2
Genesis of Renewable Plastics and Integration in the Plastics Stream
Abstract
Predictions (up to 2100) of global population growth and gross domestic product per capita should lead to higher industrial activity, depletion of resources, consumption of energy, and pollution. Our earth being an isolated system, except for sun energy, it is essential to preserve the indispensable needs of future generations during a maximum time. That has led to genesis and growth of renewable plastics. Pros and cons of oil-sourced plastics and renewable ones coming from recycling, natural polymers, and natural monomers or oligomers are reviewed. Special tests and certification are examined. An extended list of commercial players allows to feel the reality of the commercial offer related to renewable plastics (polylactic acid, starch, cellulose, lignin, polyurethane, polyamide, polyethylenes, polyesters, epoxy,…), composites, recyclers and recycling enhancers, special additives, biomonomers, and biobricks for drop-in solutions, renewable additives (plasticizers, processing aids, and others). A list of market study specialists, associations, and institutes dealing with renewable materials supplements the list of the Chapter 1 relating to general plastics.
Keywords
Additive; Bio; Certification; Composite; Drop-in; Environment; Footprint; Natural; Plastics; Producer; Recycling; Sustainability; Thermoset
Evolution of global population is a key factor for environment, technological development, and economics. Between 1900 and 2000, global population has been nearly multiplied by 4 from 1.7 billion up to 6 billion leading to deep adaptations for food and feed production, energy consumption, housing, material requirements, and pollution. More or less irrespective of that, scientific, technical, and industrial progress has modified our day life and future.
According to common predictions, population must grow in the near future to reach about 9 billion people by about 2050. Fig. 2.1 shows two foreseeable hypotheses.
At the same time, GDP (gross domestic product) per capita is also expected to grow leading to global increase of wealth and consumption. Fig. 2.2 shows an hypothesis of GDP per capita variation.
All those facts lead to higher industrial activity, depletion of resources, consumption of energy, and pollution. Our earth being an isolated system, except for sun energy, it is essential to preserve the vital needs of future generations during a maximum time. There are no perfect answers to this important problem but several more or less easy ways allow a more or less substantial improvement of sustainability.
Sustainability in general, and more specifically the use of renewable materials, can contribute to resource preservation, pollution minimization, environmental progress, and economic growth.
2.1. Inescapable Strengthening of Environmental Concerns
The ecological constraints, which vary from country to country, are of three main types:
• Toxicity and pollution including emissions of greenhouse gases
• Recycling
• Development of biopolymers from renewable sources.
Main means toward a better sustainability are schematized by Fig. 2.3:
• Back to basics, well known but sometimes forgotten, is the first step and must be applied to all stages of design, manufacture, and use.
• Intermediate ways are often applied as a first step before total use of renewable polymers and additives.
• Optimal ways include not only renewable polymers and additives but also universal basic ways.
2.1.1. Toxicity and Pollution
It is the responsibility of the reader to determine the appropriate use of each product; processing method; and the compliance with processing rules, safety precautions, health hazards, existing national laws and regulations emitted by countries of processing, commercialization, use, application, and waste.
There are a multitude of global, national, regional, sectorial, professional, corporate laws, requirements, rules, directives, etc. Without entering into details, let us recall some examples sometimes unknown or little known. These are far from representing the whole extent of the problem.
• The obligation to respect limits of residual monomer rates. For example, after application of the urea–formaldehyde resin, the residual rate of formaldehyde is limited according to national regulations.
• The use of heavy metals and halogens is more and more disputed.
• Solvents, for example styrene, are subject to increasingly severe legal requirements.
Please remember recycled and natural products may include banned elements.
2.1.2. The Recycling of Polymers
Polymer recycling presents technical and economic difficulties and is less advanced, industrially, than that of some metals. In the automobile, for example, the rate of metal recycling is higher than 95%. For polymers, recycling is only minor with isolated industrial achievements such as bottles or battery boxes. Volvo, for its S40 model, has achieved a 9-kg recycled plastic use. Renault currently uses 11% recycled plastics for building each vehicle.
The main ways for recycling polymers are the following:
• Reuse with virgin material in the same or another application;
• Conversion into basic chemicals by chemolysis or thermolysis;
• Energy production by combustion.
Recycling the wastes is even more difficult for the thermosets and composites because of the cross-linking and/or the presence of fibers broken during the recycling.
To be solved, recycling must be considered at the design stage to choose the best solutions for the part at the end of its life.
Some general rules, to which there are of course exceptions, can be stated:
• Part marking makes the later identification of the materials easier.
• Avoid the use of incompatible polymers in the same part or subset.
• Standardize the polymers used.
• Choose the assembling methods leading to the easiest dismantling at the end of the lifetime.
• Preferably choose a material whose recycling will be possible in the same fabrication…
Be cautious on the term “recyclable”: it means that the material should be technically recyclable if… In real life the concerned plastic is perhaps totally nonrecycled for various causes: lack of recycling stream, low cost of equivalent virgin plastic, high cost of collection and/or sorting, etc.
2.2. Development of Bioplastics From Renewable Sources
Biopolymers derived from renewable biomass sources ensure the conservation of fossil resources, the utilization of renewable vegetal resources with its geopolitics involvements, and the consumption of CO2 instead of its emission but there is a risk of competition with food and feed production.
2.2.1. Development of Biothermoplastics From Renewable Sources
Bioplastics are not a single class of polymers but rather a family of products, which can vary considerably the one from the other. They are directly or indirectly based on renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable oil, cornstarch, pea starch, sugar, etc.
Some bioplastics have been used for a very long time such as cellulose derivatives (cellulose acetate—CA, cellulose acetobutyrate—CAB, cellulose propionate, CP) but new families are developing.
The most used are the following:
• Starch-based plastics modified with flexibilizer and plasticizer such as sorbitol and glycerine, constituting about 50% of the bioplastics market, mainly for the packaging but there are also various engineering applications.
• Polylactides and polylactic acid (PLA) plastics are the second family of bioplastics resembling conventional clear polystyrene with a good aesthetics (gloss and clarity), but stiff and brittle, which needs their formulation and plasticization for most practical applications. Generally, they can be processed on existing standard equipment.
• Various aliphatic polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV). According to the used raw materials and polymerization methods, their behavior can evolve from a rigid plastic up to an elastic material with melting points from about 40°C up to 180°C. Among the most popular, PHB resembles polypropylene with higher modulus and lower impact resistances. PHBV is less rigid and more elastic.
More recently, some developments concern the following:
• Lignin, a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, is one of the most abundant organic polymers on earth, constituting from 25 up to 33% of the dry mass of wood. Lignin is unusual as a biopolymer because of its heterogeneity and imprecise composition. However, as a wood constituent, it is indirectly used in WPC (wood plastic composites), a fast growing line of plastics.
• The alcohol routes derived from fermentation of sugars can lead to the following:
• Ethanol, itself leading to ethane and by conventional polymerization to polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and PVC.
• Propanediol leading to Soranol and copolyester thermoplastic elastomers (Hytrel)
• Polyols can lead to thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) and polyurethane elastomers.
• Polyamides: Rilsan® polyamide 11, Pebax®, and Platamid® are biobased, high-performance polymers produced from renewable resources. Ultramid® Balance (by BASF) is a polyamide 6.10 based on the extent of about 60% on sebacic acid, a renewable raw material derived from castor oil.
2.2.2. Development of Biothermosets From Renewable Sources
Concerning thermosets, biocomponents partly replace petroleum-based components. The used level can vary from 20% up to more than 60%. Among the various examples are polyurethanes and unsaturated polyesters using biopolyols.
2.3. Pros and Cons of Renewable and Oil-Sourced Plastics
(See Chapter 7 for more detailed information)
Although sources of renewable plastics are broadly diversified, two features are common:
• sustainability
• conservation of fossil resources.
That being said, biosourced and fossil plastics differently behave according to their origin.
2.3.1. Renewable Plastics Derived From Natural Polymers
Use of natural-sourced plastics instead of fossil ones is a way toward a better sustainability with beneficial and detrimental consequences. Before anything else, use of plastics derived from natural polymers must be decided after long and careful thinking considering their own features.
