Index
- ABC 2, 26, 106, 112, 114, 137, 150, 185, 189, 286
- ABC News 149, 219
- aboriginal people’s TV see indigenous people’s TV
- Abu Dhabi 227, 233
- activism
- Adobe Flash 75, 92, 99
- Advance Publications 118, 221
- Advance Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 76, 82
- advertising 267–271
- Afghanistan 206, 282
- AFP (Agence France‐Presse) 211–212
- Africa, pluralistic and free press 60
- Agence France‐Presse (AFP) 211–212
- AI (artificial intelligence) 72, 73, 173, 264, 270
- Al‐Hayat 224, 227, 231, 232
- Al Jazeera 223, 225–227, 228, 233
- Code of Ethics 232
- Al Jazeera English 233
- Al‐Qaeda 225, 290
- Alexa 119
- Alhurra 205
- Alibaba 72, 93, 263
- Allende, Salvador 6
- Alphabet 221–223
- Amazon 120, 263, 264, 265–266
- Alibaba compared with 263
- Amazon Fire TV 84
- Amazon Prime 137, 140, 150, 152, 176, 218, 266
- Amazon Prime Music 173
- America see United States
- America Online (AOL) 116, 188, 194, 195, 285
- AMSD (Audiovisual Media Services Directive; Television without Frontiers Directive) 158
- analog era 76, 81, 87, 88
- Android mobile operating system 119, 146
- animation 13, 110, 112–113
- Anonymous 26
- AOL 116, 188, 194, 195, 285
- Apple 120–121, 264–265
- Apple Music 121, 171–172
- Apple News 220
- Apple TV 84, 121, 266–267
- APTN 144, 146
- Arab countries and Middle East 223–234
- Arab League Satellite Media Charter 229
- Arab News 231
- Arena network 110
- Arnett, Peter 189–190, 191
- ARPA and DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) 74, 75, 88–89
- ARPANET 89, 96, 97
- art(s) (culture and) 14
- music 178–179
- artificial intelligence (AI) 72, 73, 173, 264, 270
- artists and repertoire (A&R) 177
- Asharq Alawsat 224, 227, 232
- Asia 235–259
- globalization see globalization
- music industry 179, 182
- stakeholders 145, 146–147, 148, 201–202
- see also Radio Free Asia
- Associated Press (AP) 210, 212–213
- AT&T–Time Warner merger 102, 105, 114, 116, 196
- ATSC (Advance Television Systems Committee) 76, 82
- Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AMSD; AVMS; AVMSD; Television without Frontiers Directive) 158
- Australia
- automobiles (cars), music in 176
- AVMS/AVMSD (Audiovisual Media Services Directive; Television without Frontiers Directive) 158
- Axel Springer 136, 141
- Azcárraga family
- Baghdad
- Baidu 85, 92, 93, 145, 175, 263, 263–264
- Bangladesh, Internet access 83
- banner ads 92
- blocking and blindness 261
- Barclay’s Risk Analytics and Index Solutions 216
- Baywatch 6, 13, 24, 283
- BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 14, 47, 140, 155–156, 156, 163, 166–167, 176–177, 197–200, 206
- BBC One 198
- BBC Prime 199
- BBC Two 198
- BBC World (TV) 198
- BBC World News 166
- BBC Worldwide 166
- Berne Convention 76, 181
- Berners‐Lee, Tim 75, 89, 97, 98, 99
- Bertelsmann 136–138, 178, 285
- bias
- bin Laden, Osama 225–226
- bloggers, Middle East 230–232
- Blogsmusik 172
- Bloomberg 216
- BMG (Bertelsmann Music Group) 138
- Bolloré, Vincent Bolloré 269
- Bollywood 149–150, 244–250
- Bravo 110–112
- Brazil, Globo 94, 145–146, 147
- bribery and corruption, Arab world 231–232
- Britbox 140
- British Broadcasting Corporation see BBC
- British Empire 279
- see also United Kingdom
- Broadband Commission (US) 72
- broadcast networks, terrestrial see terrestrial TV
- Broadcasting Board of Governors 202, 203, 205
- browsers 86
- Apple (Safari) 266
- Bulgaria 163, 164
- Bush, GW, and his administration 59, 62, 189, 190, 225, 226, 229
- Bush, Jeb 194
- business and financial news 107, 112, 210, 216, 217
- BuzzFeed 216–217
- cable see satellite and cable systems
- Cable News Network see CNN
- Cambridge Analytica 94, 265
- Canada 281–282
- Canal+ 143
- Cannes Film Festival 135, 238, 268
- capitalism 19, 20, 21, 276
- cars, music in 176
- cartoon(s), Prophet Muhammad in 232
- Cartoon Network 107
