeling, cohort, or sociocultural effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (2): 354–64.

Sonnenfeld, J.A. 1988. The hero’s farewell: What happens when CEOs retire. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sonnenfeld, J.A., and P.L. Spence. 1989. The parting patriarch of a family firm. Family Business Review II (4): 355–75.

Sorokin, P.A., C.C. Zimmerman, and C.J. Galpin. 1931. A systematic source book in rural sociology, II. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Spanier, G.G., and P.C. Glick. 1980. The life cycle of American families: An expanded analysis. Journal of Family History 5: 97–111.

Steinmetz, L. 1969. Critical stages of small business growth: When they occur and how to survive them. Business Horizons (February): 29.

Stevenson, H.H., and W.A. Sahlman. 1987. Entrepreneurship: A process, not a person. Working paper, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Mass.

Stevenson, H.H., M.J. Roberts, and H.I. Grousbeck. 1994. New business ventures and the entrepreneur. 4th ed. Burr Ridge, Ill.: Irwin.

Stevenson, L.A. 1986. Against all odds: The entrepreneurship of women. Journal of Small Business Management 24: 30–6.

Swartz, J. 1996. Toward a model of justice in ownership succession: An exploratory study of the intergenerational transfer of family business ownership. Ph.D. diss., California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles.

Swartz, S. 1989. The challenges of multidisciplinary consulting to family-owned businesses. Family Business Review II (4): 329–39.

Tagiuri, R., and J.A. Davis. 1982. Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Working paper, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Mass. Reprinted 1996, Family Business Review IX (2):199–208.

Thornton, A., T.L. Orbuch, and W.G. Axinn. 1995. Parent-child relationships during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Family Issues 16 (5): 538–64.

Thornton, A., L. Young-De Marco, and E Goldscheider. 1993. Leaving the parental nest: The experience of a young White cohort in the 1980s. Journal of Marriage and the Family 55: 216–29.

Timmons, J.A. 1989. The entrepreneurial mind. Andover, Mass.: Brick House Publishing.

————. 1994. New venture creation. 4th ed. Burr Ridge, Ill.: Irwin.

Torbert, W. 1974. Pre-bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic stages of organization development. Interpersonal Development 5: 1–25.

Vaillant, G. 1977. Adaptation to life. Boston: Little, Brown.

Vago, M. 1995. Why fish must learn to see the water they swim in. Family Business Review VIII (4): 313–25.

Van de Ven, A.H., and G. Walker. 1984. The dynamics of interorganizational coordination. Administrative Science Quarterly 29: 5598–621.

Vance, S.C. 1983. Corporate leadership: Boards, directors, and strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Vancil, R.E 1987. Passing the baton: Managing the process of CEO succession . Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Walsh, E 1994. Healthy family functioning: Conceptual and research developments. Family Business Review VII (2): 175–98.

Ward, J.L. 1987. Keeping the family business healthy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

————. 1988a. The special role of strategic planning for family businesses. Family Business Review I (2): 105–17.

————. 1988b. The active board with outside directors and the family firm. Family Business Review I (3): 223–29.

————. 1991. Creating effective boards for private enterprises: Meeting the challenges of continuity and competition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ward, J.L., and C.E. Aronoff. 1994. How family affects strategy. Small Business Forum (Fall): 85–90.

Weiser, J., E Brody, and M. Quarry. 1988. Family business and employee ownership. Family Business Review I (1): 23–35.

Whisler, T.L. 1988. The role of the board in the threshold firm. Family Business Review I (3): 309–21.

Whiteside, M.F., and EH. Brown. 1991. Drawbacks of a dual systems approach to family firms: Can we expand our thinking? Family Business Review IV (4): 383–95.

Wicker, A.W., and K.A. Burley. 1991. Close coupling in work-family relationships: Making and implementing decisions in a new family business and at home. Human Relations 44 (1): 77–92.

Wong, S. 1985. The Chinese family firm: A model. British Journal of Sociology 36 (1): 58–72.

Zaleznik, A., and M.F.R. Kets de Vries. 1975. Power and the corporate mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Zaltman, G., and R. Duncan. 1976. Strategies for planned change. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Zeitlin, M. 1976. Corporate ownership and control: The large corporation and the capitalist class. American Journal of Sociology 79 (5): 1073–119.