Index
Symbols
- * (asterisk), multiplication operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- : (colon)
- {} (curly braces), enclosing JSON objects, JSON-JSON
- = (equal sign), assignment operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- == (equal sign, double), equal to operator, Example 5-10: Click the Mouse-Example 5-10: Click the Mouse, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- != (exclamation point, equal sign), not equal to operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- < (left angle bracket), less than operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- <= (left angle bracket, equal sign), less than or equal operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- - (minus sign), subtraction operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- # (number sign)
- () (parentheses), in expressions, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- . (period), dot operator, Example 10-2: Make Multiple Objects
- + (plus sign), addition operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- > (right angle bracket), greater than operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- >= (right angle bracket, equal sign), greater than or equal operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- / (slash), division operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- [] (square brackets)
A
- add_library() function, Extend
- AIFF files, Sound
- alpha value, Example 3-18: Set Transparency
- ALT value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- and operator, Example 5-15: The Bounds of a Rectangle, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys, Order of Operations
- animation, Motion
- bouncing off screen edges, Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall-Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall
- circular movement, Circular-Robot 6: Motion
- frames, Frames-Example 8-2: Set the Frame Rate
- moving randomly, Random-Example 8-9: Move Shapes Randomly
- moving shapes, Speed and Direction-Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall
- moving with tweening, Tweening-Random
- robot using, Robot 6: Motion
- saving as images, Image and PDF Export-Example 13-4: Saving Images
- timed movement, Timers
- wrapping around screen, Example 8-4: Wrap Around-Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall
- APIs, accessing network data with, Network Data and APIs-Example 12-9: Chaining Square Brackets
- append() method, List Operations, Example 11-4: Declare and Append to a List
- applications, exporting sketches as, Share
- arc() function, Example 3-7: Draw Part of an Ellipse-Example 3-8: Draw with Degrees
- Arduino platform, Hello, Arduino-Example 13-9: Another Way to Look at the Data
- arithmetic operators, A Little Math-Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- arrays (see lists)
- arrow keys, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- arrow shape, Example 3-19: Draw an Arrow-Example 3-21: Create Some Creatures
- asterisk (*), multiplication operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
B
- background() function, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color, Example 5-5: The Dot Follows You
- Banzi, Massimo (Getting Started with Arduino), Hello, Arduino
- beginShape() function, Example 3-19: Draw an Arrow
- bool data type, Data Types
- boolean data type, Click
- bouncing shapes off screen edges, Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall-Example 8-5: Bounce Off the Wall
C
- case sensitivity, Uppercase and Lowercase
- circles
- circular movement, Circular-Robot 6: Motion
- classes, Define a Class-Create Objects
- code examples
- CODED value, Example 5-19: Move with Arrow Keys
- coding (see programming)
- colon (:)
- color
- background color, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color, Example 5-5: The Dot Follows You
- fill color, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color, Example 3-18: Set Transparency
- gray values, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays
- outline color, Color, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- transparency of, Example 3-18: Set Transparency
- values of, Color-Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color, Colors
- color coding in PDE, Color Coding
- Color Selector option, Tools menu, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- comma-separated values file (see CSV and TSV files)
- comments in code, Comments-Comments, Comments
- comparison operators (see relational operators)
- compound data types, Data Summary-Data Summary
- (see also dictionaries; lists; objects)
- Console, in PDE, Your First Program, Example 5-1: The draw() Function, Console
- contact information for this book, How to Contact Us
- CONTROL value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- conventions used in this book, Conventions Used in This Book
- coordinate system, Draw, Translate, Rotate, Scale
- cos() function, Circular-Robot 6: Motion