- CB (citizens‐band) radio 157
- CBS 2, 26, 114, 115, 137
- CCTV (China Central Television) 236–237
- CD see compact disc
- cell phones see mobile phones
- Cengage 214
- censorship 10
- South Korea 256
- Central America see Latin America
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4
- Chilean government overthrow and 6–7
- centrality of communication (in development process) 43
- CGE (Compagnie Générale des Eaux) 143
- Channel NewsAsia 201
- Channel V 251
- Charter Communications 121–122
- Chiapas (Mexico), uprising 5
- Chile, military coup 6–7
- China 235–239
- advertising companies based in 262–264, 271
- Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) 78
- gaming 93
- as global leader 72, 73
- globalization 235–239
- Indian entertainment and bilateral exchanges with 247
- Internet 69
- Korean cultural product export to 253, 254
- music streaming 173, 174
- news agencies 209, 214–215, 220
- social media 220
- stakeholders 145, 148
- Tiananmen Square protests 87, 188–189
- virtual private networks 87
- China Central Television (CCTV) 236–237
- China International Television Corporation 238
- China Radio International (CRI) 236
- China Satellite News Gathering Alliance (CSNG) 239
- Christian colonialism 11
- Chromecast (Google) 84, 119
- CIA see Central Intelligence Agency
- cinema see films
- CISAC (Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs) 179, 180
- Cisneros 145
- Citizen Exchange Program 202
- citizen journalism, Arab world 230–232
- citizens‐band (CB) radio 157
- civil war
- Clinton, President 61, 207
- CNA (Channel NewsAsia) 201
- CNN (Cable News Network) 15, 117, 185–208, 217
- coca cola and colonization (cocacolonization) 132, 278
- Cold War 1, 4, 31, 67, 81, 89, 99, 203
- colonialism
- electronic see electronic colonialism
- global 11–13
- military 11, 54
- see also decolonization; re‐colonization
- colour TV, poorer nations 32
- Comcast 93, 102, 103, 105, 110–112, 116, 122, 143, 245
- Comcast Spectacor 110
- commercialism 77, 156, 157, 168
- BBC and 198
- communication (basic background) 1–30
- communism (and its end) 1, 4, 6, 7, 34, 76, 163, 286
- compact disc (CD) 88, 146
- video 94
- Compagnie Générale des Eaux (CGE) 143
- competition
- computer hardware and software 286
- Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC) 179, 180
- conglomerates (multimedia/multinational corporations) viii, 20, 102–154
- Congo civil war 194–195
- consultancies, advertising 268
- Cook, John 194
- copyright 76
- music 179–180
- core zones/nations 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 33, 37, 39, 40, 64, 70, 127, 271, 279–280, 282, 283, 285, 286
- correspondents (journalists/reporters and journalism/reporting)
- corruption and bribery, Arab world 231–232
- costs of reporting 9–10
- Creative Europe, MEDIA Program/Sub‐Program 135, 158
- CRI (China Radio International) 236
- Crimean War 8
- cringe, cultural 132
- Crusades 11
- CSNG (China Satellite News Gathering Alliance) 239
- Cuba, US broadcasting to 203–204
- cultural cringe 132
- cultural imperialism 15, 39, 40, 51, 125, 130–132, 285
- Korean wave’s 257
- culture 3
- cybersecurity see sec urity
- Czech Republic 163, 164
- DAB (digital audio broadcasting) 71, 176
- DAN (Dentsu Aegis Network) 268, 269
- Danish newspaper, cartoons of Prophet Muhammad 232
- “dark” web 86
- DARPA and ARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) 74, 75, 88–89
- data privacy 18, 74, 119, 266, 288
- decolonization 12, 48, 51
- Deezer 172
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 74, 75, 88
- Denmark, newspaper cartoons of Prophet Muhammad 232
- Dentsu (Dentsu Aegis Network; DAN) 268, 269
- dependency theory 18, 22, 23, 276
- Deutsche Welle 167, 200–201
- developed nations see industrialized nations
- developing (poorer/less‐developed) nations and countries ix, 32