Pros of plastics derived from natural polymers include the following:
• favoring the conservation of fossil resources,
• developing agricultural activities instead of chemical activities, which is more benefiting for developing countries and eases their growth,
• reducing pollution notwithstanding that its nature may be changed. For example, pollution by chemicals used for polymerization can be replaced by pollution by fertilizers used for plant growth,
• promoting the consumption of CO2 instead of emission. However, let us quote that often the needed energy to produce these polymers comes from conventional origins including fossil fuels and nuclear energy. All in all, the replacement of 1 kg of crude oil as raw material by a renewable source saves nearly 1 kg of crude oil.
Cons of plastics derived from natural polymers include the following:
• limited versatility, a few molecule types being economically produced,
• limited experience,
• need of process adaptation for some polymers,
• need to help the nature and to add labor, energy, fertilizers, water, insecticides… to obtain competitive polymers,
• need of subsequent treatments to achieve usable polymers: for example, chemical treatments leading to cellulose esters, cotton mill, natural latex coagulation, washing, and drying,
• as for fossil plastics, some polymers are biodegradable such as cellulose, others such as natural rubber are not,
• in some cases, bioplastics are unwanted in existing mechanical recycling streams due to sorting issues needing sophisticated and expensive procedures,
• risks of competition with food crops and deforestation.
2.3.2. Traditional Plastics From Bioblocks: Drop-In Solutions
Research and development works, and continuous financial efforts bring results leading to new biomonomers having formulae and properties similar to those of the most consumed fossil plastics as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, PET, and engineering plastics as polyamide, TPU, thermosets, and others.
These bioplastics are probably one of the smartest forms of plastics to satisfy sustainability concepts developed and then normalized (ISO 14000) to help the economic and industrial actors to think about ways able to improve sustainability.
Pros of plastics derived from bioblocks include among others:
• favoring the conservation of fossil resources,
• developing agricultural activities instead of chemical activities, which is more benefiting for developing countries and eases their growth,
• using of common polymerization plants,
• using of existing processing machines,
• obtaining materials similar to fossil plastics,
• versatility of formulae as fossil plastics,
• integration in existing waste stream,
• reducing pollution notwithstanding that its nature may be changed. For example, pollution by chemicals used for polymerization can be replaced by pollution by fertilizers used for plant growth,
• promoting the consumption of CO2 instead of emission. However, let us quote that often the needed energy to produce these polymers comes from conventional origins including fossil fuels and nuclear energy. All in all, the replacement of 1 kg of crude oil as raw material by a renewable source saves nearly 1 kg of crude oil.
Cons of plastics derived from bioblocks include among others:
• need to help the nature and to add labor, energy, fertilizers, water, insecticides… to obtain competitive polymers,
• higher cost reducing with higher consumption,
• need of traditional polymerization to achieve usable polymers,
• risks of competition with food crops and deforestation
• as fossil plastics, some are biodegradable and others are not.
2.3.3. Traditional Plastics From Plastics Waste Recycling
Plastics wastes are a growing mountain needing expensive and possibly polluting treatments. So, it makes more sense to invest in their recycling combining in the same operation with two objectives, a safer removal of waste on the one hand and value-added recovery as new raw material on the other hand. Ins and outs must be carefully examined because, surprisingly, recycling process may not always be beneficial.
Pros of plastics recycling are as follows:
• Reduction of pollution: Recycling helps to reduce energy usage, consumption of virgin raw materials, air and water pollution.
• Reduction of energy consumed by processing virgin raw materials partially counterbalanced by energy consumed for recycling.
• Cost-effectiveness when crude oil prices and virgin plastics prices are high.
• Saving of natural resources.
• Reduction of landfilling.
• Creation of green jobs and geopolitics involvements of the replacement of crude oil with recycled products.
Cons of recycling are as follows:
• Recycling is not always cost-effective specially when crude oil is cheap
• Recycling sites may be less safe and less hygienic for dedicated people who recycle such products. Leachates may pollute water bodies.
• Recycling is not so widespread than virgin production and quality may be less consistent.
• Setting up new recycling unit involves high cost.
It is necessary to often reconsider the pros and cons of recycled products from technical, economic, and environmental points of view.
2.4. Brief Remarks on Processing and Recycling of Renewable Plastics
There are not basic differences concerning general conditions of processing but, as for fossil plastics, it is necessary to adapt machines and processes to the type of renewable plastic to be processed. Among fossil plastics, there is a wide gap between EVA and polyimides or polycyanate esters requiring drastic adaptations of machines, processing steps, temperatures, treatment times, etc. However, the one and the other have their place on the market. It is the same for renewable plastics.
Before anything else, it is necessary to use machines, molds, dies, and processing conditions adapted to the used renewable plastic, particularly concerning type of polymer (thermoplastic or thermosetting resin), rheology (standard or specific as WPC, for example), temperatures, mold design, residence times, pressures, humidity, etc.
Machine builders propose special compounding and other processing machines for biobased plastics, natural fiber-reinforced plastics, recycling, WPC, biodegradable products, etc.
For example, Table 2.1 displays a few examples of WPC machinery builders without claiming to be exhaustive.
Theoretically, all plastics are recyclable from a scientific point of view but in real life, some can be nonrecyclable because of lack of collection stream or sorting issues or for economic problems. When selecting a renewable plastic, it is essential to verify its compatibility with other plastics allowing its integration in existing waste streams.
For some applications, one takes advantage of biodegradability of special grades, which suppress the recycling problem.
2.5. Pay Close Attention to Carbon Biobased Content, Testing and Certification
Biobased or renewable carbon content of a plastic is the amount of biobased carbon in the material or product as fraction weight or percent weight of the total organic carbon in the material or product.
The ASTM D6866—Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis— is built on the same concepts as radiocarbon dating but without the use of age equations.
Determination of the biobased carbon content is based on the principle of measuring the activity of the 14C isotope (other isotopes are 12C, 13C). The 14C isotope is unstable, decays slowly, and is naturally present in all living organisms. When the organism is deceased, it stops absorbing the 14C isotope from the environment and the 14C concentration starts to decrease. The half-life of 14C is around 5700 years what is not significant in the range of biomass lifetime used for production of renewable polymers, but is considerable for million years, age order of fossil fuels. So the concentration of 14C in fossil fuels is negligible. ASTM D6866 standard using the aforementioned principle is the basis for certifying materials, intermediate products, additives, and products based on renewable resources.
Be cautious on the interpretations of biocarbon content and renewable content:
• A simple law of mixing leads to the highest data because weight percent includes all the elements in the materials, most especially oxygen. For a compound made out of 30% cellulose and 70% fossil polymer, the law of mixing leads to a 30% biorenewable content.
• ASTM D6866 does not include the weight contribution from oxygen and other elements leading to lower figures. For the same compound made out of 30% cellulose and 70% fossil polymer, the ASTM D6866 leads to only 20–25% biocarbon content.
