Index

Numerics

1-Watt Initiative 204

2.5G mobile phone 127

2.5G technology 125–126

2G handheld computer 129

2G technology 125–126

3G technology 125–126

A

AC adapters 119–124

active operation 121

case temperature 120–121

no-load operation 121

power dissipation 119–120

solutions 121–122

wireless telephones 138–139

AC open loop gain 39–41

acceptor materials 11

ACE1502 microcontrollers 146–148

active clamps 87–96

active components 359

active cooling 206–211

efficiency of 207–209

implementation of 209–211

Peltier arrays 209–210

Stirling refrigerators 210

See also passive cooling

active droop 164

adaptive charging 98–99

adaptive computing machines (ACMs) 133

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 166–168, 201

Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) voltage regulator 159

air gap 65, 359

amplification 12

analog circuits 26

buck converters 49–64

elementary circuits 32–35

linear vs. switching 48–49

operational amplifiers 35–41

switching regulators 49

transistors 26–31

voltage references 41–45

voltage regulators 46–48

See also digital circuits

analog modulators 56–57

ANSYS thermal simulator 120

anti-bouncing flip-flop 68–69

antimony 11

arsenic 11

Asynchronous Computer Peripheral Interface (ACPI) 159

audio amplifiers 129

B

backlight 135–136, 148–150

ball grid array (BGA) 23

band-gap voltage reference 44

base collector junction 12

base current 27

battery charging 97–99

controllers 97

data conversion 98

discrete DMOS transistors 98

efficiency 97–98

fast chargers 98–99

smart battery system 98–99

battery packs 137–138

behavioral model 82

bill of materials (BOM) 20, 118

bipolar 359

bipolar circuits 359

bipolar power transistors 6

bipolar transistors 10–14

vs. metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors 30–31

voltage to current relation in 29–30

bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process 18

Blackberry 5810 133

blade server 104

Blue Angel label 203

Bluetooth 132

Bode plot 60

Boltzman constant 28

bonds 10–11

boost 360

boron 11

breadboards 88

bricks 175, 359

buck converters 49–64

analog modulators 56–57

ceramic capacitors 53–54

current mode 63

definition of 360

drivers 57

electrolytic capacitors 52–53

input capacitors 62

input conductors 61–62

input filters 61

monolithic 79–87

multiphase 176–177

output capacitors 52

power train 50–52

power train losses 55–56

valley control 71–79

See also flyback converters

buck xDSP core 360

buffer 35, 360

bulk capacitors 162–164

bus voltage 116

C

California Energy Commission 204

camera phones 152–155

Canon EOS300D Digital Rebel camera 216

capacitors 162–164

Carnot cycle 206–207

case temperature 120–121

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 126, 139

CDMA2000 139

cellular telephones 127–128

cameras for 152–155

chargers 131

convergence 132–133

fuel gauging 131–132

future architectures 133–134

power management units 142–150

protection electronics 131

standards 126

See also wireless handheld devices

central processing unit (CPU) 161–162

clock speed 171, 202

current sensing 166

duty cycle 162–164

dynamic voltage adjustment 164–166

output voltage 164

power supplies 174

regulator 159

voltage regulator 2–3, 20

Centrino mobile chips 3

ceramic capacitors 53–54

charge balance 21

charge controllers 129

charge coupled devices (CCDs) 151–152

charge pumping 57, 360

charge pumps 129

charge time 50

chargers 131

chip-scale package 18, 360

circuits 25

analog 26

buck converters 49–64

digital 66–69

elementary 32–35

flyback converters 64–66

linear 48–49

operational amplifiers 35–41

switching 48–49

switching regulators 49

transistors 26–31

voltage references 41–45

voltage regulators 46–48

clock speed 171, 202

clock voltage regulator 159

CMOS operational amplifiers 37

CMOS transistors 17

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 126, 139

coefficient of performance (COP) 207

