Chapter 1
1. https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en
2. https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en
3. https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/trade-organizations/association-southeast-asian-nations-asean/us-asean-10-trade-and-investmant-facts
4. (Broda, Greenfield and Weinstein 2006)
5. (Feenstra 2006)
6. (Ben Yahmed and Dougherty 2017)
7. (Grossmana and Rossi-Hansberg 2006)
8. (Syversen 2004)
9. (Lopez-Garcia 2015)
10. (McKinsey and Company 2019)
11. Ibid.
12. (McKinsey Growth Institute 2019)
13. https://tutorialspoint.com/blockchain/index.htm
14. (Iansiti and Lakhani 2017)
15. (Fan and Chiffelle 2018)
16. (Freund, Mulabdic and Ruta 2020)
17. (Martin 2018)
18. (Ghemawat 2007)
19. (Hamel and Prahalad 1985)
20. (A Bigger World 2008)
21. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
22. (Yip 1992)
23. (Pearce and Robinson, Jr. 2015)
24. (Pettinger 2019)
25. Ibid.
Chapter 2
1. (de Kluyver 2010)
2. (Gupta, et al. 2008)
3. (de Kluyver 2010)
4. Lemonade’s European Expansion begins in Germany
5. (de Kluyver 2010)
6. https://theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/10/harley-davidson-tariffs-trump-motorcycles; https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/harley-brand-stores-skip-metros-for-north-east/articleshow/63673938.cms
7. (Ghemawat 2007)
8. (Meenakshi February 26, 2018)
9. (Ghemawat 2017)
10. (Morschett, et al. 2015)
11. (Ricart, et al. 2004)
12. Ibid.
13. https://us.pg.com/structure-and-governance/corporate-structure/
14. (Helhoski 2020)
15. (Sofi 2020)
16. (Shu 2020)
17. (Edwards 2014)
18. (Kennedy 2020)
19. Ibid.
20. (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989)
21. Ibid.
22. (Norwich University Online 2017)
Chapter 3
1. (Muller 2018)
2. (Van Agtmael 2007)
3. The main criteria used for classification are (1) per capita income level, (2) export diversification, and (3) degree of integration into the global financial system.
4. For 2018, low-income countries are those with GNI (gross net income) per capita of 1,005 U.S. dollars or less in 2016; lower middle-income economies are those with GNI per capita between 1,005 and 3,955 U.S. dollars; upper middle-income economies are those with GNI per capita between 3,956 and 12,235 U.S. dollars.
5. (Muller 2018)
6. (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2012)
7. (Muller 2018)
8. (Cuervo-Cazurra and Dau July 5, 2008)
9. https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/foresight/topic/expanding-influence-east-south/emerging-market-developing-economies-growth-en
10. (IMF World Economic Outlook April 2018)
11. (Muller 2018)
12. (Aulakh and Kotabe 2008)
13. (Muller 2018)
14. (OECD Development Center 2018)
15. (Muller 2018)
16. (Khanna and Yafeh 2007)
17. https://multilingualexecutives.com/how-cultural-differences-impact-international-business/
18. (Prahalad and Hart 2002)
19. (Prahalad and Lieberthal 2003)
20. (Gunther May 2014)
21. Ibid
22. (Simanis June 2012)
24. Ibid.
26. (Efrat, Ghadar and Peterson 2020)
27. (Coppola, Krick and Blohmke 2019)
28. (Maclean 2016)
29. https://multilingualexecutives.com/how-cultural-differences-impact-international-business
30. Stranded assets and scenarios, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University, (January 2014), https://smithschool.ox.ac.uk/research/sustainablefinance/publications/Stranded-Assets-and-Scenarios-Discussion-Paper.pdf
31. Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot, LSE, (July 2019), http://lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/
32. (Fariborz 2006)
33. Ibid.
34. wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GRI_Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2019-snapshot-2.pdf
35. (Bhagwaty n.d.)
