xi
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
1.1 US CO
2
emissions by sector 1
1.2 US cities participating in building benchmarking 2
1.3 2017 Higher Education Sustainability Stafng Report 4
1.4 The Catholic University of America students in University Central Plant 7
2.1 LEED Lab students design and build a rainwater cistern 11
2.2 Sagor’s Action Research Cycle 12
2.3 A charrette between facilities management and LEED Lab students 13
2.4 Scenario where existing students have already started to work on credits
in a LEED Lab course that extends for one year 15
2.5 Learning module icons 17
3.1 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment
tools comparison 26
3.2 Comparison of rating systems 27
3.3 The ARC Platform website portal 31
4.1 Harvard University’s sustainability plan 37
4.2 LEED O+M credits that are eligible for Master Site 40
4.3 Comparison of O+M assessment systems 41
4.4 Performance Periods by credit 46
4.5 Timeline of the history of LEED O+M 46
4.6 LEED O+M implementation diagram for The Catholic University of America 48
4.7 Various sustainability strategies one can utilize to create a synergy 51
4.8 An example of how strategies can synergize 51
4.9 Final point integration diagram 52
4.10 Initial point integration diagram 53
4.11 An example of a synergy diagram that includes LEED calculations 55
5.1 Various LEED Lab classroom scenarios 57
5.2 Individual Student Progress Presentation, ISPP overview 58
5.3 Student example of ISPP1 for the Light Pollution Reduction credit 59
5.4 Student example of ISPP2 for the Light Pollution Reduction credit 60
5.5 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools:
comparison of Transportation credits 62
5.6 Allocation of Transportation credits in various global sustainability
assessment systems for existing buildings 63
5.7 Transportation credit equations 71
5.8 Alternative Transportation: strategies for achievement 75
5.9 How can the Innovation credit help? 76
6.1 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools 80
6.2 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools 81
6.3 LEED O+M v4 Reference Guide: Site Management best practices 89
6.4 Two options for a municipal sewage system 92
6.5 Small storm hydrology method 93
6.6 Light trespass 95
6.7 Sustainable Sites credit: Light Pollution Reduction 97
6.8 The Catholic University of America Campus Master Plan, April 2012 100
ILLUSTRATIONS
xii
6.9 Terrain elevation map of The Catholic University of America, Campus
Master Plan, April 2012 101
6.10 The Catholic University of America Campus Master Plan, April 2012 102
6.11 The Catholic University of America, area of vegetation on campus 103
7.1 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools 108
7.2 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools 109
7.3 Water Efciency Prerequisite, Indoor Water Use Reduction: Option 1 117
7.4 Water Efciency Prerequisite, Indoor Water Use Reduction: faucet ow
rate conversion 118
7.5 Building-level water metering: stainless steel pulse output water meter 121
7.6 Cooling tower at Opus Hall, The Catholic University of America 125
7.7 Typical low chemical water treatment system 125
7.8 Examples of biochar 128
7.9 CUA community garden plots ready for the admission of biochar 129
8.1 Annual global building CO
2
emissions by sector 134
8.2 Building-level energy metering: Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite 135
8.3 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools
for energy 136
8.4 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools:
comparison for energy 137
8.5 Global assessment systems: North America based and internationally based 140
8.6 Existing building plan 144
8.7 Combined fuel end-use breakdown for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning 149
8.8 Energy Accounting Feedback Loop (EAFL) 150
8.9 Statement of Energy Performance for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning 153
8.10 LEED Lab students are introduced to the central plant by a staff operator 154
8.11 A Building Automation System (BAS) or Building Management
System (BMS) 156
8.12 Energy and Facility Management Software (EFMS) for buildings 157
8.13 Energy and Facility Management Software (EFMS) for Buildings Feedback Loop 157
8.14 A utility submeter system in a building 161
8.15 Shark Meter diagram 162
8.16 Energy Star Portfolio Manager 164
8.17 Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite: minimum energy performance
diagram 165
8.18 Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite: minimum energy performance
calculations for district energy supply 169
8.19 Shares of major energy sources used in commercial buildings, 2012 171