• Certifications such as Vinçotte and DIN CERTCO introduced an evaluation system for the content of the renewable resources in a plastic material or product. In essence, such certification system evaluates the proportional content of “old” (fossil) and “new” (renewable/biogenic) carbon. Results are expressed in percent range groups or in classes characterized by one up to four stars. For example, groups are as follows:
Table 2.1
Examples of Equipment Builders for WPC (Wood Plastic Composite)
| Company | |
| Advanced Extruder Technologies | Design, engineering, and manufacturing of single screw extruders |
| American Cierra Equipment | New and used equipment for the plastics industry |
| American Maplan Corporation | Parallel counterrotating twin-screw extruders, single-screw extruders, two stage planetary extruders, and other equipment for natural fiber composites |
| Amut Group | WPC extrusion lines |
| Automated Manufacturing Systems (AMS) | New and used plastic extrusion equipment |
| Battenfeld-Cincinnati | Fiberex 114 parallel twin-screw extruder for WPC |
| BAUSANO-FIGLI-SPA | WPC-Polywood lines |
| Berlyn Extruders, Inc | Wide range of extrusion machinery including complete systems, stand-alone extruders, feeders, filters, pelletizing, and reclaim equipment |
| Capital Equipment, LLC | New and used equipment. Dryers, chillers, extruders |
| CDL Technology, Inc. | Designing; manufacturing; and servicing plastic, chemical, and rubber processing equipment |
| CDS (Custom Downstream Systems) | Standard and custom downstream machinery for thermoplastic extrusions and postextruder machines |
| Coperion Corporation | ZSK MEGA twin-screw extruder for processing of wood fiber composites |
| Davis-Standard | Designs and manufactures extrusion systems and process controls for all thermoplastic and elastomer processes |
| ESI—Extrusion Services | Downstream extrusion equipment and tooling; complete engineered line system services for the wood composite industry |
| Industrial Rubber Machinery, Inc | Composite material manufacturing systems and equipment. Plastic wood, composite wood, recycled material recovery systems, plastic extruders |
| Kraussmaffei Berstorff | System solutions for natural fiber-reinforced plastics |
| Leistritz Extruder Corp | High-speed corotating and counterrotating twin-screw extruders |
| Milacron, Inc. | Conical and parallel twin-screw technology and single-screw technology for extrusion from wood fiber–plastic composites |
| Qingdao-Weier-Plastic-Machinery-Co | WPC machines |
Reifenhäuser Extrusion GmbH and Co. KG | Extrusion lines, compounding lines, single and twin-screw extruders for wood polymer composites (WPC) and biopolymers |
| Vulcan Machinery Corporation | Downstream plastic extrusion equipment |
| Weber | WPC extrusion lines |
| Welex Incorporated | Manufacturer of performance plastics extrusion equipment |
• 20–40% carbon form renewable resources or ∗ (one star)
• 40–60% carbon form renewable resources or ∗∗
• 60–80% carbon form renewable resources or ∗∗∗
• over 80% carbon form renewable resources or ∗∗∗∗ (four stars)
Table 2.2 displays some examples of plastics grade certification by Vinçotte. Certification and data relate to quoted grades only and must be verified. Other certifications relate to additives and end products.
2.6. List of Commercial Offer Examples
Tables 2.3–2.16 point out the reality and versatility of commercialized renewable resins, additives, reinforcements, and composites without claiming to be exhaustive. The quoted company names, trademarks, and websites are provided “as they are” and do not constitute any legal or professional advice. The reader is the sole responsible of his(her) selection. Be particularly cautious on the reality of the biocontent that may be low. Certain additives useful to enhance properties or processing of renewable plastics may have no biocontent.
Table 2.3 displays examples of partially or totally renewable plastics and composites. Be cautious on concerning brand names that can be related to fossil and/or renewable materials.
Table 2.4 displays examples of recyclers and producers of additives for recyclate upgrading. There are many other recyclers that can be found by Internet or various directories.
Table 2.5 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of additives for renewable plastics. Be cautious, those additives may be renewable or not.
Table 2.6 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of biomonomers and biobricks for drop-in solutions. Be cautious, those biomaterials may be mixed with nonbiomaterials.
Table 2.7 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of renewable additives. Be cautious, those materials may be mixed with nonrenewable materials. Please remember natural products may include banned elements.
Table 2.8 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of renewable plasticizers and producers. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.9 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of processing aids. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.10 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of surface modifiers. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.11 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of release agents. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.12 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of antistatic agents. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.13 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of optical property agents. Be cautious, those materials may contain some non-renewable materials.
Table 2.14 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of protective agents. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.15 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of miscellaneous renewable additives. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
Table 2.16 displays, without claiming to be exhaustive, some examples of masterbatches based on renewable polymers. Be cautious, those materials may contain some nonrenewable materials.
2.7. Examples of Useful Sources for Initiation of In-Depth Studies
Table 2.17 suggests some examples of market study specialists, associations, and institutes that can be useful to initiate in-depth studies of renewable materials by the reader (see also Chapter 1 dealing with fossil plastics). Websites are provided “as they are” and the reader is the sole responsible of their use.
Table 2.2
Examples of Plastics Grade Certification by Vinçotte (OK Biobased Conformity Mark)
| Company | Country | Website | Certification (Star Number), Grade, Color |
| BEOLOGIC nv | BELGIUM | http://www.beologic.com | ∗∗ 50/50 PP inj biobased WQ3 Color: Natural beige |
| BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG | GERMANY | http://www.biotec.de | ∗∗∗ BIOPLAST 105 Color: White translucent ∗∗ BIOPLAST 505 Color: White translucent ∗ BIOPLAST GF 106/02 Color: White translucent ∗∗∗ BIOPLAST GS 2189 Color: White translucent ∗∗∗∗ BIOPLAST TPS Color: White translucent |
| COMTECH CHEMICAL Co Ltd | KOREA | http://www.ctc-bionics.com | ∗ Duflex E Project E35 Color: Grey |
| FUTURAMAT | FRANCE | http://www.futuramat.fr | ∗∗∗∗ BioCérès type BC-LBE03 Color: Beige |
| GREAT RIVER PLASTIC MANUFACTURER | CHINA | http://www.ecoplant.hk | ∗∗∗∗ EcoPlant HRS Color: Natural white |