- createFont() function, Fonts
- createShape() function, Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape-Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape
- creature shapes, Example 3-21: Create Some Creatures-Comments
- CSV and TSV files, CSV Files-Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities
- data types in, handling, Getting the Right Type-Getting the Right Type
- header row in, Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities-Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities
- reading data from, Example 12-3: Read the Data-Example 12-3: Read the Data
- reading data into dictionaries, Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities-Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities
- reading data into lists, Example 12-4: Draw the Table-Example 12-4: Draw the Table
- robot using, Robot 10: Data-Robot 10: Data
- csv library, Example 12-3: Read the Data
- curly braces ({}), enclosing JSON objects, JSON-JSON
- cursor, location of, Location-Type
D
- data (see CSV and TSV files; dictionaries; JSON files;network data)
- data folder, Media-Media
- data types, Making Variables, Data Summary-Data Summary, Data Types
- degrees, Example 3-8: Draw with Degrees
- dictionaries, Data Summary-Dictionaries
- DictReader() function, Example 12-5: 29,740 Cities
- Display Window, The Display Window-Example 3-1: Draw a Window, Processing Variables
- dist() function, Example 5-7: Set Thickness on the Fly
- dots (see points)
- DOWN value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- draw() function, Once and Forever-Example 5-1: The draw() Function
- drawing, Draw
- drawings (see sketches)
E
- easing, Example 5-8: Easing Does It-Modifying Global Variables
- elif keyword, Example 5-19: Move with Arrow Keys
- ellipse() function, Example 2-1: Draw an Ellipse, Example 3-6: Draw an Ellipse, Example 3-14: On the Corner
- ellipseMode() function, Example 6-6: Rotation, Then Translation
- ellipses, Example 2-1: Draw an Ellipse-Example 2-2: Make Circles, Example 3-6: Draw an Ellipse, Example 3-14: On the Corner
- else blocks, Example 5-11: Detect When Not Clicked
- endShape() function, Example 3-19: Draw an Arrow-Example 3-21: Create Some Creatures
- equal sign (=), assignment operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- equal sign, double (==), equal to operator, Example 5-10: Click the Mouse-Example 5-10: Click the Mouse, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- errors, Coding Tips
- events, timed, Example 8-11: Triggering Timed Events
- Examples option, File menu, Examples and Reference
- exclamation point, equal sign (!=), not equal to operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- Export Application option, File menu, Share
- expressions, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic
F
- Feinberg, Jonathan, Preface-Preface
- fields, Fields and Methods, Define a Class, Example 10-2: Make Multiple Objects
- File menu
- fill() function, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color, Example 3-18: Set Transparency
- filter() function, Built-In Function Names
- float data type, Speed and Direction, Data Types
- fonts, Fonts-Example 7-8: Store Text in a String
- for loops, Repetition-Robot 2: Variables
- frame rate, Once and Forever, Frames-Example 8-2: Set the Frame Rate
- frameCount variable, Example 5-1: The draw() Function
- frameRate variable, Example 8-1: See the Frame Rate
- frames, Once and Forever, Frames-Example 8-2: Set the Frame Rate
- (see also draw() function)
- Fry, Ben, Preface-Preface
- functions, The Display Window, Functions-Example 9-2: Another Way to Roll
G
- Getting Started with Arduino (Banzi), Hello, Arduino
- GIF files, Example 7-3: Mousing Around with Images
- global keyword, Modifying Global Variables-Modifying Global Variables, Variable Scope
- global variables, Example 5-2: The setup() Function-Follow, Modifying Global Variables-Modifying Global Variables, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- graphics, history of, Giants-Family Tree
- (see also images; shapes; sketches)
- gray values, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays
I
- icons used in this book, Conventions Used in This Book
- if blocks, Example 5-10: Click the Mouse, Example 5-11: Detect When Not Clicked
- Igoe, Tom (Making Things Talk), Hello, Arduino
- image() function, Example 7-1: Load an Image-Example 7-3: Mousing Around with Images
- imageMode() function, Example 6-6: Rotation, Then Translation
- images
- import statement, Example 12-3: Read the Data, Python Standard Library
- in operator, Dictionaries, Order of Operations
- __init__ method, Define a Class-Define a Class
- insert() method, Example 11-9: Track Mouse Movements
- int data type, Speed and Direction, Data Types
- int() function, Getting the Right Type
L
- left angle bracket (<), less than operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- left angle bracket, equal sign (<=), less than or equal operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- LEFT value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- letters (see text)