8.20 The ozone layer 175
8.21 The physics of the refrigerant cycle 177
8.22 Diagram of how a refrigerant is processed in an air conditioner 177
8.23 Diagram of how refrigerant is processed in a heat pump 179
8.24 Equation from LEED O+M v4 Reference Guide for simple payback for
equipment replacement or conversion 180
8.25 Resulting annual maintenance and refrigerant cost difference equation 180
8.26 Energy and Atmosphere credit: demand response and how it works 190
8.27 Renewable Energy Certicate 200
8.28 Energy and Atmosphere credit: renewable energy and carbon offsets
equations 202
8.29 Minimum project requirement for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning, Item 6 205
ILLUSTRATIONS
xiii
8.30 Metering Management System at the Crough Center 205
8.31 Space types at the Crough Center 209
8.32 Sample Meter Certicate of Calibration 215
9.1 A sample of an LCA Report from the Revit plug-in TALLY 221
9.2 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools
for materials 223
9.3 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools
comparison for materials 224
9.4 Procurement and waste management policy map 231
9.5 Percentage of oor area appropriate for a particular rating system 234
9.6 Facility Maintenance and Renovation (FMR) Policy Prerequisite map 235
9.7 Environmental Purchasing Policy (EPP) for Facility Maintenance and
Renovation (FMR) steps 236
9.8 Procurement and Waste Management Policy for the CUA Sustainability Plan 241
10.1 Health and comfort of the indoor environment 246
10.2 How to read a Psychrometric Chart, page 1 248
10.3 How to read a Psychrometric Chart, page 2 249
10.4 How to read a Psychrometric Chart, page 3 250
10.5 How to read a Psychrometric Chart, page 4 251
10.6 A Psychrometric Chart, a tool to help determine interior thermal
comfort levels 252
10.7 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools
for indoor air quality 253
10.8 Global sustainable existing building sustainability assessment tools:
comparison for indoor air quality 254
10.9 MERV rating chart 262
10.10 Second-oor plan of the Edward M. Crough School of Architectural
Studies 263
10.11 Close-up of Figure 10.10 264
10.12 Close-up of Figure 10.10 264
10.13 Measuring airow tips and techniques chart 275
10.14 Location of designated smoking areas at The Catholic University of
America 281
10.15 Image of example of non-smoking sign at OPUS Hall 283
10.16 US state and local Smoke-Free Restaurant and Bar Laws, 2002–2012 284
10.17 Types of solar glare: disability glare and discomfort glare 292
10.18 Cycle of luminance 296
10.19 Color Rendering Index (CRI) for different types of lamps 296
10.20 Sample results from occupant survey for the Crough School of
Architecture and Planning 300
11.1 LEED Online Portal login page 310
11.2 LEED Online Portal registration page 311
11.3 iDOR home page 312
11.4 iDOR page for Materials and Resources credits 312
11.5 iDOR page for Policy and Tracking Sheet templates 313
Tables
7.1 Reduction of water use in ow xtures 119
7.2 Flush and ow summary statistics 120
7.3 Innovation savings chart: the building operating plan for the Crough
School of Architecture and Planning 130
ILLUSTRATIONS
xiv
8.1 Sample of an O+M plan 145
8.2 Combined fuel end-use breakdown for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning 149
8.3 Comparison of refrigerants: global warming potential and ozone depletion
potential 175
8.4 List of utility companies in the United States 193
8.5 Daily energy use at the Crough School of Architecture and Planning 208
8.6 Preventive maintenance schedule for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning 211
8.7 Energy conservation measures for the Crough School of Architecture
and Planning 213
10.1 AHU schedule 2013, pages 1–4 265
10.2 ASHRAE’s standard 62.1 outdoor air rates, Table 6–1 272
10.3 Indoor Environmental Quality credit: interior lighting: strategies for
lighting quality 294
Boxes
4.1 Campus assessment checklist 43
4.2 Building feasibility checklist 45
5.1 Sample commuting transportation survey 72
5.2 Transportation sustainability plan for The Catholic University of America 75
5.3 The missing links in The Catholic University of America’s current
transportation sustainability plan 76
7.1 Option 1: calculated water use tasks 116
7.2 Option 2: metered water use tasks 116
8.1 Energy sources on campus 171
8.2 Main tasks for renewable energy and carbon offsets 201
10.1 Green cleaning resources from the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) 288
10.2 Option 1: lighting control 293
10.3 Option 2: lighting strategies 295
10.4 Integrated pest management plan tasks 298
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