| Guangdong Shangjiu Biodegradable Plastics Co | CHINA | http://www.999sw.net | ∗∗ BOR-M-502F Color: light yellow ∗∗ BOR-Z-501F Color: light yellow |
| HWAN SUH BIOTECHNOLOGY Co Ltd | Taiwan, R.O.C. | http://www.greenfiber.net.tw | ∗∗∗∗ EcoFiber PLF 0411 Color: Brown ∗∗∗∗ EcoFiber PLF 2011 Color: Brown ∗∗∗∗ EcoFiber PLF 5030 Color: Beige |
| INDOCHINE BIO PLASTIQUES (ICBP) SDN.BHD. | MALAYSIA | http://www.icbp.com.m | ∗∗ ICBP BIO RESIN Color: Natural (beige) |
| JINHUI ZHAOLONG HIGH TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd | CHINA | http://www.ecoworld.jinhuigroup.com | ∗ Ecowill PBAT/starch Color: Beige |
| KANEKA Corporation | JAPAN | http://www.kaneka.co.jp/kaneka-e/ | ∗∗∗∗ AONILEX 151C Color: Ivory ∗∗∗∗ AONILEX X131A Color: Ivory ∗∗∗∗ AONILEX X151A Color: Ivory |
| KINGFA SCI. & TECH. CO., LTD | CHINA | http://www.kingfa.com.cn | ∗∗∗∗ Ecopond BIO-873 Color: Beige ∗∗ Vicnyl 6∗∗ Color: Natural white ∗∗ Vicnyl 7∗∗ Color: Natural beige ∗∗ Vicnyl L6∗∗ Color: Natural white ∗∗ Vicnyl L7∗∗ Color: White ∗∗ Vicnyl R6∗∗NH Color: Natural White |
| Table Continued | |||
| Company | Country | Website | Certification (Star Number), Grade, Color |
| LATI Industria Termoplastici S.p.A. | ITALY | http://www.lati.com | ∗∗∗∗ LATIGEA B01 L/07 GREY:2865 Color: Natural White (light grey) |
| MEREDIAN Inc | USA | http://www.mhgbio.com | ∗∗∗∗ Meredian Color: Natural yellow/beige ∗∗∗∗ Meridian Color: Natural yellow/beige |
| MONDOPLASTICO Spa | ITALY | http://www.mondoplastico.it/ | ∗∗ ES#A56NWR Color: White ∗∗ ES#A56NWRDG Color: White |
| MULTIBAX Public Company Ltd | THAILAND | http://www.multibax.com | ∗ MBIO-4 Color: Greyish, natural white |
| NATUREWORKS LLC | USA | http://www.natureworksllc.com | ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 10361D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 2003D–2500HP–3001D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 3052D–3100HP–3251D–3260HP Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 4032D–4043D–4060D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 5061A–5061B Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 6060D–6100D–6201D–6202D–6204D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 6252D–6260D–6300D–6302D–6361D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 6400D–6752D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 7001D–7032D–8052D–8251D Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Ingeo 8300D - 8301D - 8302D Color: Natural |
| NINGXIA QINGLINSHENGHUA Technology Co Ltd | CHINA | http://www.nxlhsw.com | ∗ JIAJIAGU QLP-G1 Colour: White ∗∗ JIAJIAGU QLP-G2 Color: White ∗∗∗∗ JIAJIAGU Totalcorn GS Color: White |
| NORTHERN Technologies Intl. Corp. | USA | http://www.naturbag.com | ∗∗∗∗ Natur-Tec BF 3002 Color: Natural White |
| PERSTORP AB | SWEDEN | http://www.perstorp.com | ∗∗∗ CAPA 85014A Color: Transparent |
| PLANTIC Technologies Ltd | AUSTRALIA | http://www.plantic.com.au/ | ∗∗∗∗ Plantic HP1 Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Plantic R1 Color: Natural |
| POU CHEN Corporation | Taiwan, R.O.C. | http://www.pouchen.com | ∗ ECOLON Color: White ∗ eFFA-skin Color: White ∗ Rubby Color: Neutral |
| Table Continued | |||
| Company | Country | Website | Certification (Star Number), Grade, Color |
| RESIRENE SA de CV | MEXICO | http://www.resirene.com | ∗ BIORENE HA-40 |
| RODENBURG BIOPOLYMERS | THE NETHERLANDS | http://www.biopolymers.nl | ∗∗∗ FlourPlast SG1 G Color: Yellowish ∗∗∗ FlourPlast SG2 G Color: Yellowish ∗∗∗ SOLANYL C1201 Color: Natural white translucent ∗∗∗ SOLANYL C1401 Color: Natural white translucent ∗∗∗ SOLANYL C2201 Color: Natural white translucent ∗∗ SOLANYL C8101 Color: Natural White |
| SHENZHEN HONGCAI NEW MATERIAL Tech. Co | CHINA | http://www.biohongcai.com | ∗∗ DF-101 Color: Beige ∗∗∗ DI-102 Color: Beige |
| SOFTER TECNOPOLIMERI Srl | ITALY | http://www.softerspa.com | ∗∗∗∗ Plantura 67C1 WR NAT001 Color: Natural ∗∗∗∗ Plantura 80VT4 NAT001 Color: Natural |
| SOLVAY ACETOW GmbH | GERMANY | http://www.solvay.com | ∗∗ OCALIO Color: Transparent |
| SUZHOU HANFENG NEW MATERIAL Co Ltd | CHINA | http://www.biohanfeng.com | ∗∗ BIZ-008 Color: Light yellow |
| TIANJIN GREENBIO MATERIAL Co Ltd | CHINA | http://www.tjgreenbio.com | ∗∗∗∗ SoGreen P(3,4HB) resin 1001 Color: Light ivory ∗∗∗∗ SoGreen P(3,4HB) Resin 2001 Color: Light ivory ∗∗∗∗ SoGreen P(3,4HB) resin 3001 Color: Light ivory |
| TORAY Industries, Inc | JAPAN | http://www.toray.co.jp | ∗ Ecodear V751 X53 Color: Natural White |
| WUHAN HUALI | CHINA | http://www.psm.com.cn | ∗∗∗ 100B Color: Natural White ∗∗ 100C Color: Natural White ∗ HL-101-40 Color: Natural White ∗∗ PSM HL-101 Color: White ∗∗ PSM HL-102 Color: White ∗∗ PSM HL-103 Color: Natural ∗ PSM HL-203C Color: Ivory ∗∗∗∗ PSM HL-300A Color: White |
| ZHONGSHAN GUANGMAO Bio-Plastics Technol | CHINA | ∗∗ GM-BF-20501 Color: light yellow ∗∗ GM-CF-30502 Color: light yellow |
Table 2.3
Examples of Producers of Renewable Plastics
| Polymer | Company | Website | Brand Name |
| Polylactic acid (PLA) derivatives | |||
| PLA | Corbion Purac | http://www.corbion.com/ | Purac |
| PLA | Futerro | http://www.futerro.com/index.html | Futerro |
| PLA | NatureWorks | http://www.natureworksllc.com/ | Ingeo |
| PLA | Showa Denko | http://www.showa-denko.com/ | Bionolle Starcla |
| PLA | Synbra | http://www.biofoam.nl/index.php | Biofoam |
| PLA | Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials | http://en.hisunplas.com/ | Hisun |
| PLA | Teijin | www.teijin.co.jp/english/ | BIOFRONT™ |
| PLA blend | FKuR Kunststoff | www.fkur.com/ | Bio-Flex® |
| PLA/starch | Biotec | http://www.biotec.de/prod/ | Bioplast |
| Starch derivatives | |||
| Starch-based | BecauseWeCare | www.becausewecare.com.au/ | BF90 |
| Starch-based | BiologiQ | www.biologiq.com/ | EcoStarch |
| Starch-based | Biop Biopolymer Technologies AG | www.bio-plastics.org/en/ | BIOPAR® |
| Starch-based | Biotec | http://www.biotec.de/prod/ | Bioplast |
| Starch-based | Cardia bioplastics | http://www.cardiabioplastics.com/index.php?nodeId=14 | Cardia Biohybrid™ Cardia Compostable |
| Starch-based | Green Dot | www.greendotpure.com/ | Terratek® Flex |
| Starch-based | Japan Corn Starch | http://www.nihon-cornstarch.com/product/bio_plastic/tabid/160/Default.aspx | Cornpole |
| Limagrain | http://www.biolice.com/english/index_e.html | Biolice | |
| Starch-based | Novamont | http://www.novamont.com/ | Mater-Bi® |
| Starch-based | Plantic | http://www.plantic.com.au/ | Plantic, Plantic eco Plastic™ |
| Starch-based | Rodenburg Biopolymers | http://www.biopolymers.nl/company | Solanyl |
| Starch-based | Roquette | http://www.gaialene.com/ | GAÏALENE® |
| Starch-based | Solanyl Biopolymers Inc | http://solanylbiopolymers.com/ | Solanyl FlourPlast |
| Starch-based | Stanelco | www.biometechnologiesplc.com/ | Bioplast® |
| Starch-based | Vegeplast | VEGEMAT® | |
| Table Continued | |||
| Polymer | Company | Website | Brand Name |
| Starch, cellulose, straw | Wuhan Huali Environment Protection—PSM | http://www.psm.com.cn/eng/index.asp | PSM |
| Cellulose derivatives | |||