collector current 27

collectors 12–14

comparator 83

computing power distribution 175

conduction channel resistance 21

conduction losses 21

constant current drive (CCD) 214

constant voltage drive (CVD) 214

control loops 58–61, 63, 65, 114

controllers 97

convergence 132–133, 150

converters 98

Coulomb counting 131

coupled inductors 65

cross-talk 143

current mirrors 32, 360

current mode 63

current ripple 51

current sensing 72–73, 166

current sourcing 12, 32–33, 360

cutoff frequency 27

D

D flip-flop 361

Darlington stage 361

data communications 192–198

AC power distribution 194–198

DC-DC conversion 195

FAN5092 buck converter 196–197

FAN5236 buck converter 197

KA5H0365 offline converter 198

RC 1585/7 linear regulators 198

DC power distribution 193

migration to converged voice/data/video IP 193

separate networks 193

data conversion 98

Dataquest 139

DC open loop gain 38–39

DC-DC converters 71–105

active clamps 87–96

bus voltage 116

data communications 195

digital power 100–103

high-power set-top boxes 187–189

low-power set-top boxes 191

mobile chargers 97–99

monolithic buck converter 79–87

valley control 71–79

wireless applications 129

DDR memories 178–185

average power consumption 180–181

future trend 185

power dissipation 182

power management architecture 178–179

standby operation 181

transient operation 181

worst case current consumption 179–180

DDR2 memories 182

delay 75

depletion charge 54

depletion time 53

desktop systems 162

current sensing 166

duty cycle 162–164

dynamic voltage adjustment 164–166

motherboards 163, 166–168

output voltage 164

silver box 168

differential input stage 33

differential-to-single stage 34

diffusion 17

Digimax V50 digital camera 216

digital circuits 66–69

NAND gate 67

set-reset flip-flop logic device 68

See also analog circuits

digital control 100–101

digital control architecture 100, 361

digital power 100–103

board-level 103

chip design 102

digital control 100–101

integrated circuits 102

digital set-top boxes 185–192

architecture 185

high-power 186–189

AC-DC conversion 187

DC-DC conversion 187–189

low-power 190–191

AC-DC conversion 190

DC-DC conversion 191

power management 186–192

digital signal processing 132

digital still cameras 151

digital zoom 213–214

motors and motor drivers 214–216

power consumption 216

digital zoom 213–214

digitally controlled analog system 100, 361

diodes 11–12

discharge time 50

discrete power MOSFET 361

discrete power transistors 6

display boards 135

disrupting technology 126, 361

distributed power 161

DMOS transistors 16–17, 98

donor materials 11

double data rate SDRAM (DDR-SDRAM) 178–185

average power consumption 180–181

future trend 185

power dissipation 182

power management architecture 178–179

second generation 182

standby operation 181

transient operation 181

worst case current consumption 179–180

drivers 57

drooping 164

DSP core 362

dual MOSFETs 129

dual voltages 159

dual-core CPUs 2–3

duty cycle 162–164, 362

dynamic losses 55

dynamic voltage adjustment 164–166

E

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution) 126

EEPROM 146

Efficiency Challenge 2004 204

electrolytic capacitors 52–53, 164

electrons 10–11

elementary circuits 32–35

buffer 35

current mirrors 32

current sourcing 32–33

differential input stage 33

differential-to-single input stage 34

emitter-base junction 12

emitters 12–14

energy management 200, 203–204, 362

Energy Star label 121, 204

Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE) 126

equivalent series resistor 52–53, 103–104

Excel programs 211

Executive Order 13221 204

F

Fairchild Semiconductor 1, 4–6

FAN2501 143

FAN2534 145

FAN4803 113, 118, 187

FAN5009 23, 167

FAN5019 23, 167

FAN5063 168

FAN5066 183

FAN5068 183

FAN5092 108, 116, 196–197

FAN5093 76–79, 167

FAN5193 167

FAN5234 143

FAN5236 183–184, 188–190, 197

FAN5301 81

FAN5307 144–145

FAN5613 135, 151

FAN8702 214–216

