BIBLIOGRAPHY

Achen, Christopher H. 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Allen, Robert W., et al. 1979. “Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors.” California Management Review, 22: 77-83.

Archibald, W. Peter. 1974. “Alternative Explanations for Self Fulfilling Prophecy.” Psychological Bulletin, 81: 74-84.

Argyris, Chris. 1974. Behind the Front Page. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Aronson, Elliot. 1972. The Social Animal. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Aronson, E., and J. Mills. 1959. “The Effect of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59: 177-181.

Arther, R.O., and R.R. Caputo. 1959. Interrogation for Investigators. New York: William C. Copp and Associates.

Auletta, Ken. 1985a. “Power, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of Lehman Brothers.” New York Times Magazine, February 17, 1985.

———. 1985b. “The Fall of Lehman Brothers: The Men, The Money, The Merger.” New York Times Magazine, February 24, 1985.

Bach, Steven. 1985. Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven’s Gate. New York: William Morrow.

Bachrach, Peter, and Morton S. Baratz. 1962. “Two Faces of Power.” American Political Science Review, 56: 947-952.

Barry, John M. 1989. The Ambition and the Power. New York: Viking.

Bass, Bernard M. 1988. “Evolving Perspectives on Charismatic Leadership” in Charismatic Leadership: 40-77. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (eds.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bavelas, Alex. 1950. “Communication Patterns in Task Oriented Groups.” Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 22: 725—730.

Bazerman, Max H., and Margaret A. Neale. 1983. “Heuristics in Negotiation: Limitations to Dispute Resolution Effectiveness” in Negotiating in Organizations: 51-67. M. H. Bazerman and R. J. Lewicki (eds.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Bem, Darly J. 1972. “Self-Perception Theory” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 6: 1-62. Leonard Berkowitz (ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Bennis, Warren, and Burt Nanus. 1985. Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. New York: Harper and Row.

Benson, P.L., S.A. Karabenic, and R.M. Lerner. 1976. “Pretty Pleases: The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Race, Sex, and Receiving Help.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12: 409—415.

Berlew, David E., and Douglas T. Hall. 1966. “The Socialization of Managers: Effects of Expectations on Performance.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 11: 207-223.

Bernstein, Aaron. 1990. Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Bernstein, Peter W. 1980. “Upheaval at Bendix.” Fortune, November 1, 1980: 48—56.

Berscheid, Ellen, and Elaine Hatfield Walster. 1969. Interpersonal Attraction . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Beyer, Janice M., and Thomas M. Lodahl. 1976. “A Comparative Study of Patterns of Influence in United States and English Universities.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 104-129.

Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley.

Borum, Finn. 1980. “A Power-Strategy Alternative to Organization Development.” Organization Studies, 1: 123-146.

Bradford, David L., and Allan R. Cohen. 1984. Managing for Excellence. New York: John Wiley.

Brass, Daniel J. 1984. “Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization.” Administrative Science Quarterly , 29: 518-539.

Brehm, Jack W. 1966. A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.

Brett, Jeanne M., Stephen B. Goldberg, and William L. Ury. 1990. “Designing Systems for Resolving Disputes in Organizations.” American Psychologist , 45: 162-170.

Brewer, Marilynn B., and Roderick M. Kramer. 1985. “The Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology, 36: 219—243.

Brown, Richard Harvey. 1978. “Bureaucracy as Praxis: Toward a Political Phenomenology of Formal Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 365-382.

Burgelman, Robert A. 1991. “Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy-Making and Organizational Adaptation: Theory and Field Research.” Organization Science (in press).

Burrough, Bryan, and John Helyar. 1990. Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco. New York: Harper and Row.

Byrne, D. 1969. “Attitudes and Attraction” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 4: 35—89. Leonard Berkowitz (ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Byron, Christopher. 1986. The Fanciest Dive. New York: W.W. Norton.

Caro, Robert A. 1974. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Random House.

———. 1982. The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

————. 1990. Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

———. 1991. “My Search for Coke Stevenson.” The New York Times Book Review, February 3, 1991, 1 and following.

Chaiken, S. 1979. “Communicator Physical Attractiveness and Persuasion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 1387—1397.

Chakrabarti, Alok K. 1990. “Organizational Factors in Post-Acquisition Performance.” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 37: 259—268.

Christie, Richard, and Florence L. Geis. 1970. Studies in Machiavellianism . New York: Academic Press.

Cialdini, Robert B. 1984. Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things. New York: William Morrow.

———. 1988. Influence: Science and Practice, 2d ed. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Clancy, Paul, and Shirley Elder. 1980. TIP: A Biography of Thomas P. O’Neill Speaker of the House. New York: Macmillan.