| Cellulose ester | Celanese Acetate Products | http://www.celaneseacetate.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Daicel | http://www.daicel.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Eastman | http://www.eastman.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Innovia films | http://www.innoviafilms.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Mazzucchelli1849 | http://www.mazzucchelli1849.it/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Planet Plastics Cy | http://www.planetplastics.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Rhodia | http://www.rhodia.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Rotuba | http://www.naturacellnow.com/ | |
| Cellulose ester | Sateri | http://www.sateri.com/ | |
| Lignin derivatives | |||
| Lignin-based | Cyclewood Solutions | http://cyclewood.com/ | Xylomer™ |
| Lignin-based | Tecnaro | http://www.tecnaro.de/english/ | Arboform |
| Renewable, green, bio, or eco—PUR (polyurethane), TPU (thermoplastic polyurethanes) | |||
| PUR | Alberdingk® | http://www.alberdingk-boley.de/en.html# | |
| PUR | BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | CosyPUR™ BALANCE |
| PUR | BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | Lupranol® BALANCE |
| PUR | Biobased Technologies | http://www.biobased.net/company.php | |
| PUR | Croda | www.croda.com/ | |
| PUR | Johnson Controls Inc. | http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/content/us/en/ | |
| TPU | Merquinsa® | www.merquinsa.com/ | Pearlthane® ECO |
| PUR | Rampf Ecosystems | http://www.rampf-gruppe.de/en/companies-and-products/eco-solutions/base-polyols/ | |
| PUR | Rhino Linings | http://biobased.rhinolinings.com/products/index.html | |
| PUR | Succinity JV BASF/Purac | http://www.succinity.com/ | |
| PUR | The Dow Chemical Company | www.dow.com/ | |
| Table Continued | |||
| Polymer | Company | Website | Brand Name |
| PHB | Biomer | www.biometechnologiesplc.com/ | P209 PHB |
| PHB | PHB Industrial | http://www.biocycle.com.br/imprensa_ing_01.htm | Biocycle |
| PHBH | Kaneka | www.kaneka.com/ | AONILEX® |
| P4HB | Tepha | www.tepha.com/ | TephaFLEX® |
| Miscellaneous polyesters | |||
| Fossil BAT | BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | Ecoflex |
| PBAT + PLA | BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | Ecovio |
| Polyester | SK Chemicals | www.skchemicals.com/ | SKYTHANE® |
| Renewable polyethylene (PE) | |||
| PE | Braskem | www.braskem.com/ | GreenPE |
| PE | Sabic | www.sabic.com/ | RENEWABLE POLYOLEFINS |
| Thermoplastic polyester resins or components | |||
| Polyester | Gevo Inc. | www.gevo.com/ | |
| Polyester | Indorama Ventures | http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ | RAMAPET |
| Polyester | Toyota Tsusho Corp., | www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/ | GLOBIO Bio-PET |
| Polyester | Virent Energy Systems Inc. | www.virent.com/ | |
| PEF | Avantium | www.avantium.com/ | |
| PBT | Toray | http://www.toray.co.jp | |
| PBT | Lanxess | www.lanxess.com/ | |
| PBT | Genomatica | www.genomatica.com/ | |
| TPEE | DuPont Engineering Polymers | http://www.dupont.com/ | Hytrel® RS |
| TPEE | DSM | www.dsm.com/ | Arnitel ECO |
| Unsaturated polyesters (UP) | |||
| UP | AOC | www.aoc-resins.com/ | EcoTek |
| UP | Ashland | www.ashland.com/ | Envirez |
| UP | DSM | www.dsm.com/ | Palapreg® ECO |
| UP | Polynt Composites | http://www.ccpcomposites.com | Enviroguard |
| UP | Reichhold | www.reichhold.com/ | Envirolite |
| Other thermoplastics | |||
| PC | Mitsubishi Chemical | Durabio | |
| PC | Teijin | www.teijin.co.jp/english/ | Planext |
| PP | Braskem | www.braskem.com/ | |
| PVC | Solvay | http://www.solvayplastics.com/ | |
| Table Continued | |||
| Polymer | Company | Website | Brand Name |
| PMMA | Altuglas | www.altuglas.com/ | Altuglas® Rnew |
| Other thermosets | |||
| Epoxy resin and component producers using renewable resources | |||
| EP | Cardolite | http://www.cardolite.com/ | |
| EP | CVC Thermoset Specialties | http://www.cvc.emeraldmaterials.com/ | ERISYS™ |
| EP | Dragonkraft | http://www.dragonkraft.com/ | |
| EP | Ecopoxy | http://ecopoxy.com/ | |
| EP | Entropy Resins | http://www.entropyresins.com/ | |
| EP | Huntsman | http://www.huntsman.com/corporate/a/Home | |
| EP | Solvay | http://www.solvayplastics.com/ | |
| EP | Spolchemie | http://www.spolchemie.cz/en/ | CHS-EPOXY® |
| EP | Systemthree | http://www.systemthree.com/ | |
| Phenolics | |||
| PF | Cardolite | http://www.cardolite.com/ | |
| Furanics | |||
| Furanic | TransFurans Chemicals (TMC) | www.transfurans.be/ | |
| Proprietary and nonclassified compounds | |||
| Proprietary | API | http://www.apinatbio.com/eng/apinat-bioplastics.html | APINAT bio |
| Proprietary | API | http://www.apiplastic.com/ | APIGO bio |
| Proprietary | BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | ECOBRAS |
| Proprietary | Biofase | http://www.biofase.com.mx | |
| Proprietary | BIOP by Biopolymer Technologies | www.bio-plastics.org/en/ | BIOPAR® |
| Proprietary | Ceres | www.cerestech.ca/ | |
| Proprietary | DuPont | http://www.dupont.com/ | SORONA |
| Proprietary | FKuR Kunststoff GmbH | www.fkur.com/ | BIO-FLEX® FIBROLON® |
| Proprietary | Northern Technologies International Corporation | www.ntic.com/ | Natur-Tec® |
| Proprietary | PolyOne GLS | www.polyone.com/products/thermoplastic-elastomers | VERSAFLEX™ BIO TPE |
| Proprietary | Solegear Bioplastic Technologies | http://www.solegear.ca/ | Polysole® and Traverse® bioplastics |
| Table Continued | |||
| Polymer | Company | Website | Brand Name |
| Algae/PO | Algix | www.algix.com | Solaplast |
| Algae/PBAT | Algix | www.algix.com | Solaplast |
| Algae/PP | Algix | www.algix.com | Solaplast |
| Algae/EVA | Algix | www.algix.com | Solaplast |
| Algae/PS | Algix | www.algix.com | Solaplast |
| PBS, starch, and PLA | Showa Denko | http://www.showa-denko.com/news/starcla-bio-based-bionolle-resin/ | Bionolle Starcla™ |
| Starch/PP | Green Dot Holdings | http://www.greendotpure.com/ | Terratek® |
| Starch PS | Resirene | http://resirene.com/ | Biorene |
| Starch PE | Cardia Bioplastics | http://www.cardiabioplastics.com/ | Cardia Biohybrid™ |
| Starch PP | Cardia Bioplastics | http://www.cardiabioplastics.com/ | Cardia Biohybrid™ |
| Copolyester/fossil TP | PolyOne | www.polyone.com/ | reSound™ |
| PLA/ABS | JSR | http://www.jsr.co.jp/jsr_e/ | BIOLLOY™ |
| Composites | |||
| Natural fibers and renewable matrices | |||
| PLA NF | FKuR | www.fkur.com/ | FIBROLON® |
| Bio-PE NF | FKuR | www.fkur.com/ | Terralene® |
| Proprietary | Futuramat | http://www.futuramat.com/ | |
| Bio-TP NF | Tecnaro | http://www.tecnaro.de/english/ | ARBOFORM ARBOBLEND |
| Bio-composite | Fasal | http://www.fasal.at | fasal® bio |
| Bio-composite | Composites evolution | http://www.compositesevolution.com/ | |
| Hybrid composites: fossil plastic reinforced with renewable fiber | |||
| PP NF | Composites Evolution | http://www.compositesevolution.com/ | Biotex |
| PP NF | FKuR | www.fkur.com/ | FIBROLON® |
| Proprietary | Tecnaro | http://www.tecnaro.de/english/ | ARBOFILL |
| PP NF | GreenGran | http://www.greengran.com/ | |
| PP cellulose fiber | RTP Company | http://www.rtpcompany.com/ | |
| Proprietary, ABS NF, PP NF | Futuramat | http://www.futuramat.com/ | PolyFibra® |
| Hybrid composites: renewable plastic reinforced with fossil fiber | |||
Table 2.4
Recyclers and Producers of Additives for Recyclate Upgrading
| Ampacet | http://www.ampacet.com/ | |
| Arkema | http://www.arkema.com/en | |
| BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | |
| BIR | http://www.bir.org/industry/plastics/ | |