36. (Daly 2007)
Chapter 4
1. (Kell August 13, 2014)
2. (ADEC Innovations, ESG Solutions n.d.)
3. (2018 Responsibility Highlights Report 2018)
4. (5by20 Coca-Cola 2020)
5. (Ford Sustainability Report 2018/19)
6. (Environmental Social and Governance Report 2018)
7. (VF Made for Change Report 2018)
8. (Temple-West 2019)
9. (Rajesh and Rajendran 2019)
10. (Henisz, Koller and Nuttall 2019)
11. (Randolph 2019)
12. (NextEra Energy assessed as having best-in-class preparedness, according to S&P Global Ratings’ methodology for environmental, social and governance factors 2019)
13. (Wallens 2016)
14. (Parks, et al. 2020) and (Woetzel, et al. 2020)
15. (Norton 2020)
16. https://forbesindia.com/blog/climate-change/why-it-makes-business-sense-to-flatten-the-global-warming-curve/
17. (Hoti, McAleer and Pauwels 2005)
18. (Sudha 2015)
19. (Halkos and Sepetis 2007)
20. (Vasal 2009)
21. (Van Beurden and Gössling 2008); (Friede, Busch and Bassen 2015); (Ortas, et al. 2015) and (Duque-Grisales and Aguilera-Caracuel 2019)
22. (Cahan, et al. 2015); (Eccles and Serafeim 2013); (Fatemi, Fooladi and Tehranian 2015); (Filbeck, Gorman, and Zhao 2009); (Lo and Sheu 2007) and (Rodriguez-Fernandez 2016)
23. (Branco and Rodrigues 2008); (Brammer, Brooks and Pavelin 2006); (Lee, Faff and Langfeld-Smith 2009)
24. (Orlitzky, Schmidt and Rynes 2003); (Galema, Plantinga and Scholtens 2008); (Statman 2006) and (Horváthová 2010)
25. (Hamilton, Jo and Statman 1993)
26. (Kell July 31, 2018)
27. (KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2017)
28. (ESG information is now critical for investors 2019)
29. (Cohen 2019)
30. (Davis 2020)
31. (Henisz, Koller and Nuttall 2019)
32. (Holger 2019)
33. Ibid.
34. (Kyriakou 2020)
35. (Scaggs 2019)
36. (Tschopp 2003)
37. (Eccles and Klimenko 2019)
38. (Defining Materiality: What matters to reporters and investors 2015)
39. (Asset owner strategy guide: How to craft an investment strategy 2018)
40. (Driving ESG investing in Asia: The imperative for growth 2018)
41. (ESG integration in the Asia Pacific: Markets, practices, and data 2019)
42. Ibid.
43. (ESG and alpha in China 2020)
44. (KPIs for ESG: A guideline for the integration of ESG into financial analysis and corporate valuation 2009)
45. (Van Duuren, Plantinga and Scholtens 2016)
46. (ESG integration in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa: Markets, practices, and data 2019)
47. (ESG integration in the Asia Pacific: Markets, practices, and data 2019)
Chapter 5
1. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Richard B. Robinson, Jr. for his collaboration on major sections of this chapter. Prahalad and Hamel (May/June 1990).
2. https://bain.com/insights/management-tools-core-competences/ (accessed June 2020).
3. (Herbert 2000)
4. Ibid.
5. (Herbert 2000)
6. (McNulty October. 27, 2015)
7. https://strategy-business.com/blog/Leading-in-an-Increasingly-VUCA-World?gko=5b7fc
8. (Chesbrough 2006) and (Chesbrough 2006)
9. Adapted from - Openinnovation.eu, (accessed June 2020).
10. http://mixprize.org/hack/global-solutions-local-failure-overcomig-barriers-implementing-open-innovation/ (accessed June 2020).
