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by Geoff Varrall
Making Telecoms Work: From Technical Innovation to Commercial Success
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Differentiating Technology and Engineering Innovation
1.2 Differentiating Invention and Innovation
1.3 The Role of Standards, Regulation and Competition Policy
1.4 Mobile Broadband Auction Values – Spectral Costs and Liabilities and Impact on Operator Balance Sheets
1.5 TV and Broadcasting and Mobile Broadband Regulation
1.6 Technology Convergence as a Precursor of Market Convergence?
1.7 Mobile Broadband Traffic Growth Forecasts and the Related Impact on Industry Profitability
1.8 Radio versus Copper, Cable and Fibre – Comparative Economics
1.9 Standardised Description Frameworks – OSI Seven-Layer Model as a Market and Business Descriptor
1.10 Technology and Engineering Economics – Regional Shifts and Related Influence on the Design and Supply Chain, RF Component Suppliers and the Operator Community
1.11 Apple as an Example of Technology-Led Market Innovation
Part One: User Hardware
Chapter 2: Physical Layer Connectivity
2.1 Differentiating Guided and Unguided Media
2.2 The Transfer of Bandwidth from Broadcasting to Mobile Broadband
2.3 The Cost of Propagation Loss and Impact of OFDM
2.4 Competition or Collaboration?
2.5 The Smith Chart as a Descriptor of Technology Economics, Vector Analysis and Moore’s Law
2.6 Innovation Domains, Enabling Technologies and their Impact on the Cost of Delivery
2.7 Cable Performance Benchmarks
2.8 Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Systems
2.9 The DVB-S Satellite Alternative
2.10 Terrestrial TV
2.11 Copper Access – ADSL and VDSL Evolution
2.12 The Copper Conundrum – the Disconnect between Competition Policy and Technical Reality
2.13 OFDM in Wireless – A Similar Story?
2.14 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3: Interrelationship of the Physical Layer with Other Layers of the OSI Model
3.1 MAC Layer and Physical Layer Relationships
3.2 OFDM and the Transformative Power of Transforms
3.3 The Role of Binary Arithmetic in Achieving Sensitivity, Selectivity and Stability
3.4 Summary
3.5 Contention Algorithms
3.6 The WiFi PHY and MAC Relationship
3.7 LTE Scheduling Gain
3.8 Chapter Summary
Chapter 4: Telecommunications Economies of Scale
4.1 Market Size and Projections
4.2 Market Dynamics
4.3 Impact of Band Allocation on Scale Economics
4.4 The Impact of Increased RF Integration on Volume Thresholds
4.5 The RF Functions in a Phone
4.6 Summary
Chapter 5: Wireless User Hardware
5.1 Military and Commercial Enabling Technologies
5.2 Smart Phones
5.3 Smart Phones and the User Experience
5.4 Summary So Far
5.5 RF Component Innovation
5.6 Antenna Innovations
5.7 Other Costs
5.8 Summary
Chapter 6: Cable, Copper, Wireless and Fibre and the World of the Big TV
6.1 Big TV
6.2 3DTV
6.3 Portable Entertainment Systems
6.4 Summary of this Chapter and the First Five Chapters – Materials Innovation, Manufacturing Innovation, Market Innovation
Part Two: User Software
Chapter 7: Device-Centric Software
7.1 Battery Drain – The Memristor as One Solution
7.2 Plane Switching, Displays and Visual Acuity
7.3 Relationship of Display Technologies to Processor Architectures, Software Performance and Power Efficiency
7.4 Audio Bandwidth Cost and Value
7.5 Video Bandwidth Cost and Value
7.6 Code Bandwidth and Application Bandwidth Value, Patent Value and Connectivity Value
Chapter 8: User-Centric Software
8.1 Imaging and Social Networking
8.2 The Image Processing Chain
8.3 Image Processing Software – Processor and Memory Requirements
8.4 Digital Camera Software
8.5 Camera-Phone Network Hardware
8.6 Camera-Phone Network Software
8.7 Summary
Chapter 9: Content- and Entertainment-Centric Software
9.1 iClouds and MyClouds
9.2 Lessons from the Past
9.3 Memory Options
9.4 Gaming in the Cloud and Gaming and TV Integration
9.5 Solid-State Storage
Chapter 10: Information-Centric Software
10.1 Standard Phones, Smart Phones and Super Phones
10.2 Radio Waves, Light Waves and the Mechanics of Information Transfer
10.3 The Optical Pipe and Pixels
10.4 Metadata Defined
10.5 Mobile Metadata and Super-Phone Capabilities
10.6 The Role of Audio, Visual and Social Signatures in Developing ‘Inference Value’
10.7 Revenues from Image and Audio and Memory and Knowledge Sharing – The Role of Mobile Metadata and Similarity Processing Algorithms