| British plastics Federation—BPF | http://www.bpf.co.uk/ | |
| Brueggemann | http://www.brueggemann.com/english/ | |
| Carbios | http://www.carbios.fr/ | |
| Carbon Fiber Remanufacturing (CFR) | http://carbonfiberremanufacturing.com/ | |
| Chase Plastics | http://chaseplastics.com/ | |
| Chemtura | http://www.chemtura.com/ | |
| Dexco Polymers | http://tsrcdexco.com/en | |
| Dow | http://www.dow.com/ | |
| DuPont | http://www.dupont.com/ | |
| EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) | www.epa.gov/ | |
| European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) | http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/ | |
| Joint Venture SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers | https://www.sglgroup.com/cms/international/products/ | Recafil CF Recatex CF |
| Kraton Polymers | http://www.kraton.com/ | |
| MA Polymers | http://ma-polymers.de/ | |
| Momentive | http://www.momentive.com/ | |
| RAMPF | http://www.rampf-gruppe.de/en/ | |
| Recoup | www.recoup.org/ | |
| Sabic | https://www.sabic-ip.com/ | |
| Samsung | http://www.samsungchemical.com | |
| Wietek | http://www.wietek.com/wietek.htm |
Table 2.5
Examples of Additives for Renewable Plastics
| Arkema | http://www.arkema.com/en | Biostrength |
| BASF | https://www.basf.com/en | Joncryl ADR |
| Cardolite | http://www.cardolite.com/ | CNSL |
| CelluForce | www.celluforce.com/fr/ | Nanocellulose cristalline (NCC TM) |
| Clariant | http://www.clariant.com/en/Corporate | CESA Renol |
| Croda | http://www.croda.com/ | Solasorb IncroMax Atmer |
| Table Continued | ||
| Dow (Rohm and Haas) | http://www.dow.com/ | PARALOID™ |
| DuPont | http://www.dupont.com/ | Biomax |
| Gabriel-Chemie | http://www.gabriel-chemie.com/en/ | MAXITHEN® BIOL |
| Goulston | http://www.goulston.com/ | |
| Hallstar | https://www.hallstar.com/ | HallGreen |
| Holland colours HCA | http://hollandcolours.com/ | |
| KHS | http://freshsafepet.khs.com/en.php#3-technology | KHS Plasmax |
| Lapol | http://www.lapol.net/ | |
| Meco Energie-Kollektoren | http://www.mecostat.com/en/ | |
| Patco additives | http://www.chemnet.com/Suppliers/9717/ | With Pationic |
| PolyOne Corporation | http://www.polyone.com/ | ColorMatrix |
| Polyvel | http://www.polyvel.com/ | |
| Robinson Brothers | http://www.robinsonbrothers.co.uk/pages/products | |
| Sidel | http://www.sidel.com/ | Actis |
| Sukano | http://www.sukano.com/eu/ | |
| Takemoto Oil & Fat Co | http://www.takemoto.co.jp/en/ | |
| Teknor Color Company | http://www.teknorapex.com/ | |
| Viba Group | http://www.vibagroup.com/ | Vibatan |
Table 2.6
Bio-monomers and Bio-bricks for Drop-in Solutions
| Amyris | https://amyris.com/ | |
| Anellotech | http://anellotech.com/ | |
| Archer Daniels Midland Company—ADM | http://www.adm.com/en-US/products/industrial/Pages/default.aspx | |
| Arkema | http://www.arkema.com/en | Bio-acrylic acid Plexiglas® Rnew |
| Avantium | http://www.avantium.com/ | YXY green building blocks |
| BASF | https://www.basf.com/en/company/news-and-media/news-releases/2015/03/p-15-163.html | Bio-based PolyTHF |
| BASF | http://www.polyurethanes.basf.com/pu/ | PHB/starch/and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) |
| Bayer MaterialScience | http://www.press.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/ | Polyether carbonate polyols |
| Bio-Amber | http://www.bio-amber.com/bioamber/en/products | Bio-based Succinic acid, butanediol (BDO) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) |
| Cardia Bioplastics | http://www.cardiabioplastics.com/media/media-item?newsId=57 | Poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) |
| Table Continued | ||
| LanzaTech technology | http://www.lanzatech.com/ | Acetic acid |
| Lubrizol (Merquinsa). | http://www.merquinsa.com/ | Biotpu |
| M&G (Gruppo Mossi and Ghisolfi) | http://www.gruppomg.com/en/business/bio-polyester-feedstock | Biopolyester |
| Metabolic Explorer—METEX | http://www.metabolic-explorer.com/contenu.php?rub=biotech&ssrub=6 | Propanediol |
| Metabolix Inc. | http://www.metabolix.com/ | |
| Mitsubishi Chemical | http://www.m-kagaku.co.jp/english/products/business/polymer/sustainable/details/1194667_3255.html | DURABIO™ |
| Mitsubishi Rayon | https://www.mrc.co.jp/english/ | Bio-MMA |
| Mitsui chemicals | http://www.mitsuichem.com/release/2014/141211.htm | Pentamethylene diisocyanate(PDI®) |
| Myriant | http://www.myriant.com/applications/polyester-polyols.cfm | Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) |
| Neste Oil | https://www.neste.com/ | |
| Novomer | http://www.novomer.com/ | CONVERGE® polyols |
| Novomer | http://www.novomer.com/ | Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) |
| Novomer | http://www.novomer.com/ | Propiolactone |
| Novozymes | http://www.novozymes.com/en/ | C4 dicarboxylic acids, malic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid GBL (γ-butyrolactone) |
| Novozymes and Cargill | Hydroxypropionic (3-HP) and acrylic acid | |
| Novozymes and Dacheng Group, | Plant-based glycols | |
| Oleon | http://www.oleon.com/ | |
| Repsol | http://www.repsol.com/es_en/ | Polyolpolycarbonate |
| Reverdia | http://www.reverdia.com/ | Biosuccinium™ |
| Roquette | http://www.roquette.com/ | POLYSORB® isosorbide |
| Solvay Indupa (Buenos Aires | http://www.solvayindupa.com/en/index.html | |
| Succinity (BASF and Corbion Purac) | http://www.succinity.com/ | Succinity® biobased succinic acid |
| Toyota Tsusho | http://www.globio.jp/en/concept1.html | Globio (BioPET) |
| Virent | http://www.virent.com/ | Bioterephthalic acid |
Table 2.7
Examples of Renewable Additives
| Company | Website | Trade Name Example |
| Teijin Ltd. | www.teijin.co.jp/english/ | Biofront |
| Proquitec | http://www.proquitec.com.br/ | PLASTITEC FF |
| SGS Polimeros | http://www.sgspolimeros.com.br/ | Olvex 50 plasticizer |
| Teknor Apex | http://www.teknorapex.com/division/bioplastics | TerraloyTM |
| VARTECO QUIMICA PUNTANA | http://www.varteco.com.ar/en/products | |
| VTT | http://www.vtt.fi/ | LGF process |
Table 2.8
Examples of Renewable Plasticizers and Producers
| Epoxidized oils | |||
| Arkema | http://www.arkema.com/en/products/ | Vikoflex | Epoxidized vegetable oil |
| Baerlocher | http://www.baerlocher.com/ | Baerostab H2000 IN | Epoxidized soybean oil |
| Chang Chun Petrochemical | http://www.ccp.com.tw/ | Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) | Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) |
| Hebei Jingu Plasticizer | http://www.hbjingu.com/plasticizer/ | HY–B, HY, S, Z | Epoxy fatty acid methyl ester, Epoxidized soybean oil |
| Michael Ballance plastics | http://www.ballance-plastics.co.uk/ | MONSOL ESBO | Epoxidized soybean oil |
| Nanjing Capatue chemica | http://www.capatue.com/english/ | Epoxidized soybean oil | Epoxidized soybean oil |
| New Japan chemical | http://www.nj-chem.co.jp/en/ | SANSO CIZER | Epoxidized linseed oil |
| Novista | http://www.novistagroup.com/eindex.asp | Epoxidized soybean oil | Epoxidized soybean oil |
| Petrom | http://plsgreen.com.br/en/ | PLS green | ESBO based (amyl, octyl, or nonyl epoxy stearate) |
| The chemical company | https://www.thechemco.com/chemical/ | Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) | Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) |
| Varteco Quimica Puntana | http://www.varteco.com.ar/en/home | Kalflex Varflex | Epoxidized soybean oil and primary plasticizers mixture |