Cowan, Alison Leigh. 1990. “The Partners Revolt at Peak Marwick.” New York Times, November 18, 1990.

Crozier, Michel. 1964. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cyert, Richard M., and James G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Cyert, Richard M., Herbert A. Simon, and Donald B. Trow. 1956. “Observation of a Business Decision.” Journal of Business, 29: 237—248.

Davis, Otto A., M.A.H. Dempster, and Aaron Wildavsky. 1966. “A Theory of the Budgeting Process.” American Political Science Review, 60: 529—547.

Davis, Stanley. 1984. Managing Corporate Culture. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Deal, Terrence, and Allan A. Kennedy. 1982. Corporate Cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Dean, John. 1976. Blind Ambition. New York: Simon and Schuster.

DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review, 48: 147-160.

Dixon, N. 1976. On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. New York: Basic Books.

Dornbusch, Sanford M. 1955. “The Military Academy as an Assimilating Institution.” Social Forces, 33: 316-321.

Edelman, Murray. 1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Edwards, Richard C. 1979. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.

Efran, M.G., and E.W.J. Patterson. 1976. “The Politics of Appearance.” Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto.

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., and L.J. Bourgeois. 1988. “Politics of Strategic Decision Making in High-Velocity Environments: Toward a Midrange Theory.” Academy of Management Journal, 31: 737—770.

Emerson, Richard M. 1962. “Power-Dependence Relations.” American Sociological Review, 27: 31—41.

Feldman, Martha S., and James G. March. 1981. “Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26: 171—186.

Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.” Human Relations, 7: 117—140.

———. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Festinger, L., S. Schacter, and K. Back. 1950. Social Pressures in Informal Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Fisher, Roger, and William Ury. 1981. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreements without Giving In. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Fligstein, Neil. 1987. “The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919— 1979.” American Sociological Review, 52: 44—58.

Freeman, Linton C. 1979. “Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarifications.” Social Networks, 1: 215—239.

French, John R.P., Jr., and Bertram Raven. 1968. “The Bases of Social Power” in Group Dynamics, 3rd ed.: 259—269. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander (eds.). New York: Harper and Row.

Frey, Donald. 1990. “The Techies’ Challenge to the Bean Counters.” The Wall Street Journal, July 16, 1990: A12.

Friedman, Stewart D., and Harbir Singh. 1989. “CEO Succession and Stockholder Reaction: The Influence of Organizational Context and Event Content.” Academy of Management Journal, 32: 718—744.

Galbraith, Jay R. 1973. Designing Complex Organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gandossy, Robert P. 1985. Bad Business: The OPM Scandal and the Seduction of the Establishment. New York: Basic Books.

Gandz, Jeffrey, and Victor V. Murray. 1980. “The Experience of Workplace Politics,” Academy of Management Journal, 23: 237—251.

Gardner, John W. 1990. On Leadership. New York: Free Press.

Ginzel, Linda E. 1990. “The Impact of Biased Feedback Strategies on Performance Judgments.” Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Research Paper No. 1102.

Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement.” American Sociological Review, 25: 161-178.

Gross, Jane. 1991. “Turning Disease Into a Cause: Breast Cancer Follows AIDS.” New York Times, January 7, 1991: A1, A10.

Hackman, Judith Dozier. 1985. “Power and Centrality in the Allocation of Resources in Colleges and Universities.” Administrative Science Quarterly , 30: 61—77.

Halberstam, David. 1972. The Best and the Brightest. New York: Random House.

———. 1986. The Reckoning. New York: William Morrow.

Hannan, Michael T., and John Freeman. 1984. “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change.” American Sociological Review, 49: 149—164.

————. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Harder, Joseph W. 1989. Play for Pay: Salary Determination and the Effects of Over- and Under-Reward on Individual Performance in Professional Sports. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.

Heider, Fritz. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: John Wiley.

Helmich, Donald L., and Warren B. Brown. 1972. “Successor Type and Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprise.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 371—381.

Hersh, Seymour M. 1983. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. New York: Summit Books.

Hickson, D.J., et al. 1971. “A Strategic Contingencies’ Theory of Intraorganizational Power.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 16: 216—229.

Hills, Frederick S., and Thomas A. Mahoney. 1978. “University Budgets and Organizational Decision Making.” Administrative Science Quarterly , 23: 454—465.

Hinings, C.R., et al. 1974. “Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 22—44.

Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Holland, Max. 1989. When the Machine Stopped. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Horwitch, M. “Managing the U.S. Supersonic Transport Program (A),” 678—049. Boston: Harvard Business School, 1977.

