sed(1)                                                               sed(1)

NAME
     sed - stream text editor

SYNOPSIS

     sed [-n] script [file ...]

     sed [-n] [-e script] ... [-f script_file] ... [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
     sed copies the named text files (standard input default) to the
     standard output, edited according to a script containing up to 100
     commands.  Only complete input lines are processed.  Any input text at
     the end of a file that is not terminated by a new-line character is
     ignored.

   Options
     sed recognizes the following options:

          -f script_file
                      Take script from file script_file.

          -e script   Edit according to script.  If there is just one -e
                      option and no -f options, the flag -e can be omitted.


          -n          Suppress the default output.

     sed interprets all -escript and -fscript_file arguments in the order
     given.  Use caution, if mixing -e and -f options, to avoid
     unpredictable or incorrect results.

   Command Scripts
     A script consists of editor commands, one per line, of the following
     form:

          [address [, address]] function [arguments]

     In normal operation, sed cyclically copies a line of input into a
     pattern space (unless there is something left after a D command),
     applies in sequence all commands whose addresses select that pattern
     space, and, at the end of the script, copies the pattern space to the
     standard output (except under -n) and deletes the pattern space.

     Some of the commands use a hold space to save all or part of the
     pattern space for subsequent retrieval.

   Command Addresses
     An address is either a decimal number that counts input lines
     cumulatively across files, a $ which addresses the last line of input,
     or a context address; that is, a /regular expression/ in the style of
     ed(1) modified thus:

          -  In a context address, the construction ?regular expression?,
             where ? is any character, is identical to /regular
             expression/.  Note that in the context address xabcxdefx,
             the second x stands for itself, so that the regular expression
             is abcxdef.

          -  The escape sequence 
 matches a new-line character embedded
             in the pattern space.

          -  A period (.) matches any character except the terminal new-
             line of the pattern space.

          -  A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.


          -  A command line with one address selects each pattern space
             that matches the address.

          -  A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range
             from the first pattern space that matches the first address
             through the next pattern space that matches the second (if the
             second address is a number less than or equal to the line
             number first selected, only one line is selected).  Thereafter
             the process is repeated, looking again for the first address.

     sed supports Basic Regular Expression syntax (see regexp(5)).

     Editing commands can also be applied to only non-selected pattern
     spaces by use of the negation function ! (described below).

   Command Functions
     In the following list of functions, the maximum number of permissible
     addresses for each function is indicated in parentheses.  Other
     function elements are interpreted as follows:

          text        One or more lines, all but the last of which end with
                       to hide the new-line.  Backslashes in text are
                      treated like backslashes in the replacement string of
                      an s command, and can be used to protect initial
                      blanks and tabs against the stripping that is done on
                      every script line.

          rfile       Must terminate the command line, and must be preceded
                      by exactly one blank.

          wfile       Must terminate the command line, and must be preceded
                      by exactly one blank.  Each wfile is created before
                      processing begins.  There can be at most 10 distinct
                      wfile arguments.

     sed recognizes the following functions:

     (1)a
     text        Append.  Place text on the output before reading next
                 input line.

     (2)b label  Branch to the : command bearing label.  If no label is
                 specified, branch to the end of the script.

     (2)c
     text        Change.  Delete the pattern space.  With 0 or 1 address or
                 at the end of a 2-address range, place text on the output.
                 Start the next cycle.

     (2)d        Delete pattern space and start the next cycle.

     (2)D        Delete initial segment of pattern space through first
                 new-line and start the next cycle.

     (2)g        Replace contents of the pattern space with contents of the
                 hold space.

     (2)G        Append contents of hold space to the pattern space.

     (2)h        Replace contents of the hold space with contents of the
                 pattern space.

     (2)H        Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold
                 space.

     (1)i
     text        Insert.  Place text on the standard output.

     (2)l        List the pattern space on the standard output in an
                 unambiguous form.  Non-printing characters are spelled in
                 three-digit octal number format (with a preceding
                 backslash), and long lines are folded.

     (2)n        Copy the pattern space to the standard output if the
                 default output has not been suppressed (by the -n option
                 on the command line or the #n command in the script file).
                 Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.