fast chargers 98–99

FCP11N60 SuperFET 22

FDB6035AL discrete DMOS 116, 197

FDB6676S discrete DMOS 116, 197

FDD6296 high side MOSFET DPAK 23

FDD8896 low side MOSFET DPAK 23

FDS6612A N-channel device 98

FDW2508D transistor 132, 138

FDW2508P transistor 132

FDZ299P 143

FDZ5047N 23

FDZ7064S 23

feature phones 148, 362

flash memory 132

flip-flop 164, 362

fly-back converters 362

flyback converters 64–66

FM3570 137

forward converters 113, 363

forward diode drop 51

foundry houses 363

FPS Design Assistant 122

FQP9N50 transistors 116

fractional band-gap voltage reference 44–45

free electrons 10–11

front system bus (FSB) 178

FSC-FETBench 211

FSD210 power switcher 122

FSDH0165 139

FSDH565 offline adapter charger 151

fuel cells 133, 156, 209

fuel gauging 131–132, 137

full load operation 83

full off 47

full on 46

G

gain/voltage limiter 83

gallium 11

gates 15–16

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 126

GLIMIT 83

global positioning systems (GPSs) 134

Global System Mobile (GSM) 126

green mode 363

green power 203–204, 363

H

H11A817 opto-coupler 168

H11A817A opto-coupler 173

handsets 139–141

low dropouts (LDOs) 141

mainboard 140

power management units (PMUs) 140–141

hard disk drives 142, 216

harmonic limits 108–110

health care products 199–200

heat pipes 206

heat transport 206–207

heatsink 206, 363

high side MOSFETs 73

holes 11

hot plate 209

hysteretic comparator 82, 363

I

I/O hub (IOH) 162

I2CBus 141

IEC 6100-2-3 standard 108

indium 11

inductors 184

inherently fast circuit 364

input capacitors 62

input conductors 61–62

input filters 61

integrated circuits 10–19

bipolar transistors 10–14

CMOS transistors 17

components of 10

definition of 364

diodes 10–14

DMOS transistors 16–17

monollithic regulators 18

packaging 18–19

passive components 17

Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) logic gates 102

Intel Mobile Voltage Positioning (IMVP) 170

interleaved multiphase regulation 364

interleaving 76, 364

inverting inputs 36

iSuppli 139

J

JESD79-2A 178

junctions 12

K

KA431 voltage reference 173

KA5H0365 offline converter 191, 198

KA7405D dual motor driver 151

keypad boards 136

kirk effect 364

L

leading edge 364

leading edge modulation 72, 72, 364

Li+ batteries 153, 155, 216

light load operation 82

light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 134–135, 148–150

line current 115

linear circuits 48–49

linear regulators 182, 198

linear voltage regulators 46–48

liquid-crystal display (LCD) 135

logic devices 176

loop gain 39–41

low dropouts (LDOs) 141, 364

low side MOSFETs 72–73, 189

M

main boards 136–137

master clock (MCK) 176

maximum duty cycle 75

memory channel hub (MCH) 162, 178

memory stick 153

memory voltages 159

mesa 365

mesa gain 60

mesa process 4

metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors 15–16, 30–31

MICRO-CAP simulator 211

microcontroller hub (MCH) 159

microcontroller-based control architecture 100, 365

microcontrollers 146–150

die 147–148

illumination system 148–150

processing requirements 148

microprocessors 87

Mini SDs (Security Data) 153

ML4803 controller 108

ML4823 controller 195

mobile chargers 97–99

controllers 97

data conversion 98

discrete DMOS transistors 98

efficiency of 97–98

fast chargers 98–99

smart battery system 98–99

models 212

modulator ramp voltage 115

monolithic buck converters 79–87

behavioral model 82

comparator 83

design methodology 79–80

FAN5301 81

full load operation 83

light load operation 82

one shot 83

over-current 83

timing 86–87

See also buck converters

monolithic regulators 18

Montecito CPU 5

Moore, Gordon 1

Moore's law 1–2, 20, 80

motherboards 163, 166–168

notebook computers 171–173

Pentium IV systems 171–173

power management 166–169

voltage regulators 201–202

motor drivers 213–217

motors 214

multiphase buck converters 176–177

multiphase interleaved buck converter 365

N

NAND gate 67, 365