- libraries, Extend
- libraries folder, Extend
- line() function, Example 3-3: Draw a Line
- lines
- Linux, downloading and installing Processing, Starting to Code
- list() function, List Operations
- lists, Lists-Example 11-3: Lists, Not Variables
- accessing in for loops, Repetition and Lists-Example 11-9: Track Mouse Movements
- appending values to, List Operations, Example 11-4: Declare and Append to a List
- creating, List Operations, Example 11-4: Declare and Append to a List
- data types in, List Operations
- of dictionaries, Lists of Dictionaries-Example 12-2: The Planets
- elements in, List Operations
- in for loops, Example 11-11: A New Way to Manage Objects
- index values in, List Operations
- initializing, List Operations, Example 11-5: Compact List Initialization, Example 11-7: Filling a List in a for Loop
- inserting values in, Example 11-9: Track Mouse Movements
- length of, determining, List Operations
- of objects, Lists of Objects
- overwriting values in, List Operations, Example 11-6: Revisiting the First Example-Example 11-6: Revisiting the First Example
- reading CSV data into, Example 12-4: Draw the Table-Example 12-4: Draw the Table
- robot using, Robot 9: Lists
- tracking mouse coordinates with, Example 11-9: Track Mouse Movements
- load() function, Example 12-6: Read a JSON File
- loadImage() function, Images-Example 7-3: Mousing Around with Images
- loadShape() function, Shapes
- local variables, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- logical operators, Example 5-15: The Bounds of a Rectangle, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys, Order of Operations
- loop() method, Example 13-1: Play a Sample
- loops (see for loops)
- lowercase, in code, Uppercase and Lowercase
M
- Maker Movement, How to Contact Us
- Making Things Talk (Igoe), Hello, Arduino
- map() function, Example 5-21: Map with the map() Function, Built-In Function Names
- mapping values to a range, Map-Example 5-21: Map with the map() Function
- media files, Media-Media
- (see also fonts; images; vector shapes)
- Message Area, in PDE, Your First Program, Coding Tips
- methods, Fields and Methods, Define a Class, Define a Class-Create Objects, Example 10-2: Make Multiple Objects
- millis() function, Timers
- minus sign (-), subtraction operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- mode drop-down menu, Python Mode
- motion (see animation)
- mouse
- clicked, detecting, Click-Example 5-10: Click the Mouse
- location of, detecting, Location-Type
- not clicked, detecting, Example 5-11: Detect When Not Clicked
- robot responding to, Robot 3: Response
- tracking, Example 5-4: Track the Mouse-Example 5-9: Smooth Lines with Easing
- tracking loosely, Example 5-8: Easing Does It-Modifying Global Variables
- tracking with lists, Example 11-9: Track Mouse Movements
- which button clicked, detecting, Example 5-12: Multiple Mouse Buttons-Location
- mouseButton variable, Example 5-12: Multiple Mouse Buttons
- mousePressed variable, Click
- mouseX variable, Example 5-4: Track the Mouse
- mouseY variable, Example 5-4: Track the Mouse
- MP3 files, Sound
O
- object-oriented programming (OOP), Objects
- objects, Objects-Fields and Methods
- online resources
- Arduino, Hello, Arduino
- fonts, Fonts
- for this book, How to Contact Us
- libraries, Extend
- media files, Media
- Processing, Join In, Starting to Code
- Processing Reference for Python, Examples and Reference
- Python libraries, Python Standard Library
- robot vector shapes, Robot 5: Media
- style guidelines, Style
- OOP (object-oriented programming), Objects
- open() function, Example 12-3: Read the Data, Built-In Function Names
- OpenType fonts, Fonts
- operator precedence, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- operators
- or operator, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys, Order of Operations
- order of code execution, Example 5-2: The setup() Function-Example 5-2: The setup() Function, Function Basics
- order of operations (see operator precedence)
- OS X
- outlines
P
- P5 robot (see robot)
- parameters, of functions, Example 9-5: An Owl Function-Example 9-5: An Owl Function, Functions and Parameters
- parentheses (()), in expressions, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- patterns, repeating (see for loops)
- PDE (see Processing Development Environment)
- PDF files, exporting sketches to, Example 13-5: Draw to a PDF
- period (.), dot operator, Example 10-2: Make Multiple Objects
- persistence of vision, Motion
- PFont data type, Data Types
- PI value, Example 3-7: Draw Part of an Ellipse
- PImage objects, Data Types
- pixels, Draw
- play() method, Example 13-1: Play a Sample
- plus sign (+), addition operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- pmouseX variable, Example 5-6: Draw Continuously
- pmouseY variable, Example 5-6: Draw Continuously
- PNG files, Example 7-3: Mousing Around with Images