     (2)N        Append the next line of input to the pattern space with an
                 embedded new-line.  (The current line number changes.)

     (2)p        Print.  Copy the pattern space to the standard output.

     (2)P        Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through the
                 first new-line to the standard output.

     (1)q        Quit.  Branch to the end of the script.  Do not start a
                 new cycle.

     (1)r rfile  Read contents of rfile and place on output before reading
                 the next input line.

     (2)s/regular expression/replacement/flags
                 Substitute replacement string for instances of regular
                 expression in the pattern space.  Any character can be
                 used instead of /.  For a fuller description see ed(1).
                 flags is zero or more of:

                    n           n=1-2048 (LINE_MAX).  Substitute for just
                                the nth occurrence of regular expression in
                                the pattern space.

                    g           Global.  Substitute for all non-overlapping
                                instances of regular expression rather than
                                just the first one.

                    p           Print the pattern space if a replacement
                                was made and the default output has been
                                suppressed (by the -n option on the command
                                line or the #n command in the script file).


                    w wfile     Write.  Append the pattern space to wfile
                                if a replacement was made.

     (2)t label  Test.  Branch to the : command bearing the label if any
                 substitutions have been made since the most recent reading
                 of an input line or execution of a t.  If label is empty,
                 branch to the end of the script.

     (2)w wfile  Write.  Append the pattern space to wfile.

     (2)x        Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.

     (2)y/string1/string2/
                 Transform.  Replace all occurrences of characters in
                 string1 with the corresponding character in string2.  The
                 lengths of string1 and string2 must be equal.

     (2)! function
                 Don't.  Apply the function (or group, if function is {)
                 only to lines not selected by the address or addresses.

     (0): label  This command does nothing; it bears a label for b and t
                 commands to branch to.

     (1)=        Place the current line number on the standard output as a
                 line.

     (2){        Execute the following commands through a matching } only
                 when the pattern space is selected.  The syntax is:

                 { cmd1
                 cmd2
                 cmd3
                  .
                  .
                  .
                 }

     
     (0)         An empty command is ignored.

     (0)#        If a # appears as the first character on the first line of
                 a script file, that entire line is treated as a comment
                 with one exception: If the character after the # is an n,
                 the default output is suppressed.  The rest of the line
                 after #n is also ignored.  A script file must contain at
                 least one non-comment line.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
   Environment Variables
     LANG provides a default value for the internationalization variables
     that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the default value of
     "C" (see lang(5)) is used. If any of the internationalization
     variables contains an invalid setting, sed will behave as if all
     internationalization variables are set to "C".  See environ(5).

     LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, overrides the values of all
     the other internationalization variables.

     LC_CTYPE determines the interpretation of text as single and/or
     multi-byte characters, the classification of characters as printable,
     and the characters matched by character class expressions in regular
     expressions.

     LC_MESSAGES determines the locale that should be used to affect the
     format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error
     and informative messages written to standard output.

     NLSPATH determines the location of message catalogues for the
     processing of LC_MESSAGES.

   International Code Set Support
     Single- and multi-byte character code sets are supported.

EXAMPLES
     Make a simple substitution in a file from the command line or from a
     shell script, changing abc to xyz:

          sed 's/abc/xyz/' file1 >file1.out

     Same as above but use shell or environment variables var1 and var2 in
     search and replacement strings:

          sed "s/$var1/$var2/" file1 >file1.out

     or

          sed 's/'$var1'/'$var2'/' file1 >file1.out

     Multiple substitutions in a single command:

          sed -e 's/abc/xyz/' -e 's/lmn/rst/' file1

     or

          sed -e 's/abc/xyz/' 
          -e 's/lmn/rst/' 
          file1 >file1.out

WARNINGS
     sed limits command scripts to a total of not more than 100 commands.

     The hold space is limited to 8192 characters.

     sed processes only text files.  See the glossary for a definition of
     text files and their limitations.

AUTHOR
     sed was developed by OSF and HP.

SEE ALSO
     awk(1), ed(1), grep(1), environ(5), lang(5), regexp(5).

     sed: A Non-Interactive Streaming Editor tutorial in the Text
     Processing Users Guide.

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
     sed: SVID2, SVID3, XPG2, XPG3, XPG4, POSIX.2