- development journalism/communication 32, 34
- electronic colonialism and 12–13
- NWICO and 8
- TV 32
- see also peripheral zones/nations; South‐to‐North counterflow
- development communication 31–46
- development journalism 33, 35, 44, 45, 53
- diaspora and expatriates
- Didi Chuxing 262
- diffusion studies 41–42
- Digital Agenda for Europe 159
- digital audio broadcasting (DAB) 71, 176
- Digital Economy Act, (2017 – UK) 95
- digital single market (Europe) 159–160
- digital technology
- digital TV 32, 76, 134
- digital video discs (DVDs) 283
- digital/web‐based media 81, 81–101
- diplomacy, public
- direct broadcast satellite (DBS) 50, 68, 142, 157
- Discovery Communications 122
- Disney, Walter 30–31
- Disney (Walt Disney company) 112–114, 286
- DNS (domain name system) 73–74
- earthquakes in China 209
- East Germany 286
- Eastern Europe, media policy failure 163–165
- ebooks 82, 120, 121, 126
- EBU see European Broadcasting Union
- Economist, The 119, 141, 186
- economy (global) 2, 186, 275–277, 284–285
- Egypt 227, 229, 229–230, 230, 230–231, 232, 233
- Eisenhower, President 287
- El Hafez, Salaheddine 229, 230
- electronic books (ebooks) 82, 120, 121, 126
- electronic colonialism (technological colonialism; ECT) viii, 11–19, 54, 274, 277–279, 283
- Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) 74
- electronic sports (eSports) 150–151
- embedded journalists, Second Gulf War 196
- Endemol Shine Group 109, 141
- English language 5, 7, 278, 279
- Enlightenment (c. 1600–1800) viii
- Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 133, 148, 157, 167, 168, 174
- ERT (Hellenic Radio‐Television) 165
- ESPN 106, 109, 114, 151
- ESPN+ 113
- eSports 150–151
- Euronews 165–166, 187, 201
- Europe 133–144, 152, 155–170
- European Audiovisual Observatory 135
- European Broadcasting Union (EBU) 139
- Greece and 165
- European Commission 94, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168
- European Union (EU) 133–144
- Eurovision (Song Contest) 157, 165
- Executive Memorandum #403 (UNESCO) 61
- expatriates see diaspora
- “Facebook Girl” 231
- Facebook 265
- FANG (FAANG) companies 264–267
- Fattah, Hassan 233
- FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 70, 149
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 70, 149
- films (movies and cinema)
- financial and business news 107, 112, 210, 216, 217
- Financial Times 107, 141
- Finland’s president Urho Kekkonen 51
- First World War (WWI) and electronic colonialism 13
- Flash (Adobe) 75, 92, 99
- Ford Motor Corporation 278–279
- foreign correspondents 7, 8, 10, 35, 187
- war see war correspondents
- Fox (Fox Group; 21st Century Fox) 93, 102, 103, 105, 108–110, 116, 123
- Fox Deportes 109
- Fox News 185, 187, 195, 196, 207
- France
- France 24 168, 187, 206
- Frankfurt School 14, 38, 41
- free flow (data/information) 1, 9, 25, 34, 50, 51, 288
- free press (independent press) 9
- Freemantle Radio 137
- Freeview 162–163
- functionalism 38–39
- “Gangnam Style” 250
- Gannett 123
- Gaza and Israel 226
- geosynchronous/geostationary (GEO) satellites 77, 78
- Germany
- Getty Images 33, 145
- GII (global information infrastructure) 79, 82
- Global Commission on Internet Governance 73
- global information infrastructure (GII) 79, 82
- global positioning satellites (GPS) 79
- globalization 235–259
- Globo 94, 145–146, 147
- glocalization 132
- GNP see gross national product
- GoDaddy 74
- Going Abroad Project 238
- Google 118–119, 263
- Google Chromecast 84, 119
- Google Maps 86
- government regulation see state/government regulation
- GPS (global positioning satellites) 79
- graphical user interface (GUI) browsers 89
- Happy Station 167
- hardware 286
- HarperCollins 107
- Harry Fox Agency 181
- Havas 144, 210, 211, 266, 267, 269, 270
- HDTV (high‐definition digital TV) 32, 76, 140, 141
- Heikel, Mohamed Hassainein 232
- Helal, Ibrahim M. 225
