Bhagvan Kommadi

Quantum Computing Solutions

Solving Real-World Problems Using Quantum Computing and Algorithms

1st ed.
Bhagvan Kommadi
Hyderabad, India
ISBN 978-1-4842-6515-4e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6516-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6516-1
© Bhagvan Kommadi 2020
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Writing a book on quantum computing was harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without support from my parents.

Table of Contents
Part I: Introduction1
Chapter 1:​ Quantum Solutions Overview 3
Introduction 3
Real-Life Problems and Solutions 6
Solution Benefits 11
Solutions 15
Cryptography 16
Optimization 17
Cybersecurity 19
Summary 20
Chapter 2:​ Mathematics Behind Quantum Computing 21
Introduction 21
Initial Setup 21
Quantum Operators 21
Code Sample 29
Command for Execution 30
Output 30
Sets 30
Code Sample 32
Command for Execution 33
Output 33
Vectors 33
Code Sample 34
Command for Execution 35
Output 35
Matrices 36
Code Sample 42
Command for Execution 42
Output 43
Tensors 43
Code Sample 44
Command for Execution 45
Output 45
Summary 46
Part II: Quantum Computing Basics47
Chapter 3:​ Quantum Subsystems and Properties 49
Introduction 49
Initial Setup 50
Single Qubit System 50
Code Sample 51
Command for Execution 52
Output 52
Multiple Qubit System 52
Quantum States 55
Code Sample 58
Command for Execution 58
Output 58
Quantum Protocols 58
Quantum Entanglement 59
Quantum Teleportation 59
Quantum Operations 60
Code Sample 62
Command for Execution 65
Output 66
Quantum Transformations 66
Kronecker Transformation 66
Measure Gate Transformation 66
Code Sample 67
Command for Execution 67
Output 68
Summary 68
Chapter 4:​ Quantum Information Processing Framework 69
Introduction 69
Initial Setup 69
Quantum Circuits 69
Quantum Communication 74
Quantum Noise 75
Quantum Error Correction 76
Limitations of Quantum Computing 77
Quantum Algorithms 78
Deutsch–Jozsa Algorithm 78
Simon’s Algorithm 83
Shor’s Algorithm 91
Grover’s Algorithm 107
Quantum Subroutines 110
Summary 110
Chapter 5:​ Quantum Simulators 111
Introduction 111
Initial Setup 111
Quantum Languages 111
Qubit Measurement 114
Quantum Instruction Sets 114
Code Sample 115
Command for Execution 115
Output 115
Full-Stack Universal Quantum Simulator 116
Code Sample 117
Command for Execution 118
Output 118
Quantum Assembly Programming 119
Code Sample 120
Command for Execution 121
Output 121
Quantum Hardware Platforms 121
Commercially Available Quantum Computers 123
Summary 124
Chapter 6:​ Quantum Optimization Algorithms 125
Introduction 125
Initial Setup 125
Approximate Optimization Algorithms 125
Semidefinite Programming 126
Code Sample 129
Command 130
Output 130
QAOA 131
Transportation Planning:​ Factors 133
Code Sample 134
Command 135
Output 135
Combinatorial Optimization 137
Quantum NP (BQNP) 137
Summary 138
Part III: Quantum Solutions139
Chapter 7:​ Quantum Algorithms 141
Introduction 141
Initial Setup 141
Quantum Least Squares Fitting 141
Code Sample 145
Command 147
Output 147
Quantum Sort 147
Code Sample 148
Command 149
Output 149
Code 152
Command 153
Output 154
Quantum Eigen Solvers 154
Quantum Semidefinite Programming 155
Summary 155
Chapter 8:​ Quantum Neural Network Algorithms 157
Introduction 157
Initial Setup 157
Quantum ANN 158
Classical Neural Networks 158
Quantum Analogies to Neural Networks 159
Code Sample 160
Command 162
Output 162
Quantum Associative Memory 163
Quantum Dots 164
Quantum Random Access Memory 165
Quantum GAN 165
Code Sample 166
Command 169
Output 169
Summary 171
Chapter 9:​ Quantum Classification Algorithms 173
Introduction 173
Initial Setup 173
Classifiers 173
Quantum Classifiers 174
Code Sample 176
Command 177
Output 177
Variational Quantum Classifier 177
Code Sample 180
Command 183
Output 183
Classical SVM 185
Quantum Sparse Support Vector Machines 186
Code Sample 188
Command 188
Output 188
Summary 189
Chapter 10:​ Quantum Data Processing 191
Introduction 191
Initial Setup 192
Classical K-Means 192
Code Sample 193
Command 194
Output 194
Quantum K-Means 196
Code Sample 198
Command 200
Output 201
Classic K-Medians 202
Code Sample 203
Command 208
Output 208
Quantum K-Medians 209
Classical Clustering 209
Quantum Clustering 210
Code Sample 212
Command 219
Output 219
Quantum Manifold Embedding 223
Summary 224
Chapter 11:​ Quantum AI Algorithms 225
Introduction 225
Initial Setup 225
Quantum Probability 225
Classic Walks 227
Quantum Walks 227
Code Sample 229
Command 230
Output 230
Code Sample 232
Command 234
Output 235
Classic Search 235
Quantum Search 236
Quantum Deep Learning 236
Code Sample 237
Command 238
Output 239
Quantum Parallelism 239
Summary 240
Chapter 12:​ Quantum Solutions 241
Introduction 241
Initial Setup 241
Traveling Salesman Problem 241
Scheduling 243
Fraud Detection 245
Distribution Solutions 246
Code Sample 250
Command 256
Input 256
Output 259
Summary 259
Chapter 13:​ Evolving Quantum Solutions 261
Introduction 261
Initial Setup 261
Quantum Annealing 261
Quantum Key Distribution 263
Quantum Teleportation 266
Code Sample 269
Command 269
Output 269
Code Sample 270
Command 272
Output 272
Code Sample 274
Command 276
Output 276
Summary 278
Chapter 14:​ Next Steps 279
Best Practices 279
Case Studies 281
Applications 281
Smart Cities 290
Limitations of Quantum Computing 290
Quantum Computing News Sources 291
The Future of Quantumware 291
Enterprise Software and Services for Quantum Computing 292
Quantum Machine Learning 293
Summary 293
Index 295
About the Author
Bhagvan Kommadi