- point() function, Example 3-2: Draw a Point
- points
- popMatrix() function, Push and Pop-Example 6-10: Isolating Transformations
- Present option, Sketch menu, Show
- print statement, Console
- Processing, Preface-Preface
- Processing Development Environment (PDE), Your First Program
- color coding in, Color Coding
- Console, Your First Program, Example 5-1: The draw() Function, Console
- Display Window, The Display Window-Example 3-1: Draw a Window, Processing Variables
- main window, Starting to Code, Your First Program
- menus (see specific menus)
- Message Area, Your First Program, Coding Tips
- tabs, Code in Tabs-Robot 8: Objects
- toolbar, Python Mode, Example 2-2: Make Circles
- Processing Reference for Python, Examples and Reference
- Processing.py, Preface-Preface
- programming, Hello-Sketching and Prototyping
- prototyping (see sketching and prototyping)
- PShape data type, Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape, Data Types
- pushMatrix() function, Push and Pop-Example 6-10: Isolating Transformations
- Python, Preface-Preface
- Python mode, for Processing, Python Mode-Python Mode
- Python/Java drop-down menu, Python Mode
R
- radians, Example 3-7: Draw Part of an Ellipse-Example 3-8: Draw with Degrees
- radians() function, Example 3-8: Draw with Degrees
- random() function, Random-Example 8-9: Move Shapes Randomly, Example 9-1: Roll the Dice
- randomSeed() function, Example 8-9: Move Shapes Randomly
- range() function, Example 4-6: Use a for Loop
- reader() function, Example 12-3: Read the Data
- Reas, Casey, Preface-Preface
- rect() function, Example 3-5: Draw a Rectangle
- rectangles
- rectMode() function, Example 6-6: Rotation, Then Translation
- relational operators, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- repetition (see for loops)
- return keyword, Example 9-8: Return a Value
- return value, for functions, Return Values-Example 9-8: Return a Value
- RGB (red, green, blue) values, Color-Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- right angle bracket (>), greater than operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- right angle bracket, equal sign (>=), greater than or equal operator, Example 5-13: Find the Cursor, Order of Operations
- RIGHT value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- robot
- changing dimensions of, Robot 2: Variables
- circular movement, Robot 6: Motion
- dimensions responding to mouse movements, Robot 3: Response
- drawing, Robot 1: Draw
- drawing with functions, Robot 7: Functions
- image background for, Robot 5: Media
- objects for, Robot 8: Objects
- as objects in list, Robot 9: Lists-Robot 9: Lists
- random movement, Robot 6: Motion
- transformations of, Robot 4: Translate, Rotate, Scale
- TSV file containing data for, Robot 10: Data-Robot 10: Data
- vector shapes for, Robot 5: Media
- rotate() function, Rotate-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- rotations, Rotate-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- Run button, toolbar, Example 2-1: Draw an Ellipse
- Run option, Sketch menu, Show
S
- Save option, File menu, Save and New
- saveFrame() function, Image and PDF Export-Example 13-4: Saving Images
- scale() function, Scale-Example 6-9: Keeping Strokes Consistent
- scaling, Scale-Example 6-9: Keeping Strokes Consistent, Example 7-10: Scaling Shapes
- scope of variables, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- self parameter, Define a Class
- sensor, reading from, Example 13-6: Read a Sensor-Example 13-6: Read a Sensor
- serial port, reading from, Example 13-7: Read Data from the Serial Port-Example 13-7: Read Data from the Serial Port
- set() function, Built-In Function Names
- setup() function, Example 5-2: The setup() Function
- shape() function, Example 7-9: Draw with Shapes, Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape-Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape
- shapeMode() function, Example 6-6: Rotation, Then Translation, Example 7-10: Scaling Shapes
- shapes, Basic Shapes-Example 3-8: Draw with Degrees
- (see also sketches)
- animating (see animation)
- arrow shape, Example 3-19: Draw an Arrow-Example 3-21: Create Some Creatures
- background color, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- circles, Example 2-2: Make Circles
- creature shapes, Example 3-21: Create Some Creatures-Comments
- custom shapes, Custom Shapes-Comments
- ellipses, Example 2-1: Draw an Ellipse-Example 2-2: Make Circles, Example 3-6: Draw an Ellipse, Example 3-14: On the Corner
- fill color, Example 3-15: Paint with Grays, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- fill, eliminating, Example 3-16: Control Fill and Stroke
- order drawn, Drawing Order-Example 3-10: Put It in Reverse
- outline color, Color, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- outline, eliminating, Example 3-16: Control Fill and Stroke
- quadrilaterals, Example 3-4: Draw Basic Shapes
- rectangles, Example 3-5: Draw a Rectangle
- robot using, Robot 1: Draw