| Zhejiang Jiaao Enprotech Stock | http://www.jiaaohuanbao.com/en/ | Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) | Epoxidized soybean oil |
| Table Continued | |||
| Esters | |||
| Aekyung Petrochemical | http://www.akp.co.kr/eng/ | NEO-C | Mixed alcohol ester |
| Arkema Casda Biomaterials | http://casda-biomaterials.lookchem.com/ | Dibutyl sébacate (DBS) | Dibutyl sébacate (DBS) |
| Casda Biomaterials | http://casda-biomaterials.lookchem.com/ | Dimethyl sebacate (DMS | Dimethyl sebacate |
| Casda Biomaterials | http://casda-biomaterials.lookchem.com/ | Dioctyl sebacate(DOS) | Dioctyl sebacate(DOS) |
| Hallstar | http://www.hallstar.com/ | Hallgreen® | Plant-derived ester |
| Hallstar | http://www.hallstar.com/ | Plasthall PR, ELO, ESO | Renewable ester |
| Jayant Agro-Organics | http://www.jayantagro.com/ | Dicapryl sebacate (DCS) | Castor oil Dicapryl sebacate |
| Jungbunzlauer | http://www.jungbunzlauer.com/ | Citrofol | Acetyl tributyl citrate, Tributyl citrate, Acetyl triethyl citrate, acetyl citrate |
| Oxea | http://www.oxea-chemicals.com/ | OXBLUE® ATBC | Acetyl tributyl citrate |
| Oxea | http://www.oxea-chemicals.com/ | OXBLUE® DOSX | Dioctyl succinate [bis (2-ethylhexyl) succinate] |
| PVC renewable plasticizer | PolyOne | www.polyone.com/ | Geon™ BIO Flexible Solutions |
| Rhein Chemie Additives (Lanxess) | http://www.rheinchemie.com/http://lanxess.com/en/ | Unimoll AGF | Mixture of glycerine acetates |
| Rhein Chemie Lanxess | http://lanxess.com/en/rhein-chemie/ | Rhenosin® | Fatty acid esters |
| Vertellus Specialties | http://www.vertellus.com/ | Citroflex® | Citrate esters |
| Vegetable oil derivatives | |||
| Arizona Chemical | http://www.arizonachemical.com/products/ | Sylfat™ | Tall oil fatty acid |
| Chlorinated plasticizer extracted from vegetable oil | |||
| Danisco (DuPont Group) | http://plasticadditives.dupont.com/products/soft_n_safetm/ | GRINDSTED®SOFT-N-SAFE™ | Castor oil derivative |
| Darwin Chemical Company | http://www.darwinchemical.com/ | Castor oil | Triglyceride of fatty acid |
| Meadwestvaco | http://www.mwv.com/en-us/ | MWV Rosin | Tall oil rosin |
| Oleon Sofiproteol | http://www.oleon.com/ | Radia | Rapeseed oil-based |
| Seatons | http://www.seatons-uk.co.uk/ | Blown castor oil | Oxidatively polymerized castor oil |
| Table Continued | |||
| Tall oil derivatives | |||
| Zhejiang Jiaao Enprotech Stock | http://www.jiaaohuanbao.com/en/ | JLD | Extracted from vegetable oil by modification |
| Zhejiang Jiaao Enprotech Stock | http://www.jiaaohuanbao.com/en/ | JLD 819 | Chlorinated plasticizer extracted from vegetable oil |
| Miscellaneous plasticizers | |||
| Dow Chemical | http://www.dow.com/ | Dow Ecolibrium™ | Bio-based plasticizer |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Trimellitate, sebacate, azelaic, adipate esters; polymeric plasticizer based on adipic acid |
| Galata Chemicals | http://www.galatachemicals.com/ | Drapex Alpha | |
| Lapol | http://www.lapol.net/ | Lapol | |
| Nexoleum | http://nexoleum.com/english/products.html | Nexo | Methyl epoxy soyate |
| PolyOne | http://www.polyone.com/en-us/ | ReFlex | |
| Proviron | http://www.proviron.com/ | Proviplast | |
| Resypar Industria e Comercio | http://www.resypar.com.br/eng/ | Resyflex | |
| Roquette | www.roquette.com | Polysorb | Isosorbid derivative |
Table 2.9
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Rheology modifier |
| Fine organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | Finaid | Processing aid |
| Fine organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | FINALUX, Finastat | Processing aid |
| Hallstar | http://www.hallstar.com/ | Hallgreen R | Processing aid (plant-derived ester) |
| JJI Technologies | http://www.jji-technologies.com/ | Jemini 100™ | Process aid |
| Lapol | http://www.lapol.net/ | Lapol | Rheology modifier |
| New Japan Chemical | http://www.nj-chem.co.jp/en/ | GEL ALL | Rheology modifier |
| Pcc-chemax | http://www.pcc-chemax.com/ | Maxomer Lube | Vegetable-based processing aids |
| Performance additives | http://www.performance-additives.com/ | Ultra-Plast™ | Processing aid (fatty acid derivatives) |
| Soy Technologies | http://www.soytek.com/ | Soyanol™ | Coalescing agent (soy-based alkyl resin) |
| Table Continued | |||
| Struktol | http://www.struktol.com/ | Struktol | Polymeric processing aid (fatty acid derivatives) |
| Struktol | http://www.struktol.com/ | Struktol® WS 280 PASTE | Processing aid (blend of fatty acid derivatives and silicone) |
| Vertellus Specialties | http://www.vertellus.com/ | Castorwax® | Processing aid (glycerol tri-(12-hydroxystearate) |
| VÖLPKER® | http://voelpker.com/en/ | Waradur® | Process aid (derived from lignite∗) |
Table 2.10
Examples of Surface Friction Modifiers
| AddComp | http://www.addcomp.nl/ | ADD-VANCE SA | Slip agent (masterbatch formulated with oleamide) |
| Blachford | http://www.blachford.ca/ | Aluminum stearate | antitack agent |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | IncroMax | Slip agents |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Crodamide | Antiblocking agents |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Ethylene bis stearamide | Antiblocking agents |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Erucamide derivatives | Antiblocking agents |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Stearates | Antiblocking agents |
| Croda SIPO | http://www.sipo.com.cn/ch/ | Oleamide | Slip agent |
| Darwin Chemical Company | http://www.darwinchemical.com/ | Erucamide | Antisticking (nitrogen derivatives of erucic acid) |
| Domus Chemicals | http://www.domuschemicals.it/ | DOMPLAST BIO | Fatty acid ester. Lubricant |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Antiblocking agents |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Lubricant |
| Fine Organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | FINALUX, Finastat | Lubricant |
| Frank B Ross | http://www.frankbross.com/ | Hydrogenated castor oil | Lubricant (hydrogenated castor oil) |
| Honeywell | http://www.honeywell-additives.com/ | Rheolub® RL | Lubricant (blend of in-situ calcium stearate and fatty acid esters) |
| HUZHOU SHENGTAO BIOTECH | http://www.shengtao.com/products/main_en.html | Rice bran wax | Lubricant |
| Table Continued | |||
| Kerax | http://www.kerax.co.uk/ | Keratech | Lubricant (hydrogenated castor oil–Hydroxy stearic acid) |
| NAYAKEM ORGANICS | http://www.nayakem.com/ | Butylstearate | Lubricant |
| New Japan Chemical | http://www.nj-chem.co.jp/en/ | RIKAFLOW EP | Lubricant |
| Performance-Additives | http://www.performance-additives.com/ | ULTRA-PLAST™ | Slip agents |
| Peter Greven FettChemie | http://www.peter-greven.de/en/ | Ligalub | Lubricant |
| Peter Greven FettChemie | http://www.peter-greven.de/en/ | Ligastab | Lubricant (metal salt of stearic acid) |
| Pilipinas Kao | http://chemical.kao.com/ | KALCOL | Lubricant fatty alcohol |
| Riken | http://www.rikenvitamin.com/chemicals/plastics.html | Rikemal Rikemaster | Antiblocking agents |
| SO.G.I.S. Industria Chimica | www.sogis.com/ | CALCIUM STEARATE Zinc stearate Stearine Waxso | Lubricant |
| Struktol | http://www.struktol.com/ | Struktol | Lubricant, (fatty acid derivatives) |
| VÖLPKER® | http://voelpker.com/en/ | Waradur® | Lubricant (derived from lignite) |
Table 2.11