House, Robert J. 1977. “A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership” in Leadership: The Cutting Edge. J.G. Hunt and L.L. Larson (eds.). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

House, Robert J., William D. Spangler, and James Woycke. 1989. “Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Theory of Leadership Effectiveness.” Unpublished manuscript, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.

Jacobs, R.C., and D.T. Campbell. 1961. “The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Through Successive Generations of a Laboratory Microculture.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62: 649—658.

Jacoby, Sanford M. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900—1945. New York: Columbia University Press.

Janis, Irving L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Johnson, H. Thomas, and Robert S. Kaplan. 1987. Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Kahn, Robert L., et al. 1964. Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1984. “Choices, Values, and Frames.” American Psychologist, 39: 341—350.

Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.

————. 1979. “Power Failure in Management Circuits.” Harvard Business Review, 57 (no. 4): 65—75.

Keller, Maryann. 1989. Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors. New York: William Morrow.

Kessner, Thomas. 1989. Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kidder, Tracy. 1981. Soul of a New Machine. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown.

Kissinger, Henry. 1979. The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown.

Konrad, Alison M., and Jeffrey Pfeffer. 1990. “Do You Get What You Deserve ? Factors Affecting the Relationship Between Productivity and Pay.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 258—285.

Kotter, John P. 1978. “Power, Success, and Organizational Effectiveness.” Organizational Dynamics, 6 (no. 3): 27—40.

————. 1982. The General Managers. New York: Free Press.

————. 1985. Power and Influence: Beyond Formal Authority. New York: Free Press.

Kotz, Nick. 1988. Wild Blue Yonder: Money, Politics, and the B-1 Bomber. New York: Pantheon Books.

Krackhardt, David. 1990. “Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 342—369.

Kramer, Fred A. 1975. “Policy Analysis as Ideology.” Public Administration Review, 35: 509—517.

Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Latane, Bibb, and John M. Darley. 1968. “Group Inhibition of Bystander Intervention in Emergencies.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10: 215—221.

Lax, David A., and James K. Sebenius. 1986. The Manager as Negotiator. New York: Free Press.

Leavitt, Harold J. 1951. “Effects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46: 38—50.

————. 1986. Corporate Pathfinders. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.

Lemann, Nicholas. “The Split: A True Story of Washington Lawyers.” Washington Post Magazine, March 23, 1980.

Lerner, M.J., and C.H. Simmons. 1966. “Observer’s Reaction to the ‘Innocent Victim’: Compassion or Rejection?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4: 203—210.

Lewis, Michael. 1990. Liar’s Poker: Rising Through the Wreckage on Wall Street. New York: Penguin.

Livingston, J. Sterling. 1969. “Pygmalion in Management.” Harvard Business Review, 47 (July—August): 81—89.

Lodahl, Janice, and Gerald Gordon. 1972. “The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments.” American Sociological Review, 37: 57—72.

————- 1973. “Funding the Sciences in University Departments.” Educational Record, 54: 74—82.

Long, Norton E. 1962. “The Administrative Organization as a Political System,” in Concept and Issues in Administrative Behavior. S. Mailick and E.H. Van Ness (eds.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Mackenzie, Kenneth D. 1975. A Theory of Group Structures. London: Gordon and Breach.

Madison, Dan L., et al. 1980. “Organizational Politics: An Exploration of Managers’ Perceptions.” Human Relations, 33: 79—100.

March, James G., and John P. Olsen. 1976. Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations . Bergen, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.

Matthews, Christopher. 1988. Hardball: How Politics Is Played—Told By One Who Knows The Game. New York: Summit Books.

McCartney, Laton. 1988. Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story. New York: Simon and Schuster.

McClelland, D.C. 1975. Power: The Inner Experience. New York: Irvington.

McClelland, D.C., and R.E. Boyatzis. 1982. “Leadership Motive Pattern and Long-term Success in Management.” Journal of Applied Psychology , 67: 737—743.

McClelland, D.C., and D. Burnham. 1976. “Power Is the Great Motivator.” Harvard Business Review, 54 (no. 2): 100—111.

Mechanic, David. 1962. “Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 7: 349—364.

Menzies, Hugh D. 1982. “The Boardroom Battle at Bendix.” Fortune, January 11, 1982: 54—64.

Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1981. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary . Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Meyer, Herbert E. “Shootout at the Johns-Manville Corral.” Fortune, October 1976: 146—154.

Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1977. “Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology, 83: 340—363.

Meyer, John W., and W. Richard Scott. 1983. Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Milgram, Stanley. 1974. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper and Row.

Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts. 1988. “An Economic Approach to Influence Activities in Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supplement): S154—S179.