- rotating, Rotate-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- scaling, Scale-Example 6-9: Keeping Strokes Consistent
- translating, Translate-Example 6-2: Multiple Translations, Example 6-5: Translation, Then Rotation-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- triangles, Example 3-4: Draw Basic Shapes
- vector shapes, Shapes-Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape
- SHIFT value, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- Show Sketch option, Sketch menu, Save and New
- sin() function, Circular-Robot 6: Motion
- size() function, The Display Window-Example 3-1: Draw a Window, Processing Variables, Example 5-2: The setup() Function
- Sketch menu, Show-Save and New
- sketchbooks
- sketches
- sketching and prototyping, Sketching and Prototyping-Flexibility
- slash (/), division operator, Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic, Order of Operations
- sound file formats, Sound
- Sound library, Sound-Example 13-3: Create a Sine Wave
- special variables
- frameCount, Example 5-1: The draw() Function
- frameRate, Example 8-1: See the Frame Rate
- height, Processing Variables
- key, Example 5-16: Tap a Key, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys-Example 5-19: Move with Arrow Keys
- keyCode, Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- keyPressed, Type
- mouseButton, Example 5-12: Multiple Mouse Buttons
- mousePressed, Click
- mouseX and mouseY, Example 5-4: Track the Mouse
- pmouseX and pmouseY, Example 5-6: Draw Continuously
- width, Processing Variables
- spiral movement, Example 8-15: Spirals
- spreadsheet data files (see CSV and TSV files)
- square brackets ([])
- Stop button, toolbar, Example 2-2: Make Circles
- stop() method, Example 13-1: Play a Sample
- str (string) data type, Example 7-8: Store Text in a String, Data Types
- stroke() function, Color, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- strokeCap() function, Example 3-12: Set Stroke Caps
- strokeJoin() function, Example 3-13: Set Stroke Joins
- strokes (see lines; outlines)
- strokeWeight() function, Example 3-11: Set Stroke Weight, Example 5-7: Set Thickness on the Fly, Example 6-9: Keeping Strokes Consistent
- style guidelines, Style-Style
- SVG files, Shapes
T
- tab-separated values file (see CSV and TSV files)
- tabs, in PDE, Code in Tabs-Robot 8: Objects
- text
- text() function, Example 5-17: Draw Some Letters-Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys, Example 7-6: Drawing with Fonts-Example 7-8: Store Text in a String
- textAlign() function, Example 5-17: Draw Some Letters-Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys
- textFont() function, Fonts
- textSize() function, Example 5-17: Draw Some Letters-Example 5-18: Check for Specific Keys, Example 7-6: Drawing with Fonts-Example 7-8: Store Text in a String
- this global variable, Processing Libraries and Example Code
- timed events, Example 8-11: Triggering Timed Events
- timers, Timers
- toolbar, Python Mode, Example 2-2: Make Circles
- Tools menu, Color Selector option, Example 3-17: Draw with Color
- transformations
- isolating, Push and Pop-Example 6-10: Isolating Transformations
- mappings, Map-Example 5-21: Map with the map() Function
- robot using, Robot 4: Translate, Rotate, Scale
- rotations, Rotate-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- scaling, Scale-Example 6-9: Keeping Strokes Consistent
- translations, Translate-Example 6-2: Multiple Translations, Example 6-5: Translation, Then Rotation-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- translate() function, Translate-Example 6-2: Multiple Translations, Example 6-5: Translation, Then Rotation-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- translations, Translate-Example 6-2: Multiple Translations, Example 6-5: Translation, Then Rotation-Example 6-7: An Articulating Arm
- transparency
- triangle() function, Example 3-4: Draw Basic Shapes
- TrueType fonts, Fonts
- TSV files (see CSV and TSV files)
- tweening, Tweening-Random
- TWO_PI value, Example 3-7: Draw Part of an Ellipse
- type (see data type; key press; text)
- type() function, Data Types
V
- variables, Variables-Making Variables
- arithmetic with, A Little Math-Example 4-4: Basic Arithmetic
- creating, Making Variables
- data type of, Making Variables
- in for loops, Example 4-6: Use a for Loop
- global variables, Example 5-2: The setup() Function-Follow, Modifying Global Variables-Modifying Global Variables, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- list of (see lists)
- local variables, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- name of, Making Variables
- in objects (see fields)
- robot using, Robot 2: Variables
- scope of, Variable Scope-Variable Scope
- special variables (see special variables)
- value of, Making Variables
- when created, Example 5-2: The setup() Function
- vector shapes, Shapes-Example 7-11: Creating a New Shape
- vertex() function, Example 3-19: Draw an Arrow
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