- Hellenic Radio‐Television (ERT) 165
- heterogenization (cultural) 132
- high‐definition digital TV (HDTV) 32, 76, 140, 141
- high‐throughput satellites (HTS) 78
- history
- Home Box Office (HBO) 117, 118, 228, 228
- homogenization (cultural) 132
- horror films
- HTML (hypertext markup language) 89
- Hubert Burda Media 139
- Hulu 110, 112, 123, 124
- human rights 204
- Hungary 163, 164
- Hutton Report 199–200
- hypertext markup language see HTML
- IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 74
- IBOC (in‐band on‐channel) 71, 176
- ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) 50, 69, 71, 73–74, 84, 100
- IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 71, 74, 74–75, 74–75
- IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry) 175, 179, 180
- IGF (Internet Governance Forum) 75
- iHeartradio 173
- IIC (International Internet connectivity) 72
- illiteracy 37
- imperialism, cultural see cultural imperialism
- in‐band on‐channel (IBOC) 71, 176
- INCD (International Network for Cultural Development) 15, 30
- independent press see free press
- Independent Television (ITV) 139–140, 162, 198
- Independent Television News 165
- India
- indigenous (aboriginal/native) people’s TV
- industrialized (developed and Western) nations
- information technology see technology
- InfoWars 216
- initial public offering (IPO) 137, 178
- Inmarsat 78–79
- Intelsat 68, 78
- Inter Press Service (IPS) 213
- intergovernmental organization (IGO) 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 78, 79, 80
- International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers (CISAC) 179, 180
- international copyright agreements see copyright
- International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) 175, 179, 180
- International Internet connectivity (IIC) 72
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) 37
- International Network for Cultural Development (INCD) 15, 30
- international organizations see conglomerates; organizations
- International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) 57, 62
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 69–73, 79, 210, 273
- Internet 26–27, 68–75, 82, 285
- Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 74
- internet cafes 89–91
- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 50, 69, 71, 73–74, 84, 100
- Internet Engineering Task Force 74–75
- Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 71, 74, 74–75
- Internet Governance Forum 75
- Internet Governance Project 71
- Internet protocol (IP) addresses 69, 73, 74
- Interpublic 267, 269, 279
- IP (Internet protocol) 69, 73, 74
- iPad 92, 120, 121
- IPCD (International Programme for the Development of Communication) 57, 62
- iPhone 99, 104, 121
- iPlayer (BBC) 176–177
- IPS (Inter Press Service) 213
- iQiyi 92–93, 93, 264, 287
- Iraq see Gulf Wars
- Ireland and Apple 94
- ISDB‐T 76
- Israel
- Italy, stakeholders 140
- ITN (Independent Television News) 165
- ITU see International Telecommunication Union
- iTunes 120, 121, 126
- ITV 139–140, 162, 163, 198
- Jabarti, Somayya 231
- Japan 239–244
- animation 239–244
- globalization 239–244, 285
- Korean cultural product export to 254
- music 179
- YouTube and 175
- stakeholders 146–147
- JCDecaux 267, 269–270
- Jobs, Steve 75, 92, 97, 99, 114
- joint ventures, multinational 152
- Jones, Alex 216
- Jordan, Vernon, shooting of 188
- journalists see correspondents
- Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna 246
- Le Monde 186
- Lebanon, civil war 224
- left‐wing in Latin America 5–6
- legacy advertising 261
- less‐developed nations see developing nations
- LexiNexis 142
- liberalization of media 24, 70
- Liberty Global 123–124
- license fee, BBC 139, 199, 200
- linear TV 158, 161, 162
- Liquid State 179
- Lisbon Strategy 159
- local journalists in Arab world 228–229