NC7SP00 dual NAND gate 155

NC7SP74 flip-flop 155

NDS8435A 98

NDS9435A 98

negative temperature gradient 206

negative-channel metal oxide semiconductor (N-MOS) 366

non-inverting inputs 36

North Bridge regulator 159, 162

notebook AC-DC adapters 173

notebook battery chargers 97–99

controllers 97

data conversion 98

discrete DMOS transistors 98

efficiency of 97–98

fast chargers 98–99

smart battery system 98–99

notebook systems 168–172

battery life 168

clock speed 171, 202

form factor 169

Intel Mobile Voltage Positioning (IMVP) 170

light load operation 171, 201

motherboards 171–173

NP junction 12

NPN transistors 26–27

construction of 12–14

differential input stage 33

differential-to-single stage 34

NSC-Web-Bench 211

N-type materials 10–11, 365

O

offline control 108–110

offline power architectures 107–118

future trends 118

harmonic limits 108–110

offline control 108–110

power factor correction 115–116

offline power silicon 115–116

offline voltage regulators 202–203

ohmic losses 55

one shot 83

open loop gain 38–39, 63

operational amplifiers 35–41

AC open loop gain 39–41

CMOS 37

DC open loop gain 38–39

inverting and non-inverting inputs 36

rail-to-rail output operation 37

symbols and configurations 38

opto-couplers 65

organic LEDs 153–156

oscillation 40

output capacitors 52

output voltage 58, 164

overcharging 131

over-current 83

P

packaging 18–19

pass element 46

pass transistors 82

passive components 17, 366

passive cooling 206

passive droop 164

peak current-mode control 72

definition of 366

frequency of operation 74

transient response 75–76

peak-to-peak ripple current 51

Peltier arrays 209–210

Pentium chips 2–3, 157

Pentium III systems 158–160

CPU regulator 159

memory configuration 160

voltage regulators 158–159

Pentium IV systems 160–173

desktop systems 162–168

current sensing 166

duty cycle 162–164

dynamic voltage adjustment 164–166

motherboards 166–168

output voltage 164

silver box 168

notebook systems 168–172

clock speed 171

Intel Mobile Voltage Positioning (IMVP) 170

light load operation 171

motherboards 171–173

power consumption 8, 161–162

periodic table 10–11

phosphorus 11

photoflash 148

planar power MOSFETs 21–22

planar transistor 4, 20

plug and play devices 156

PN junction 12

PNP transistor 12–14

PNP transistors 27

point of load (POL) 103

point of load (POL) regulator 174

Portelligent 153

positive-channel metal oxide semiconductor (P-MOS) 366

power dissipation 119–120, 182, 205

power factor 108, 202–203

power factor correction 115–116

architecture for 111–112

control loops 114

controller architecture 113–115

and harmonic limits 108–109

offline power silicon 115–116

in offline voltage regulators 202–203

pulse width modulation (PWM) implementation 113

power management 9

DDR memories 178–179

definition of 366

discrete transistors 20–23

integrated circuits 10–19

metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors 15–16

protocols 200–205

set-top boxes 186–192

trends in 24

wireless devices 126–134

power management chips 134

power management units (PMUs) 140–141

analog components 102

barriers to up-integration 143

building blocks 143

CPU regulator 144–145

low dropout block 145–146

microcontrollers 146–150

power MOSFETs 21–23

conduction losses 21

planar 21–22, 22–23

switching losses 21

trench 22–23

Power Save mode 144

power supplies 174

power train 50–52, 55–56

PowerNow 137, 171, 202

PowerTrenchTM transistor 6–7

private branch office (PBX) 193

protection electronics 131

PSPICE 83–85

P-type materials 11, 366

public switch telephone network (PSTN) 193

pulse frequency modulation (PFM) 101

Pulse Skip mode 144

pulse skipping modulation 144

pulse width modulation (PWM) 100, 101, 113

PWM controller 367

Q

QTLP601C-EB LED 136

R

rail-to-rail output operation 37

RAL-UZ 78 standard 204

RAMBUS voltage regulator 159

ramp voltage 115

RC1585 linear regulator 198

