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Three. Materials and Industries
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Three. Materials and Industries
by Lynn E. Foster
Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Contributors
Gerald Gallwas
Richard Smalley
Peter Coffee
Steve Jurvetson
Daniel V. Leff
R. Douglas Moffat
Geoffrey M. Holdridge
Julie Chen
Larry Gilbert
Michael Krieger
Chinh H. Pham
Charles Berman
Jeff Lawrence
Larry Bock
Jim Duncan
Meyya Meyyappan
Mark Reed
Sheryl Ehrman
Brent Segal
Zhong Lin (ZL) Wang
Fiona Case
David J. Nagel
Sharon Smith
George Thompson
Stephen Goodnick
Axel Scherer
Suzie Hwang Pun
Jianjun (JJ) Cheng
Dan Garcia
Dean Ho
Chih-Ming Ho
Mihail C. Roco
William Sims Bainbridge
One. Development Drivers
1. Lessons in Innovation and Commercialization from the Biotechnology Revolution
The Story of Biotechnology
Concept 1: Lessons From the S-Curve
Concept 2: Lessons From Commercial Innovation
The S-Curve Summarized
Commercial Innovation Summarized
The Future of Nanotechnology
References
2. Nanotechnology and Our Energy Challenge
Transport and Storage
Energy for Everyone
3. Fads and Hype in Technology: The Sargasso Sea of “Some Day Soon”
Knowing Success When We See It
The Nature of Hype
Clouding the Picture
A Virtuous Circle
When Science Gets Down to Business
Far From a Fad
References
Two. The Players
4. Nanotechnology Commercialization: Transcending Moore’s Law with Molecular Electronics and Nanotechnology
Technology Exponentials
Moore’s Law
The Importance of Moore’s Law
Problems with the Current Paradigm
Molecular Electronics
The Commercialization of Nanotechnology
Innovation from the Edge
Market Timing
The Question of Vertical Integration
The Interface Problem
Where Is the Scaling Hierarchy for Molecular Nanotech?
The Top-Down “Chip Path”
The Biological, Bottom-Up Path
An Example: Hybrid Molecular Electronics
IP and Business Model
Systems, Software, and Other Abstractions
The Biological Muse
Nanotech Accelerants: Quantum Simulation and High-Throughput Experimentation
Time Line
Early Revenue
Medium Term
Long Term
The Ethical Debate: Genes, Memes, and Digital Expression
Conclusion
5. Investment in Nanotechnology
Venture Capital Investing
Nanotechnology Venture Capital Investment
Nanotechnology Start-up Companies
Public Markets and Nanotechnology Companies
6. The Role of the U.S. Government in Nanoscale Science and Technology
The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act
Research and Development
The Federal Role in Nanoscale Research and Development: Basic and Applied
Education and Workforce Development
Facilities and Instrumentation
Technology Transfer
Responsible Development
Existing Laws and Regulations and the Responsible Development of Nanotechnology
Research Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
References
7. Overview of U.S. Academic Research
National Science Foundation Funding Mechanisms
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers (NSECs)
Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Research Teams (NIRTs)
Nanoscale Exploratory Research (NER)
National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN)
Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN)
Education and Workforce Development
NNI and NSF Research Focus Areas
Future Directions
Research Focus Areas of Other NNI Agencies
Summary
References
8. Understanding University Technology Transfer for Nanotechnology
Unique Rather than Common Elements Characterize Tech Transfer Deals
Why Does a University Transfer Technology?
How is Technology Transferred?
Sources of Technology
What Are the Incentives for the Discloser?
Faculty Trust
Academic Culture Issues
Faculty Publication
Technology Transfer Offices and University Administration
Types of Business Relationships
Licensing
Faculty Consulting
Strategic Partnering with University Spin-Offs
Special Funding of Faculty Research
Major and Ongoing Research Partnering
Risks
University Licensing Litigation Risks
Professor Consulting Relationships
Other Litigation Risks
Final Words
Notes
9. Intellectual Property Policy and Impact
Types of IP Protection
Patents
Trade Secrets
Trademarks
Copyrights
Statutory Requirements
Enforcing a Patent
Provisional Application Versus Regular Application
IP Challenges and Impact: Restriction on Innovation
Litigation
Funded Research
Conclusion
Reference
10. Entrepreneurs in the Technological Ecosystem
Lions, Tigers, and Bears: What is the Role of an Entrepreneur?
The Power of an Idea: What is a Good Idea?
A Single Person can Change the World: What is an Entrepreneur?
Look Forward, Think Backward: What Does an Entrepreneur Do?
The Good, Bad, and Ugly: What Should an Entrepreneur Expect?
Is It Worth It?
11. Major Corporations: Technology, Business, and the Culture of Opportunity
Culture, Models, and Cycles
The Holy Grail
12. Nanotechnology in Federal Labs
The Role of Federal Research Laboratories
Transferring Technology
Summary
Three. Materials and Industries
13. Nanoscale Materials
Overview
Nanoparticles
Applications of Nanoparticles
Production of Nanoparticles
Outlook for Nanoparticles
References
Carbon Nanotubes
Novel Properties
Manufacturing and Scaling Issues
Potential Applications
References
Nanowires
Applications
Biological Sensors Based on Individual Nanowires
Crossed p-n Junction Light-Emitting Diodes
Integrated Nanowire Logic Devices
Polar-Surface Dominated Novel Nanostructures
Soft Nanotechnology
14. Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors: Possibilities, Realities, and Diverse Applications
Possibilities
Relentless Integration
Advances in Processing
Diverse Nanomaterials
New Tools
Realities
Intensified Design Problems
The Risks of Commercialization
Diverse Applications
Physical Sensors
Chemical Sensors
Biosensors
Deployable Sensors
References
15. Microelectronics
Nanomanufacturing Product Strategy
Considering Future Impacts
Identifying Potential Synergies
Existing Technologies
Future Nanoelectronic Device Technologies
Reference
Photonics
Conclusion
16. Drug Delivery
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Polymer Conjugates (Polymer-Drug Chemical Linkage)
Polymer Micelles (Polymer Surfactant-Drug Self-Assembly)
Polymer Nanoparticles (Drug Dispersion or Encapsulation in Polymer Aggregates)
Polyplexes (Polymer-Nucleic Acids Complex through Charge Interaction)
Liposomes
Inorganic and Metallic Nanoparticles
Implantable Drug Delivery
Nanoporous Membranes
Biochips
Transdermal Drug Delivery
Future Trends in Drug Delivery
References
17. Bio-Nano-Information Fusion
Seeing
Manipulation
DNA/RNA Characterization
Characterization
Integration
Emergent Systems
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Four. Convergence and Integration
18. Convergence and Integration
Framework for Science and Technology Development
The Opportunity
Criteria for Progress
Outlook for Industry
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
19. Ethical Considerations in the Advance of Nanotechnology
The Nature of Ethics
Ethics of Individual Behavior
Nano-Specific Issues
Converging Technologies
Practical Responses
References
Epilogue
20. Infinitesimal Machinery
Revisiting “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
What We Can Do Today
Small Machines—How to Make Them
Small Machines—How to Use Them
Electrostatic Actuation
Mobile Microrobots
Making Precise Things from Imprecise Tools
Friction and Sticking
Computing with Atoms
Reversible Gates
The Electron as Calculating Engine
Heat in a Quantum Computer
Acronyms and Abbreviations
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12. Nanotechnology in Federal Labs
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13. Nanoscale Materials
Part Three. Materials and Industries
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