- location‐based marketing 269–270
- low‐earth‐orbit (LEO) satellites 72, 77, 78
- Lucasfilm 113, 114
- Ma Huateng 264
- Maastricht Treaty 157
- MacBride Commission and Report 53, 55, 56, 57, 64
- MacBride Round Table 65
- McDonaldisation 6
- McPhail’s Paradox 281–282
- MAD 118
- Madrid Declaration (2005) 138
- Mann, Sargi 266
- Martí radio and television 203–205
- Marxism 5, 6, 7, 53
- mass media 36
- massively multiplayer online role‐playing games 90
- Matra 140
- Matsuura, Koichiro (UNESCO Director General) 63, 64
- Mayor, Federico (UNESCO Director General) 60–61, 62
- MBC (Middle East Broadcasting Centre) 224–225, 227
- M’Bow, Amadou‐Mahtar (UNESCO Director General) 53, 54–55, 56, 57, 58, 60
- media
- analog 76, 81, 87, 88
- conglomerates see conglomerates
- digital see digital/web‐based media
- Europe see Europe
- Latin America 4–5
- Chilean government overthrow and US media 6–7
- liberalization see liberalization
- mass see mass media
- news see news
- policy role of ITU 70
- social see social media
- state regulation see state regulation
- US passim see United States
- Media City (Dubai) 227
- MEDIA Mundus Program 158
- Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) 163
- MEDIA Program/Sub‐Program 135, 158
- Medialab 118
- Mediaset 140–141, 143
- mediatization of society 274
- Meituan‐Dianping 262
- mercantile colonialism 11–12
- Mexico
- Middle East see Arab countries
- Middle East Broadcasting Centre (MBC) 224–225, 227
- military, US
- military colonialism 11, 54
- military coup, Chile 6–7
- military‐industrial complex, Eisenhower’s warning 287
- MMORGPGS (massively multiplayer online role‐playing games) 90
- mobile phones (mobiles/cell phones) 68, 286
- “mobilegeddon” 267
- modernity 38, 281, 282
- modernization theory 19, 31, 32, 34, 35–36, 37, 276
- monthly active users (MAU), music streaming 171
- Morse code 13, 70, 210
- Move 107
- movies see films
- MSNBC 112, 185, 187, 188, 194, 207
- MTV 15, 16, 115, 116, 179, 182
- Muhammad (Prophet) in cartoon 232
- multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD) 119
- multimedia conglomerates see conglomerates
- multinational activities see transborder activities
- multinational conglomerates see conglomerates
- multiplayer gaming 89–91
- multiplex services 162, 163
- Murdoch, Rupert 105, 106, 108, 109, 142, 167, 237
- music 171–184
- muslims, insult caused by cartoons of Prophet Muhammad in Danish newspaper 232
- Nairobi, 19th UNESCO General Assembly 52–53
- Namibia, UNESCO meeting 60
- nation(s)
- communication forces among 24–26
- communication policies 50–51
- defining and categorizing 28
- in world‐system theory 18–23
- see also state regulation
- National Amusements 114–116
- National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) 74
- nationalism 12
- native people’s TV see indigenous people’s TV
- NATO 207, 290
- NBC 110, 112, 141, 147, 166
- NBC Universal (before merger with Comcast) 112
- NBC UNIVERSO 112, 147
- NBCUniversal (merged with Comcast) 93, 102, 103, 110, 112, 116, 147, 216
- NetEase 91
- Cloud Music 173
- Netflix 40, 92, 93, 113, 121, 124–125, 152, 161–162, 267, 287
- India 150
- Netherlands 157, 167
- New International Economic Order (NIEO) 51, 53–54, 55
- new media activism, Arab world 230–232
- New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) vii, 8–11, 47, 48–50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64–65, 131, 273, 277
- New York Post 107, 282
- Newell, Gregory J. 58
- news (international/global ‐ and the press) 2–4, 27, 185–222
- aggregators, and social media 219–221
- flow network 22
- Western press, critics of 9
- see also correspondents; press
- News America Marketing 107
- News Corp (and News Corporation) 105–108
- News Corp Australia 106, 108
- News International scandals 106, 218
- News of the World hacking scandal 106, 185