is the founder of Architect Corner, an AI startup, and he has 20 years of industry experience ranging from large-scale enterprise development to helping incubate software product startups. He has a master’s degree in industrial systems engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology and a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He is a member of the IFX forum, a member of Oracle JCP, and a participant in Java Community Process.

Bhagvan founded Quantica Computacao, the first quantum computing startup in India. He has engineered and developed simulators and tools in quantum technology using IBM Q, Microsoft Q#, and Google QScript. The company’s focus is developing quantum cryptographic tools to provide quantum proof data security, which will help banking institutions protect their transactions. He is now the director of product engineering at Value Momentum. Value Momentum offers a social network for doctors (White Coats) and provides telehealth support through the Practice Plus suite of products and services.

Bhagvan has published papers and presented at IEEE, AstriCon, Avios, DevCon, PyCon, and genomics and biotechnology conferences on topics including adaptive learning, AI Coder, and more. He is a hands-on CTO who has contributed to open source, blogs, and the latest technologies such as Go, Python, Django, node.js, Java, MySQL, Postgres, Mongo, and Cassandra. He was the technical reviewer for the book Machine Learning with TensorFlow and is the author of Hands-on Data Structures and Algorithms with Go and Paytech and The Payment Technology Handbook for Investors, Entrepreneurs, and FinTech Visionaries.

 
About the Technical Reviewer
Mr. Nixon Patel

is a visionary leader, an exemplary technocrat, and a successful serial entrepreneur with a proven track record for growing 7+ businesses from startup to millions in annual sales and 1,000+ employees with large technology and operations organizations across the globe in the quantum computing, artificial intelligence, deep learning, big data analytics, cloud, IOT, speech recognition, machine learning, renewable energy, information technology, telecom, and pharmaceutical industries, all in a short span of 30 years. Most recently he exited an AI and deep learning company with a 5X valuation; before that he was the chief data scientist at Brillio, a sister company of Collabera, where he was instrumental in starting the big data analytics, cloud, and IOT practices. He has a bachelor’s of technology degree (hons) in chemical engineering from IIT Kharagpur, a master’s of science in computer science from New Jersey Institute of Technology, a data science specialization from Johns Hopkins University, and a certificate in quantum computing and information from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently pursuing a second master’s in business and science in analytics from Rutgers University. Currently he holds the positions of adjunct professor and mentor at IIT Hyderabad and NSHM College Kolkata.

 
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