Index

A note on the digital index

A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears. Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly to the place in the text in which the marker appears.

Symbols

# hash, Why reinvent XML 1.0 comments and PIs?
(nameClass) container, Description
(pattern) container, Description
* operator, Constructing a Wildcard
*-nameClass, *-nameClass
-nameClass, -nameClass
>> syntax (following annotation), Following annotations
character, Special Characters
( character, Special Characters
) character, Special Characters
* character, Special Characters
+ character, Special Characters
- character, Special Characters
. character, Special Characters
? character, Special Characters
c Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
C Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
d Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
D Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
i Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
I Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
character, Special Characters
character, Special Characters
s Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
S Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
character, Special Characters
w Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
W Perl character class, Classical Perl character classes
[ character, Special Characters
\] character, Special Characters
^ character, Special Characters, User-defined character classes
{ character, Special Characters
| character, Special Characters
} character, Special Characters
|= operator, Combining by choice

A

ambiguity
accepting, Accepting Ambiguity
datatype, Ambiguous datatypesAmbiguous datatypes
different types, Different Kinds of AmbiguityAmbiguous datatypes
name class, Name class ambiguityName class ambiguity
regular expression, Regular expression ambiguitiesRegular expression ambiguities
regular hedge grammars, Ambiguous regular hedge grammarsAmbiguous regular hedge grammars
RELAX NG, Problems That Never Arise
versus determinism, Ambiguity Versus Determinism
ambiguous patterns, glossary definition, Glossary
ambiguous schemas, downsides to, The Downsides of Ambiguous and Nondeterministic Content ModelsCompatibility with W3C XML Schema
annotations, Annotating SchemasXVIF
applications (see application annotations)
conversion, Annotations for ConversionSchema Adjunct Framework
DTDs, Annotations to generate DTDs
Dublin Core, Grammar annotations
following, Following annotations
for applications, Annotating Schemas
for documentation purposes (see documentation annotations)
for extension, Annotations for ExtensionXVIF
grammar, Grammar annotations
initial, Initial annotations
losing the relation between link and location, Annotation of value and param patterns
preprocessing, Annotating Schemas
simplification and, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
that extend features of RELAX NG, Annotating SchemasAnnotation of value and param patterns
that help generate something, Annotating Schemas
value and param patterns, Annotation of value and param patterns
W3C XML Schema, Annotations to generate W3C XML Schema
anyName element, Constructing a Wildcard, More Name Classes, anyName
application annotations, Annotation for ApplicationsXVIF
conversion, Annotations for ConversionSchema Adjunct Framework
extension, Annotations for ExtensionXVIF
preprocessing, Annotations for PreprocessingAnnotations for Preprocessing
assert, Part 3: Rule-Based Validation
assignMethod, assignMethod
atomic patterns, Patterns, and Only Patterns
atoms, Quantifying
character classes, Character Classes
special characters, More Atoms
wildcards, Wildcard
attribute element, attributeAttributes
attribute pattern, The attribute Pattern, Description
compact syntax and, The attribute Pattern
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
attributes, Patterns, and Only Patterns
adding to element, Element
confusing usage with elements, Use order sparingly
constraints on, Constraints on Attributes
default namespace and, Using the Default Namespace
definitions
duplication, Traps to Avoid
duplication, Bad example: attribute duplication
extending, Be cautious with attributes
having different datatypes in an enumeration, Using Different Types in Each Value
identifiers, good candidates for being, Be cautious with attributes
in instance documents, Be cautious with attributes
limitations, Be cautious with attributes
whitespace normalization, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
with duplicate names, Be cautious with attributes
author.rnc file, With Flat Schemas
author.rng file, With Flat Schemas
available identifier, Be cautious with attributes

B

base64 datatype, Binary string-encoded datatypes
binary content, Binary string-encoded datatypes
bizarre patterns, Assembling the Parts
blocks, Unicode character classes
book-content.rnc file, Grammar Merge
bookcontent.rng file, Grammar Merge
boolean datatype, Numeric datatypes
Boydens, Isabelle, DSDL
building blocks, Creating Building BlocksText Tools
independent vocabularies, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
needing a feature missing in RELAX NG, Other OptionsText Tools
text tools, Text Tools
XML tools, XML Tools
built-in type library, Datatype Libraries
byte datatype, Numeric datatypes