- newspapers (and newspaper industry) 210, 212, 215
- next‐generation access (NGA) networks 160
- Nielsen 125
- Nielsen Music 180–181
- NIEO (New International Economic Order) 51, 53–54, 55
- Nigeria
- Nightingale, Florence 8
- NITV (Australia) 146
- Nixon and Watergate 52
- Nollywood (Nigerian film industry) 104, 150, 152
- nonaligned movement 51, 63
- non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) 15, 22, 31, 44
- North America
- Korean cultural product export to 254
- media compared to Latin America 4–5
- see also Canada; United States
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 207, 290
- North‐to‐South media flows 213
- NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration) 74
- NWICO (New World Information and Communication Order) vii, 8–11, 47, 48–50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64–65, 131, 273, 277
- Observer 94, 218
- Olympics 150, 151, 263
- Omnicom 266, 267, 268, 270
- on‐demand services
- streaming 170
- video see video on demand
- online see Internet; web
- organization(s) (international/global) 47–80
- see also conglomerates
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 51, 54, 55
- outdoor advertising 269–270
- over‐the‐top streaming 140, 216
- Pakistan 167, 206, 207, 227
- Pandora 173–174
- parachute journalism 10, 35
- Paramount Holdings 116
- participatory communication/development 44
- pay‐per‐view TV 134, 141
- pay TV see subscription TV
- payment online 260, 263, 264, 266
- Pearson 141
- Penguin Random House 130, 138, 141
- performance rights organizations 180
- peripheral zones/nations 18, 20, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 127, 135, 151, 280
- Phoenix TV 237
- Pinochet, General Augusto 6
- piracy (digital media) 94–96
- Pirate Bay 95
- pirate radio stations 156–157
- pluralism
- podcasts, iTunes 121
- politics
- Pony Ma 264
- poorer nations see developing nations
- popular culture, Korean 250–257
- Posta Telgraf Telefon/Posta ve Telgraf Teskilati 156
- postal services 67, 79, 156
- postmodernity 282
- PR Newswire 219
- press
- free see free press
- pluralistic 60
- see also correspondents; news
- Prince, Tony 176
- print 25
- falling sales 275
- see also newspapers
- printing press, invention 12
- privacy (data) 18, 74, 119, 266, 288
- see also security
- privatization 24, 68, 133, 152, 157
- Pro TV 164
- professionalism 40–41
- ProSiebenSat.1 122, 141
- public amenity/toilet advertising 269–270
- public diplomacy
- public/publically‐funded services (incl. TV) 24
- Publicis 267, 270, 285
- radio 33, 175–177
- Radio Caroline 156–157, 157
- Radio Free Asia 203
- Radio Free Europe 203
- Radio Liberty 203
- Radio Luxembourg 137, 156, 176
- Radio Martí 203–205
- Radio Sawa 205
- Radio Veronika 157
- Random House (Penguin) 130, 138, 141
- Reagen, Ronald, (and his administration) 4, 15, 58, 59, 157, 203
- re‐colonization 17–18
- Reddit 85, 220–221
- Redstones (Sumber and Shari) 114
- Reed Elsevier (RELX Group) 142
- religious groups in Arab world/Middle East 230, 232
- RELX Group (Reed Elsevier) 142
- research (in communication) 38–42
- Reuters 213–214
- right‐wing in US 195, 204
- Ring, The 241–242, 253
- Roberts, John (Canadian Secretary of State) 55–56
- Roku 105, 147
- Romania 164
- Rostov model of economic growth 35–36
- Royal Charter, BBC 199–200
- RSS (really simple syndication) 219
- RTL Group 137–138, 156
- Russell, William Harold 9
- Russia
- Eastern Europe’s media environment and 165
- Eurovision and 165
- Soviet see Cold War; Soviet Union
- SACEM (Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Éditeurs de Musique) 181
- Saddam Hussein 189, 193, 224
- Sadoun, Arthur 270
- Safari 266
- Salama, Salama Ahmed 232
- Samsung 146
- Sârbu, Adrian 164
- satellite and cable systems 22, 24, 48, 76, 77–79, 91
- Saudi Arabia 225, 228, 231, 233–234
- Saville scandal (BBC) 200