Miyazawa, Setsuo. 1986. “Legal Departments of Japanese Corporations in the United States: A Study on Organizational Adaptation to Multiple Environments.” Kobe University Law Review, 20: 97—162.

Moore, William L., and Jeffrey Pfeffer. 1980. “The Relationship Between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries.” Research in Higher Education , 13: 291—306.

Morris, C.W. 1949. Signs, Language and Behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Nisbett, R.E., and L. Ross. 1980. Human Inferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Nixon, Richard M. 1982. Leaders. New York: Warner Books.

O’Reilly, Charles. 1989. “Corporations, Culture, and Commitment: Motivation and Social Control in Organizations.” California Management Review , 31: 9—25.

Pascale, Richard T. 1984. “Perspectives on Strategy: The Real Story Behind Honda’s Success.” California Management Review, 26: 47—72.

————. 1985. “The Paradox of ‘Corporate Culture’: Reconciling Ourselves to Socialization.” California Management Review, 27: 26—41.

————. 1990. Managing on the Edge. New York: Simon and Schuster. P

asmore, William A. 1988. Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical Systems Perspective. New York: John Wiley.

Patchen, Martin. 1974. “The Locus and Basis of Influence in Organizational Decisions.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 11: 195—221.

Perrow, Charles. 1970. “Departmental Power and Perspectives in Industrial Firms,” in Power in Organizations: 58—89. Mayer N. Zald (ed.). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

Peters, Thomas J. 1978. “Symbols, Patterns, and Settings: An Optimistic Case for Getting Things Done.” Organizational Dynamics, 7: 3—23.

Peters, Thomas J., and Robert H. Waterman, Jr. 1982. In Search of Excellence. New York: Harper and Row.

Pettigrew, Andrew M. 1972. “Information Control as a Power Resource.” Sociology, 6: 187—204.

————. 1973. Politics of Organizational Decision-Making. London: Tavistock.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1981. Power in Organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Alison Davis-Blake. 1987. “Understanding Organizational Wage Structures: A Resource Dependence Approach.” Academy of Management Journal, 30: 437—455.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Alison Konrad. 1991. “The Effects of Individual Power on Earnings.” Work and Occupations. In press.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and William L. Moore. 1980a. “Average Tenure of Academic Department Heads: The Effects of Paradigm, Size, and Departmental Demography.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 387— 406.

————. 1980b. “Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 637—653.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald R. Salancik. 1974. “Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: The Case of a University Budget.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 135—151.

———. 1977. “Administrator Effectiveness: The Effects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations.” Human Relations, 30: 641— 656.

————. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row.

Polsby, Nelson W. 1960. “How to Study Community Power: The Pluralist Alternative.” Journal of Politics, 22: 474—484.

Pondy, Louis R. 1978. “Leadership is a Language Game” in Leadership: Where Else Can We Go?: 87—99. Morgan W. McCall, Jr., and Michael M. Lombardo (eds.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Purkayastha, D. 1981. “Note on the Motorcycle Industry—1975.” #578-2iso. Boston: Harvard Business School.

Rafaeli, Anat, and Robert I. Sutton. 1987. “Expression of Emotion as Part of the Work Role.” Academy of Management Review, 12: 23—37.

————. 1989. “The Expression of Emotion in Organizational Life,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 11: 1—42. Barry M. Staw (ed.). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

———. 1991. “Emotional Contrast Strategies as Means of Social Influence: Lessons from Criminal Interrogators and Bill Collectors.” Academy of Management Journal. In press.

Reinganum, Marc R. 1985. “The Effect of Executive Succession on Shareholder Wealth.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 46-60.

Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. 1982. Raven: The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People. New York: E.P. Dutton.

Roberts, Nancy C., and Raymond Trevor Bradley. 1988. “Limits of Charisma” in Charismatic Leadership: 253—275. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (eds.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Rose, Frank. 1989. West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer. New York: Viking Penguin.

Ross, Jerry, and Kenneth R. Ferris. 1981. “Interpersonal Attraction and Organizational Outcomes: A Field Examination.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26: 617—632.

Salancik, Gerald R. 1977. “Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief” in New Directions in Organizational Behavior: 1—54. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (eds.). Chicago: St. Clair Press.

Salancik, Gerald R., and Jeffrey Pfeffer. 1974. “The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 453—473.

———. 1977. “Who Gets Power—and How They Hold on to It: A Strategic Contingency Model of Power.” Organizational Dynamics, 5: 3—21. S

alancik, Gerald R., Jeffrey Pfeffer, and J. Patrick Kelly. 1978: “A Contingency Model of Influence in Organizational Decision Making.” Pacific Sociological Review, 21: 239—256.