10.8 Sharing Algorithms
10.9 Disambiguating Social Mobile Metadata
10.10 The Requirement for Standardised Metadata Descriptors
10.11 Mobile Metadata and the Five Domains of User Value
10.12 Mathematical (Algorithmic Value) as an Integral Part of the Mobile Metadata Proposition
Chapter 11: Transaction-Centric Software
11.1 Financial Transactions
11.2 The Role of SMS in Transactions, Political Influence and Public Safety
11.3 The Mobile Phone as a Dominant Communications Medium?
11.4 Commercial Issues – The End of the Cheque Book?
Part Three: Network Hardware
Chapter 12: Wireless Radio Access Network Hardware
12.1 Historical Context
12.2 From Difference Engine to Connection Engine
12.3 IP Network Efficiency Constraints
12.4 Telecoms – The Tobacco Industry of the Twentyfirst Century?
12.5 Amortisation Time Scales
12.6 Roads and Railways and the Power and Water Economy – The Justification of Long-Term Returns
12.7 Telecommunications and Economic Theory
12.8 The New Wireless Economy in a New Political Age?
12.9 Connected Economies – A Definition
12.10 Inferences and Implications
12.11 The Newly Connected Economy
Chapter 13: Wireless Core Network Hardware
13.1 The Need to Reduce End-to-End Delivery Cost
13.2 Microwave-Link Economics
13.3 The Backhaul Mix
13.4 The HRAN and LRAN
13.5 Summary – Backhaul Options Economic Comparisons
13.6 Other Topics
Chapter 14: Cable Network and Fibre Network Technologies and Topologies
14.1 Telegraph Poles as a Proxy for Regulatory and Competition Policy
14.2 Under the Streets of London
14.3 Above the Streets of London – The Telegraph
14.4 Corporate Success and Failure – Case Studies – The Impact of Regulation and Competition Policy
14.5 The Correlation of Success and Failure with R and D Spending
14.6 Broadband Delivery Economics and Delivery Innovation
Chapter 15: Terrestrial Broadcast/Cellular Network Integration
15.1 Broadcasting in Historical Context
15.2 Digital Radio Mondiale
15.3 COFDM in DRM
15.4 Social and Political Impact of the Transistor Radio
15.5 Political and Economic Value of Broadcasting
15.6 DAB, DMB and DVB H
15.7 HSPA as a Broadcast Receiver
15.8 Impact of Global Spectral Policy and Related Implications for Receiver Design and Signal Flux Levels
15.9 White-Space Devices
15.10 Transmission Efficiency
15.11 Scale Economy Efficiency
15.12 Signalling Efficiency
15.13 Power Efficiency Loss as a Result of a Need for Wide Dynamic Range
15.14 Uneconomic Network Density as a Function of Transceiver TX and RX Inefficiency
15.15 Cognitive Radios Already Exist – Why Not Extend Them into White-Space Spectrum?
15.16 An Implied Need to Rethink the White-Space Space
15.17 White-Space White House
15.18 LTE TV
15.19 Summary
15.20 TV or not TV – That is the Question – What is the Answer?
15.21 And Finally the Issue of Potential Spectral Litigation
15.22 Technology Economics
15.23 Engineering Economics
15.24 Market Economics
15.25 Business Economics
15.26 Political Economics
15.27 Remedies
Chapter 16: Satellite Networks
16.1 Potential Convergence
16.2 Traditional Specialist User Expectations
16.3 Impact of Cellular on Specialist User Expectations
16.4 DMR 446
16.5 TETRA and TETRA TEDS
16.6 TETRAPOL
16.7 WiDEN
16.8 APCO 25
16.9 Why the Performance Gap Between Cellular and Two-Way Radio will Continue to Increase Over Time
16.10 What This Means for Two-Way Radio Network Operators
16.11 Lack of Frequency Harmonisation as a Compounding Factor
16.12 The LTE 700 MHz Public-Safety-Band Plan
16.13 The US 800-MHz Public-Safety-Band Plan
16.14 Policy Issues and Technology Economics
16.15 Satellites for Emergency-Service Provision
16.16 Satellites and Cellular Networks
16.17 The Impact of Changing Technology and a Changed and Changing Economic and Regulatory Climate – Common Interest Opportunities
16.18 And Finally – Satellite and Terrestrial Hybrid Networks
16.19 Satellite Spectrum and Orbit Options
16.20 Terrestrial Broadcast and Satellite Coexistence in L Band
16.21 Terrestrial DAB Satellite DAB and DVB H
16.22 World Space Satellite Broadcast L Band GSO Plus Proposed ATC
16.23 Inmarsat – L Band GSO Two-Way Mobile Communications