C

C pre-processor (CPP), Text Tools
canonical formats, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
caret (^), Special Characters, User-defined character classes
carriage return, Special Characters
categories, Unicode character classes
chameleon design, glossary definition, Glossary
chameleon schemas, Namespaces, Building Blocks, and Chameleon DesignReexamining XHTML 2.0
pros and cons, Good Chameleon or Evil Chameleon?
putting in library, Putting a Chameleon in the Library
character classes, Character Classes
glossary definition, Glossary
intersections of, User-defined character classes
user-defined, User-defined character classes
Character Repertoire Validation for XML (CRVX), Part 7: Character Repertoire Validation
character-element.rnc file, Grammar Merge
character-element.rng file, Grammar Merge
character.rnc file, With Flat Schemas
character.rng file, With Flat Schemas
child elements and fixed order, Use order sparingly
choice element
combining name classes, More Name Classes
name-class, choice (in the context of a name-class)
pattern, choice (in the context of a pattern)
choice pattern, The choice Pattern, Description
combining by, Combining by choice
combining with group pattern, Pattern Compositions
combining with value pattern, Enumerations
double parentheses, Co-Occurrence Constraints
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
Clark, James, Part 4: Selection of Validation Candidates, Glossary
foreword, Foreword by James ClarkForeword by James Clark
simplicity, Simplification
classical Perl character class, glossary definition, Glossary
closed schemas, The Case for Open Schemas
closed-schema.rnc file, Extensible and Open?
closed-schema.rng file, Extensible and Open?
CName production, Description
co-occurrence constraint, Co-Occurrence ConstraintsCo-Occurrence Constraints
conversion, Co-Occurrence Constraints
colonized names, Description
combinations and parentheses, The optional Pattern
combine attribute (XML syntax), Combining by choice
comments, Why reinvent XML 1.0 comments and PIs?
comments and documentation annotations, Comments
common principles for annotating RELAX NG, Common Principles for Annotating RELAX NG Schemas
alternatives and workarounds, Alternatives and Workarounds
annotating groups of definitions, Annotating Groups of Definitions
using compact syntax, Annotations Using the Compact SyntaxAnnotation of value and param patterns
using XML syntax, Annotation Using the XML Syntax
common-content named pattern, Referencing Named Patterns
compact syntax
annotating RELAX NG using, Annotations Using the Compact SyntaxAnnotation of value and param patterns
escaping named pattern identifiers in, Escaping Named Pattern Identifiers in the Compact Syntax
first, First Compact Patterns
initial annotations and, Initial annotations
losing information in translation, Introducing the Compact Syntax
newlines within quotes, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
overview, Introducing the Compact SyntaxXML or Compact?
position-sensitivity, The attribute Pattern
reference, Compact Syntax Reference
translating between XML syntax using Trang, Annotations Using the Compact Syntax
versus simple form, Full Schema
versus XML syntax, XML or Compact?
components
making optional, Combining by choice
WXS, Different Types of Schema Languages
compositors
glossary definition, Glossary
group, The group Pattern
interleave (see interleave compositors)
simple patterns, differentiations between, More Complex Patterns
containers, elements that act as, Use containersUse containers
content models
bad example, Bad example: attribute content model
constraints, Constraints on Content Models
glossary definition, Glossary
mixed (see mixed content models)
patterns used as building blocks in libraries of (see building blocks)
content-oriented schema style, example, Assembling the Parts
conversion annotations, Annotations for ConversionSchema Adjunct Framework
Cowan, John, Unicode character classes
CRVX (Character Repertoire Validation for XML), Part 7: Character Repertoire Validation
Cunningham, Ward, Powered by WikiML