- Schiller, Herbert I. 15, 35, 43, 131
- search engines 85, 86, 119
- most popular 85
- Second World War see World War II
- security (and cybersecurity) 72, 74, 75, 87, 160
- semiperipheral zones/nations 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 32, 49, 50, 72, 104, 127, 131, 135, 274, 278, 279, 280, 286
- September 11 2001 (World Trade Center) terrorist attacks 1, 214, 225, 276
- Services Sound & Vision Corporation (SSVC) 167
- 7TV 122
- Simpsons 6, 13, 24, 283
- Singapore, digital piracy 95
- Sky 93, 103, 105, 109–110, 124, 142–143, 167
- social justice 281
- social media 26–27, 219–221
- socialism (and socialist countries) 59, 276
- UNESCO and 64
- Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Éditeurs de Musique (SACEM) 181
- society, mediatization 274
- Sofia (Bulgaria), UNESCO General Assembly in 59, 61
- software 286
- Somalia crisis 194
- Sony (Corporation) 130, 131, 146–147, 177
- Sony Music Entertainment 177, 178
- SoundCloud 174
- South America see Latin America
- South Korea 250–257
- South‐to‐North counterflow 213
- Southeast Asia, Korean cultural product export to 254
- Soviet bloc countries, former 163
- Soviet Union (USSR) 1, 34, 64
- SpaceX 72, 78
- Spanish language
- sports 106, 108, 109, 113, 114, 150–151
- Spotify 93, 143, 171, 172, 174
- Sputnik 88
- SSVC (Services Sound & Vision Corporation) 167
- stakeholders 44–45
- Star India 109
- Star TV 109, 150, 244
- Starlink 78
- State Department (US)
- state/government regulation and control 24, 55, 156–157
- Storyful 108, 219
- streaming (web‐streaming) 91–94, 171–175, 287
- Street View 86, 119
- structuralism 39–40
- Studio+ 143
- subordinate zones 18, 20–21, 23
- subscription (pay) TV 162
- Taliban 206, 207
- talkSPORT 108
- Taobao 263
- technology (information and communication technology; information technology; communication technology; ICT; IT) vii, 26, 67–80, 72, 160
- digital see digital technology
- European investment in research and innovation 160
- Internet see Internet; web
- Japan 241
- satellite sand cable see satellite and cable systems
- see also electronic colonialism
- telegraph 7, 8, 79, 210, 221
- Telemundo 110–112, 147, 148
- telephone services 67, 79, 156
- teleprinters and Teletype machines 211
- Televisa 147, 148
- television (TV) and TV channels 24, 76, 83, 108–126
- Apple TV 84, 121, 266–267
- Arab/Middle East 223–234
- BBC 176, 197–199, 200
- China 236–237, 238, 239
- digital 32, 76
- Europe 133–143
- Facebook 122
- future 283
- India 245
- indigenous people’s see indigenous people’s TV
- Japan 243–244
- Korean 250–251, 253, 257
- Latin America 5
- linear 158, 161, 162
- non‐European/non‐US 144–148
- pay‐per‐view 134, 141
- poorer nations 32
- public/publically‐funded see public/publically‐funded services
- standards organizations 76
- subscription see subscription TV
- terrestrial see terrestrial TV
- US see United States
- web‐streamed 84, 114, 121, 140, 147
- Television without Frontiers Directive 158, 161
- Telugu film industry 149, 150
- Tencent 91, 93, 148, 174–175, 179, 220, 264
- Dentsu and 269
- Tencent Music (Tencent Music Entertainment; TME) 93, 143, 174
- Tencent Video 92
- terrestrial TV (incl. broadcast networks)
- terrorism 1–2, 3, 214, 276
- Thatcher, Margaret 157, 198
- Thompson, Mark (BBC director‐general) 200
- Thomson Learning 214
- Thomson Reuters 214
- Tiananmen Square protests 87, 188–189
- Times of India 173, 218
- Times Internet 172–173, 218
- Tmall 263
- Toei Animation 241
- Tollywood (Telugu film industry) 149, 150
- Tor browser/network 86
- Toutiao 262
- transborder/transnational/multinational activities and exchanges 4, 14, 152, 283–284
- China–India exchanges 274
- Treaty on European Union 157
- TRT (Turkish Radio and Television) 148, 168
- Trump and his administration 59, 72–73, 101, 110, 204, 225
- Tunisia 63–64, 228, 230, 232
- Turkey