16.24 Thuraya 2 L Band GSO Plus Triband GSM and GPS
16.25 ACeS L Band GSO Plus Triband GSM and GPS
16.26 Mobile Satellite Ventures L Band GSO Plus ATC
16.27 Global Positioning MEOS at L Band GPS, Galileo and Glonass
16.28 Terrestrial Broadcast and Satellite Coexistence in S Band
16.29 XM and Sirius in the US – S Band GEO Plus S Band ATC
16.30 Mobaho in Japan and S DMB in South Korea – S Band GSO Plus ATC
16.31 Terrestar S Band in the US – GSO with ATC
16.32 ICO S Band GSO with ATC
16.33 ICO S Band MEO at S Band with ATC
16.34 Eutelsat and SES ASTRA GSO – ‘Free’ S Band Payloads
16.35 Intelsat C Band Ku Band and Ka Band GSO
16.36 Implications for Terrestrial Broadcasters
16.37 Implications for Terrestrial Cellular Service Providers
16.38 The Impact of Satellite Terrestrial ATC Hybrids on Cellular Spectral and Corporate Value
16.39 L Band, S Band, C Band, K Band and V Band Hybrids
16.40 Summary
Part Four: Network Software
Chapter 17: Network Software – The User Experience
17.1 Definition of a Real-Time Network
17.2 Switching or Routing
17.3 IP Switching as an Option
17.4 Significance of the IPv6 Transition
17.5 Router Hardware/Software Partitioning
17.6 The Impact of Increasing Policy Complexity
17.7 So What Do Whorls Have to Do with Telecom Networks?
17.8 Packet Arrival Rates
17.9 Multilayer Classification
Chapter 18: Network Software – Energy Management and Control
18.1 Will the Pot Call the Kettle Back?
18.2 Corporate M2M
18.3 Specialist M2M
18.4 Consumer M2M
18.5 Device Discovery and Device Coupling in Consumer M2M Applications and the Role of Near-Field Communication
18.6 Bandwidth Considerations
18.7 Femtocells as an M2M Hub?
18.8 Summary
Chapter 19: Network Software – Microdevices and Microdevice Networks – The Software of the Very Small
19.1 Microdevices – How Small is Small?
19.2 Contactless Smart Cards at 13.56 MHz – A Technology, Engineering and Business Model?
19.3 Contactless Smart Cards and Memory Spots – Unidirectional and Bidirectional Value
19.4 Contactless Smart Cards, RF ID and Memory Spots
19.5 Contactless Smart Cards, RF ID, Memory Spot and Mote (Smart Dust) Applications
19.6 The Cellular Phone as a Bridge Between Multiple Devices and Other Network-Based Information
19.7 Multiple RF Options
19.8 Multiple Protocol Stacks
19.9 Adoption Time Scales – Bar Codes as an Example
19.10 Summary
Chapter 20: Server Software
20.1 The Wisdom of the Cloud?
20.2 A Profitable Cloud?
20.3 A Rural Cloud?
20.4 A Locally Economically Relevant Cloud?
20.5 A Locally Socially Relevant Cloud?
20.6 A Locally Politically Relevant Cloud – The China Cloud?
20.7 The Cultural Cloud?
Chapter 21: Future Trends, Forecasting, the Age of Adaptation and More Transformative Transforms
21.1 Future Forecasts
21.2 The Contribution of Charles Darwin to the Theory of Network Evolution
21.3 Famous Mostly Bearded Botanists and Their Role in Network Design – The Dynamics of Adaptation
21.4 Adaptation, Scaling and Context
21.5 Examples of Adaptation in Existing Semiconductor Solutions
21.6 Examples of Adaptation in Present Mobile Broadband Systems
21.7 Examples of Adaptation in Future Semiconductor Solutions
21.8 Examples of Adaptation in Future Cellular Networks
21.9 Specialisation
21.10 The Role of Standards Making
21.11 The Need for a Common Language
21.12 A Definition of Descriptive Domains
21.13 Testing the Model on Specific Applications
21.14 Domain Value
21.15 Quantifying Domain-Specific Economic and Emotional Value
21.16 Differentiating Communications and Connectivity Value
21.17 Defining Next-Generation Networks
21.18 Defining an Ultralow-Cost Network
21.19 Standards Policy, Spectral Policy and RF Economies of Scale
21.20 The Impact of IPR on RF Component and Subsystem Costs
21.21 The Cost of ‘Design Dissipation’
21.22 The Hidden Costs of Content – Storage Cost
21.23 The Hidden Costs of User-Generated Content – Sorting Cost
21.24 The Hidden Cost of Content – Trigger Moments
21.25 The Hidden Cost of Content – Delivery Cost
21.26 The Particular Costs of Delivering Broadcast Content Over Cellular Networks
21.27 Summary – Cost and Value Transforms
Index
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