| Danisco (DuPont Group) | http://plasticadditives.dupont.com/products/ | Dimodan HP | Release agent |
| Darwin Chemical Company | http://www.darwinchemical.com/ | Erucamide | Release agent (nitrogen derivatives of erucic acid) |
| Domus Chemicals | http://www.domuschemicals.it/ | DOMPLAST BIO | Fatty acid ester. Release agent |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Release agent |
| Fine Organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | Finalux | Release agent |
| Riken | http://www.rikenvitamin.com/chemicals/plastics.html | Rikemal Rikemaster | Release agents |
| SO.G.I.S. Industria Chimica | www.sogis.com/ | Calcium stearate Zinc stearate Stearine Waxso | Release agent |
Table 2.12
| A Schulman | http://www.aschulman.com/Default.aspx?reset=2 | Polywhite® | Masterbatch containing antistatic additive, titanium dioxide in polyethylene |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Atmer | Anti-static |
| Croda SIPO | http://www.sipo.com.cn/ch/ | Behenamide | Antistatic agent |
| Danisco (DuPont Group) | http://plasticadditives.dupont.com/products/ | Dimodan HP | Antistatic agent |
| Danisco (DuPont Group) | http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/food-ingredients/brands/danisco-food-ingredients.html | GRINDSTED® AR,PGE, PS | Antistatic agents |
| Darwin Chemical Company | http://www.darwinchemical.com/ | Erucamide | Antistatic agent (nitrogen derivatives of erucic acid) |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Antistatic agent |
| Fine Organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | Finalux | Antistatic agent |
| MLPlastics Additive Masterbatches | PE STA1905, SLA, LTA | Antistatic agents of vegetable origin in PE carrier resin | |
| PolyOne | http://www.polyone.com/ | OnColor BIO | |
| Riken | http://www.rikenvitamin.com/chemicals/plastics.html | Rikemal Rikemaster | Antistatic agents |
Table 2.13
Examples of Optical Property Modifiers
| Clariant | http://www.clariant.fr/ | RENOL®-natur color masterbatches | Color |
| Croda | http://www.crodapolymeradditives.com/ | Atmer | Antifogging agents |
| Emery Oleochemicals | http://www.emeryoleo.com/ | EDENOL® LOXIOL® | Antifogging agents |
| Fine Organics | http://www.fineorganics.com/ | Finafog | Antifogging agents |
| Riken | http://www.rikenvitamin.com/chemicals/plastics.html | Rikemal Rikemaster | Antifogging agents |
| SO.G.I.S. Industria Chimica | www.sogis.com/ | CALCIUM STEARATE Zinc stearate Stearine Waxso | Antifogging agents |
| Tianyi Chemical Engineering Material | http://en.tianyi-chemical.com/ | APL 308 | Gloss imparting, grinding agent (zinc stearate) |
Table 2.14
| Addivant | www.addivant.com/ | GENOX® EP | Heat Stabilizer |
| Akcros Chemicals | http://www.akcros.com/ | Akcrostab® LT | Heat and light stabilizer (mixed metal epoxidized soybean oil blend) |
| Baerlocher | www.baerlocher.com/ | Baerostab® LSA, LSU, NT | Heat and light stability (epoxized soybean oil) |
| Cardolite | https://www.cardolite.com/automotive | Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) | Heat stabilizer |
| Clariant | https://www.clariant.com/masterbatches | CESA-natur antioxidants | Antioxidant (vitamin E) |
| Clariant | https://www.clariant.com/masterbatches | CESA-natur light masterbatches | Light stabilizer |
| Nanjing Capatue chemica | http://www.capatue.com/english/ | Caplig | Hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Bis-tetramethyl-sebacate) |
| Peter Greven FettChemie | http://www.peter-greven.de/en/ | LIGA calcium behenate | Heat stabilizer (calcium salt of behenic acid) |
| Catechin and epicatechin | Heat stabilizer (green tea extract) |
Table 2.15
Examples of Miscellaneous Renewable Additives
Sylvatac® RE SYLVAPACK™ RE Sylvalite RE | Tackifier (pentaerythritol ester of rosin) (stabilized tall oil rosin ester and crude sulphate turpentine) (polyol ester of rosin) | Arizona Chemical | http://www.arizonachemical.com/ |
Oleris® 2-Octanol Fatty alcohol based | Solvent and antifoaming agent | Arkema | http://www.arkema.com/ |
| Polycard XFN™ | Flame retardant (renewable aromatic multifunctional polyol—cashew shell oil-based) | Composite Technical Services | http://ctsusa.us/ |
| Novocard | Biobased epoxy hardeners systems | Composite Technical Services | http://ctsusa.us/ |
| Walnut Shell Fillers | Filler | Composition Materials Co | http://compomat.com/ |
| NatureWax | Wax | Elevance Renewable Sciences | http://www.elevance.com/ |
| Montan Wax | Wax (derived from lignite) | Frank B Ross | http://www.frankbross.com/ |
| Kronitex CDP, TCP | Flame retardant (naturally derived cresyl diphenyl phosphate; naturally derived cresol-based tricresyl phosphate) | Great Lakes Chemtura | http://www.greatlakes.com/ |
| Table Continued | |||
| Rice bran wax | Wax | HUZHOU SHENGTAO BIOTECH | http://www.shengtao.com/products/main_en.html |
| BioRes | Laurel BioComposite | https://www.laurelbiocomposite.com/ | |
| MWV Rosin | Tackifier (tall oil rosin) | Meadwestvaco | http://www.mwv.com/en-us/ |
| GEL ALL | Nucleating agent | New Japan Chemical | http://www.nj-chem.co.jp/en/ |
| NeroPlast® | Filler | New Polymer Systems | http://www.newpolymersystems.com/ |
| BioTred | Filler (starch) | Novamont | www.novamont.com |
| Sacrificial binder | Sacrificial binder (polypropylene carbonate—PPC) | Novomer | http://www.novomer.com/ |
| Charmor™ PM40 Care | Flame retardant (pentaerythritol derivative) | Perstorp | https://www.perstorp.com/ |
| Piccolyte® | Tackifier (polyterpene resin) | Pinova | http://www.pinovasolutions.com/ |
Staybelite® Pexalyn® | Tackifier (rosin derivative) | Pinova | http://www.pinovasolutions.com/ |
| GLIDOX™ | Polymerization initiator (terpene hydroperoxide) | Renessenz | http://www.renessenz.com/site/ |
| Terpene resin | Tackifier (terpene resin) | Rosin Chemical Wuping | http://www.rosin-wuping.com/en-index.html |
| Waradur® | Wax (derived from lignite) | VÖLPKER® | http://voelpker.com/en/ |
| BioSphere | Plastic additives | www.biosphereplastic.com | |
| Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) | Curing agent for epoxies |
Table 2.16
Examples of Masterbatches Based on Renewable Polymers
| Bylox compound | Bioadditive masterbatch | Genarex | http://www.genarex.com/ |
| CM, CN, CP | Bioadditives masterbatches based on PLA | Polyvel | http://www.polyvel.com/ |
PHA Cellulose Starch PLA Bio-PE, PA11, PA6, PA10, | Renewable carrier: PHA Cellulose Starch PLA Bio-PE PA11 PA6 PA10 | ||
| PLA/PHA masterbatch | Renewable carrier: PLA | Metabolix | http://www.metabolix.com/ |
| Terraloy 9000 | Renewable carrier: PLA | Teknor Apex | |
| VIBATAN | Renewable carrier: PLA | Viba Group | http://www.vibagroup.com/en/ |
Table 2.17
Examples of Market Study Specialists, Associations, and Institutes Dealing With Renewable Materials
Further Reading
M. Biron, Material Selection for Thermoplastic Parts – Elsevier Ltd, 20,153.
M. Biron, Thermosets and Composites – Elsevier Ltd, 2014.
M. Biron, Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites – Elsevier Ltd, 2013.
Plastics Additives & Compounding, Elsevier Ltd.
Modern Plastics Encyclopaedia, McGraw-Hill Publications.
Modern Plastics International, Canon Communications LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Plastics News.com, Crain Communications.
Reinforced Plastics, Elsevier Ltd.
Websites
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