- Turner, Ted 15, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195
- Turner Broadcasting 110, 118, 141, 186, 187–188, 193
- TV see television
- TV Martí 203–205
- TV5Monde (formerly TV5/TV5 Europe) 168
- 21st Century Fox see Fox
- UK see United Kingdom
- UKTV 163
- UN see United Nations
- United Arab Emirates 227, 233
- United Kingdom (UK) 155–156
- United Nations (UN)
- Group on the Information Society (UNGIS) 72
- human rights and see human rights
- United Press International 212
- United States (of America ‐ US/USA) 102–129, 202–205, 281–282
- advertising companies based in 262, 271
- Arab journalist views of American people 229
- Broadband Commission 72
- Chilean government overthrow and 6–7
- CNN audience in 190, 191, 195
- development communication 38, 41, 45
- European attitudes to media from 161
- film industry 21–22
- future interests/needs 281–282
- global scale influence of 151–153
- gross national product 25
- Indian music in 173
- internet access 83–84
- Latin America media and, comparisons 4–5
- mass communication research 38
- military forces in Middle East 196, 226
- news services (global) 202–205
- professionalism 41
- public diplomacy and
- re‐colonization 17
- stakeholders/multimedia conglomerates 102–129, 147
- as superpower/global leader superpower 1, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 281, 284
- UNESCO and, withdrawal from UNESCO 57, 59, 60
- see also North America
- United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM) 202–205
- United States of Europe 133–136
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights 14, 60
- Universal Music Group 143, 177, 178, 179, 269
- Univisión 145, 147, 148–149
- UPI (United Press International) 212
- US see United States
- US Agency for Global Media (USAGM) 202–205
- USA Today 188, 275
- USSR see Soviet Union
- Veer‐Zaara 246
- Venezuela, Cisneros 145
- Viacom 113, 114, 115–116
- video (home), India 248
- video cassette recorders (VCRs) 68, 157
- video compact disc (VCD) 94
- video on demand (VOD) 82, 109, 141
- video‐streaming 91, 93–94, 170, 175, 279, 286, 287
- Virgin Media 123, 124
- virtual private networks (VPNs) 87
- Visegrád states 163
- Vivendi 130, 143–144, 178, 269
- VK 85, 100
- Voice of America 203, 204, 236
- Vox channel 138
- VPNs (virtual private networks) 87
- Vudu 126
- Wall Street Journal 107, 217
- Walmart International 126
- Walt Disney company see Disney
- war correspondents/journalists
- Warner/Chappell Music 181–182
- Warner Music Group 171, 174, 178
- Watergate scandal 52
- web (world‐wide web; WWW) 68, 81–101, 82
- WeChat 93, 263, 264
- WeChat Pay 263, 264
- Western nations see industrialized nations
- WHOIS information 74
- Wi‐Fi, public 84, 120
- Windhoek Resolution 60
- WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 76, 179, 181–182
- Wireless Group 108
- Wolff, Michael (of USA Today) 188, 275
- World Bank 37, 43
- World Information Report 62
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 76, 179, 181–182
- world music 172, 173
- World Report (CNN) 193–194
- World Service (BBC) 166, 167, 186, 198, 199
- World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 9, 63–64, 71, 72, 75
- world‐system theory viii, 18–23, 276, 279–281
- electronic colonialism and 23–26, 280, 280–281
- three zones see core zones; peripheral zones; semiperipheral zones
- World Telecommunications Development Conference 72
- World Trade Center (September 11 2001) terrorist attacks 1, 214, 225, 276
- World Trade Organization (WTO) 30, 63, 71, 139, 200, 281, 282
- World War I and electronic colonialism 13
- World War II
- world‐wide web see W3C; web
- Worldnet Television and Film Service 203
- WPP 15, 266, 267, 270–271, 279, 285
- WTO (World Trade Organization) 30, 63, 71, 139, 200, 281, 282
- WWW see W3C; web
- Zhao, Houlin 72
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