11. Palzer (2018)
Chapter 6
1. (Lynch 2008)
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. (Berrada December 2015)
6. (Mhugos January 4, 2020)
7. (Lessard, Lucea, and Vives October 25, 2012)
8. Ibid.
9. (Pearce and David 1987)
10. (Pearce 1982)
11. https://mission-statement.com/microsoft/#:~:text=%20Some%20of%20the%20components%20
that%20emerge%20from,While%20doing%20what%20it%20does%20best%2C...%20More%20
12. https://mission-statement.com/coca-cola/
13. (Young and Reeves March 2020)
14. Ibid.
15. (Luqmania, Leacha and Jesson 2017)
Chapter 7
1. (Zimmerman and Nelson July 29, 2006)
2. “A Practical Guide to Alliances: Leapfrogging the Learning Curve” (1993)
3. Los Angeles, CA: Booz Allen & Hamilton.
4. (De Vault October 2018)
5. 10 Most Profitable Franchise Businesses in India for 2020 (2020).
6. (Mehta 2012)
8. (Engelbrecht, et al. 2019)
9. Alliance Best Practice, Ltd.
10. Engelbrecht, et al. op. cit.
11. (Pearce and Hatfield 2002)
12. Extracted with permission from (Pearce and Robinson 2000).
13. (Green, Barclay and Ryans 1995)
14. (Birkinshaw and Brewis October 12, 2016)
Chapter 8
1. The Liberty Beacon (January 06, 2014)
2. https://mcdonalds.com; https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/about-us/around-the-world.html; and Bernadine Racoma (2019) How McDonalds Adapts Around the World, https://daytranslations.com/blog/how-mcdonalds-adapts-around-the-world/
3. Eppinger and Chitkara (Summer 2006)
4. Santos, Doz, and Williamson (Summer 2004)
5. Ariel (n.d.)
6. Sallet, Paisley and Masterman (September 2009)
7. Ezell (January 12, 2009)
8. WebTimesMedia (December 18, 2013)
9. Mills and others (2008)
10. Santos, et al. op. cit. p.
11. Ramirez (June 11, 2020)
12. Ibid.
13. Jana (March 31, 2009)
14. (Samuel 2015)
15. Corbin (January 16, 2017)
16. O’Kelley (March 22, 2017)
Chapter 9
1. (Aaker and Joachimsthaler November–December 1999)
2. (Kahn 2013)
3. (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989)
4. (Douglas, Craig and Nijssen 2001)
5. Ibid, p. 103.
6. Ibid, p. 104.
7. (Silverstein 2008)
8. (Roll March 2014).
9. (Holt, Quelch and Taylor September 2004)
10. https://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/methodology/ (accessed May 2020)
11. (Roll October 2019)
Chapter 10
1. https://investopedia.com/ask/answers/043015/what-difference-between-value-chain-and-supply-chain.asp, (accessed June 2020).
2. (Henderson, Dhanaraj and Avagyan with Perrinjaquet 2014)
3. (Myers and CheungJuly 2008)
4. (Lee October2004)
5. (BCI Global 2020)
6. (MSN June 1919, 2020)
7. (BofA Global Research 2020)
8. (Sheffi October2005)
9. (Kazemi 2019)
10. (Bové and Swartz November 11, 2016)
11. Ibid.
12. (NatWest September 4, 2020)
13. (The Sustainability Consortium 2016)
14. (World Wildlife Fund and CDP 2013)
15. (CDP 2016)
16. (Bové and Swartz November 11, 2016)
17. Ibid.
Chapter 11
1. (Dewhurst, Heywood and Rieckhof 2011)
2. (Dewhurst, Harris and Heywood 2011)
3. (Sull, et al. November 2017)
4. (Desai July–August 2008)
5. Ibid.
6. (Guthridge and Komm May 2008)
7. (Lang, von Szczepanski and Wurzer 2019)
8. Ibid.
9. (Starvish 2013)
10. Lego to open more than 140 stores in 35 Chinese cities (2019)
11. (Korn 2015)
12. (Gartner July 18, 2019)
13. Ibid.
14. (Eklund, Woodcock and Tam 2018)