Salancik, Gerald R., Barry M. Staw, and Louis R. Pondy. 1980. “Administrative Turnover as a Response to Unmanaged Organizational Interdependence.” Academy of Management Journal, 23: 422—437.

Sapolsky, Harvey M. 1972. The Polaris System Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Schelling, Thomas C. 1963. The Strategy of Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.

Schwartz, Barry. 1974. “Waiting, Exchange, and Power: The Distribution of Time in Social Systems.” American Journal of Sociology, 79: 841—870.

Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sheridan, John E., et al. 1990. “Effects of Corporate Sponsorship and Departmental Power on Career Tournaments.” Academy of Management Journal, 33: 578—602.

Sherif, M., et al. 1961. Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave Experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Institute of Intergroup Relations.

Shilts, Randy. 1987. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Smith, Douglas K., and Robert C. Alexander. 1988. Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer. New York: William Morrow.

Smith, Hedrick. 1988. The Power Game: How Washington Works. New York: Ballantine.

Smith, Sally Bedell. 1990. In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Snyder, Mark. 1982. “Self-fulfilling Stereotypes.” Psychology Today, 16 (July): 60-68.

Staw, Barry. 1980. “Rationality and Justification in Organizational Life” in Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 2: 45—80. B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds.). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Staw, Barry M., and Jerry Ross. 1980. “Commitment in an Experimenting Society: An Experiment on the Attribution of Leadership from Administrative Scenarios.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 65: 249—260.

Stein, Herbert. 1989. “Confessions of a Tax Addict.” The Wall Street Journal , October 2, 1989: A14.

Stevens, Mark. 1989. Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton. New York: Penguin.

Strauss, George. 1962. “Tactics of Lateral Relationship: The Purchasing Agent.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 7: 161—186.

Strickland, Lloyd H. 1958. “Surveillance and Trust.” Journal of Personality , 26: 200—215.

Sutton, Robert I. 1991. “Maintaining Organizational Norms About Expressed Emotions: The Case of Bill Collectors.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 245—268.

Sutton, Robert I., and Anat Rafaeli. 1988. “Untangling the Relationship Between Displayed Emotions and Organizational Sales: The Case of Convenience Stores.” Academy of Management Journal, 31: 461—487.

Tajfel, Henri, and Joseph P. Forgas. 1981. “Social Categorization: Cognitions, Values and Groups” in Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding: 113-140. Joseph P. Forgas (ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Thompson, James D., and Arthur Tuden. 1959. “Strategies, Structures and Processes of Organizational Decision” in Comparative Studies in Administration: 195—216. J.D. Thompson, et al. (eds.). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Tidd, K.L., and J.S. Lockard. 1978. “Monetary Significance of the Affiliative Smile.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11: 344—346.

Tillinghast, Diana. 1980. “The Los Angeles Times : Weakening of Territorial Imperative.” Newspaper Research journal, 1: 18—26.

Tushman, Michael L., William H. Newman, and Elaine Romanelli. 1986. “Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution.” California Management Review, 29: 29—44.

Tushman, Michael L., and Elaine Romanelli. 1983. “Uncertainty, Social Location and Influence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis.” Management Science, 29: 12—23.

Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press.

Weick, Karl E. 1979. “Cognitive Processes in Organizations” in Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 1: 41—74. Barry M. Staw (ed.). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Welsh, M. Ann, and E. Allen Slusher. 1986. “Organizational Design as a Context for Political Activity.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 389-402.

Whisler, T.L., et al. 1967. “Centralization of Organizational Control: An Empirical Study of Its Meaning and Measurement.” Journal of Business, 40: 10—26.

White, Joseph B., and Gregory A. Patterson. 1990. “GM Begins Quest to Win Back Consumer Confidence.” The Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1990: B1.

Winter, David G. 1987. “Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profiles of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52: 196-202.

Wortman, Camille B., and Joan A. Linsenmeier. 1977. “Interpersonal Attraction and Techniques of Ingratiation in Organizational Settings” in New Directions in Organizational Behavior: 133—178. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (eds.). Chicago: St. Clair Press.

Wright, J. Patrick. 1979. On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors. Grosse Point, MI: Wright Enterprises.

Zald, Mayer N. 1965. “Who Shall Rule? A Political Analysis of Succession in a Large Welfare Organization.” Pacific Sociological Review, 8: 52—60.

Zaleznik, Abraham, and Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries. 1975. Power and the Corporate Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Zucker, Lynne G. 1977. “The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence.” American Sociological Review, 42: 726—743.