RC1587 linear regulator 198

RC5051 integrated circuit 6–8

RC5058 power management chipset 160

RC5060 power management chipset 160

reference voltage 58, 179–180, 367

resistance 28, 28–29

resistors 184

RGB display modules 148–150

ripples 111–112, 176–177

s

Samsung Digimax V50 digital camera 216

SenseFET lateral DMOS transistor 122

serial bus 367

series resistance 51, 164

set-reset flip-flop logic device 4, 68, 367

set-top boxes 185–192

architecture 185

high-power 186–189

AC-DC conversion 187

DC-DC conversion 187–189

low-power 190–191

AC-DC conversion 190

DC-DC conversion 191

power management 186–192

SGRN204060 151

Shockley, William 4

silicon 10–11

silicon junction 209

silicon on insulator (SOI) technology 205

silver box 159, 168, 204, 367

SIMPLIS 212

simulation tools 211–212

single data random access memory (SDRAM) 178

sinkers 17

smart battery system 98–99

smart ICs 126, 367

smart phones 125

AC adapters 138–139

battery packs 137–138

block diagram 135

defined 368

display boards 135

keypad boards 136

main boards 136–137

subsystems 134

system partitioning 135

snub network 368

solid state transistor 4

solid-state memory cards 153

South Bridge 162

Spectre 83–85

SPECTRUM-SOFT 211

SpeedStep 137, 171, 202

SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) 80, 83–85, 212

SPICE deck 368

SRAM voltage regulator 159

step motor 214

step-down regulators 176

Sterling refrigerators 210

sweet points 97, 368

switch mode 46, 368

switching circuits 48–49

switching losses 21

switching regulators 49

analog modulators 56–57

block diagrams 58

control loop 58–61

vs. linear regulators 182

power train 50–52

T

telecom power distribution 174–175

temperature coefficients 41–42

termination voltage 178–180

termination voltage regulator 159

thermal voltage 29

thermistor 209

thermocouple 209

thermoelectric cooling 209–210

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 139

time to market 369

TinyLogic® devices 155

total harmonic distortion (THD) 108, 202–203

trailing edge 369

trailing edge modulation 72, 115, 369

trans-conductance 33

trans-conductance gain 27–28

transfer energy 65

transformers 64–65

transient response 52–53, 75–76

transistors 26–31

as transfer resistor 28–29

development of 4–7

equations 29–30

MOS vs. bipolar 30–31

NPN 26–27

PNP 27

trans-conductance 27–28

trench MOSFETs 22–23

U

uA702 amplifier 5

UF4005 diodes 116

Ultra Low Power TinyLogic® devices 155

uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 194

V

valley control 71–79

architecture 165

current sensing 72–73

FAN5093 76–79

maximum frequency of operation 73–75

peak current-mode 72

transient response 75–76

valley current-mode 72

valley current-mode control 72

definition of 369

frequency of operation 74–75

transient response 75–76

very large scale integration (VLSI) 3

video streaming 139

virtual ground 39

virtual prototype 79, 369

Visual Basic programs 211

voltage droop 54

voltage identification codes (VIDs) 100

voltage positioning 201

voltage rails 175

voltage references 41–45

band-gap 44

building 42–44

fractional band-gap 44–45

negative temperature coefficient 41–42

positive temperature coefficient 41

voltage regulator down (VRD) 174

voltage regulator module (VRM) 2, 174, 201

voltage regulators 46–48

duall 159

memory 159

minimum features 134

motherboard 201–202

offline 202–203

Pentium III systems 158–159

W

wall adapters 129

web-based design tools 211–212

Excel programs 211

models 212

simulation tools 211–212

Visual Basic programs 211

white LEDs 148, 153

wide area network (WAN) 193

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) 126, 139

Widlar circuit 41

Widlar voltage reference 44

wireless communication 125–126

wireless handheld devices 129–131

chargers 131

convergence 132–133

fuel gauging 131–132

future architectures 133–134

protection electronics 131

semiconductor components 129

X

xenon lamp 151

Z

zeros 369