D

data element, data
data pattern versus text pattern, Data Versus Text
datatypeLibrary, declaration of, Examples
datatypeName literal, Description
datatypeName param exceptPattern, Description
datatypeName production, Description
datatypes
ambiguity, Ambiguous datatypesAmbiguous datatypes
assignment and RELAX NG, Why Use Other Schema Languages?
boolean, Numeric datatypes
byte, Numeric datatypes
decimal, Numeric datatypes, Numeric datatypes
declaration, Description
double, Numeric datatypes
DTD compatibility, DTD Compatibility DatatypesDTD Compatibility Datatypes
examples, ExamplesExamples
float, Numeric datatypes
glossary definition, Glossary
int, Numeric datatypes
integer, Numeric datatypes
libraries, Datatype LibrariesDTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
long, Numeric datatypes
native and whitespace, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native DatatypesWhitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
negativeInteger, Numeric datatypes
nonNegativeInteger, Numeric datatypes
nonPositiveInteger, Numeric datatypes
positiveInteger, Numeric datatypes
reference, Datatype ReferenceExample
short, Numeric datatypes
unsignedByte, Numeric datatypes
unsignedInt, Numeric datatypes
unsignedLong, Numeric datatypes
unsignedShort, Numeric datatypes
W3C XML Schema
language, String datatypes
Name, String datatypes
NCName, String datatypes
NMTOKEN, String datatypes
NMTOKENS, String datatypes
normalizedString, String datatypes
string, String datatypes
token, String datatypes
date datatype, Date and time formats
date formats, Date and time formatsDate and time formats
patterns and, Datetimes
dateTime datatype, Date and time formats
DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative), A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
dc:copyright element, Extensible and Open?
decimal datatype, Numeric datatypes, Numeric datatypes
decimal separator, Numeric datatypes
decl, decl
default namespace, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces, Using the Default NamespaceUsing the Default Namespace, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
attributes and, Using the Default Namespace
declaration, Description
using prefixes, Using PrefixesUsing Prefixes
define element, define
grammar merge, Grammar Merge
XML syntax, Defining Named Patterns
define pattern, pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
definitions
annotating groups of, Annotating Groups of Definitions
fine-grained, Maximize granularity
not defined by group, Why Can’t Definitions Be Defined by Group?
derivative algorithm, A Strong Mathematical Background
derived types (W3C XML Schema), The Datatypes
determinism versus ambiguity, Ambiguity Versus Determinism
deterministic patterns, glossary definition, Glossary
difference between sets, User-defined character classes
disambiguating schemas made easier, Some Ideas to Make Disambiguation EasierAccepting Ambiguity
disambiguation rules, making explicit, Making Disambiguation Rules Explicit
div element, div
embedded within other div elements, Flattening the First Schema
grammar-content, div (in the context of a grammar-content)
include-content, div (in the context of a include-content)
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
div pattern, annotating groups of definitions, Annotating Groups of Definitions
DocBook annotations, DocBook Annotations
DocBook project, Literate Programming
DOCTYPE declaration, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
Document Object Model (see DOM)
Document Schema Definition Languages (see DSDL)
Document Type Definition (see DTD)
documentation, Literate Programming
documentation annotations, DocumentationRDDL Annotations
comments, Comments
DocBook annotations, DocBook Annotations
Dublin Core annotations, Dublin Core Annotations
RDDL annotations, RDDL AnnotationsRDDL Annotations
RELAX NG DTD compatibility comments, RELAX NG DTD Compatibility CommentsRELAX NG DTD Compatibility Comments
SVG annotations, SVG Annotations
XHTML annotations, XHTML Annotations
documents
infosets and, Documents and Infosets
instance (see instance documents)
keeping independent of applications, Keeping Documents Independent of Applications
schema (see schemas)
DOM (Document Object Model), Documents and Infosets
glossary definition, Glossary
dot character (.), Wildcard
double datatype, Numeric datatypes
double parentheses and choice, Co-Occurrence Constraints
DSDL (Document Schema Definition Languages), DSDLWhat DSDL Should Bring You
glossary definition, Glossary
offerings, What DSDL Should Bring You
parts, A Multipart StandardPart 10: Validation Management
DTD (Document Type Definition), Documents and Infosets, Glossary
annotations to generate, Annotations to generate DTDs
compatibility datatypes, DTD Compatibility DatatypesDTD Compatibility Datatypes
RELAX NG compatibility comments, RELAX NG DTD Compatibility CommentsRELAX NG DTD Compatibility Comments
type ID, Traps to Avoid
versus W3C XML Schema, DTD Versus W3C XML Schema DatatypesDTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
DTD Schema
relative order of child elements, Use containers
DTD-like RELAX NG schema
example, Assembling the Parts
updating, Assembling the Parts
Dublin Core
(dc) elements, adding to grammar, Annotation Using the XML Syntax
annotations, Grammar annotations, Dublin Core Annotations
example with initial annotations, Initial annotations
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
DuCharme, Bob, Annotations for Preprocessing
duration lexical space, Date and time formats

E

EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form)
grammar, RELAX NG’s Diverse Applications, Compact Syntax ReferenceCompact Syntax Reference
production reference, “"”...""”
ebXML, Spreadsheets
element element, element
element pattern, The element Pattern, element
compact syntax and, Element
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
element type, glossary definition, Glossary
elements, Patterns, and Only Patterns
anyName, anyName
applying namespaces to, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
attribute, attributeAttributes
choice
name-class, choice (in the context of a name-class)
pattern, choice (in the context of a pattern)
confusing usage with attributes, Use order sparingly
data, data
define, define
div
grammar-content, div (in the context of a grammar-content)
include-content, div (in the context of a include-content)
empty (see empty elements)
except
except-name-class, except (in the context of a except-name-class)
pattern, except (in the context of a pattern)
externalRef, externalRef
glossary definition, Glossary
grammar, grammar
group, group
include, include
list, list
mixed, mixedAttributes
name, name
notAllowed, notAllowed
nsName, nsName
oneOrMore, oneOrMore
optional, optionalAttributes
param, param
parentRef, parentRef
reference, Element ReferenceAttributes
start, start
text, text
that act as containers, Use containersUse containers
value, value
zeroOrMore, zeroOrMore
embedded grammars, Embedding GrammarsEmbedding Grammars
validation and, Embedding Grammars
empty content, glossary definition, Glossary
empty elements, Ambiguity Versus Determinism, empty
simplification, Final Cleanup
empty patterns, Description
text patterns and, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
ENTITIES lexical space (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
ENTITY lexical space (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
entity references and compact syntax, Introducing the Compact Syntax
enumeration facet, Facets
enumerations, Enumerations
escape format, User-defined character classes
escaping newline character, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
Examplotron, Examplotron: Instance Documents as SchemasUse Cases
Examplotron schema
RELAX NG schema generated from, Ten-Minute Guide to ExamplotronTen-Minute Guide to Examplotron
except elements
except-name-class, except (in the context of a except-name-class)
pattern, except (in the context of a pattern)
used in data pattern, Constraints on Except Patterns
except name class, Description
except patterns, Description
exclusions and, Exclusions
generalizing, Generalizing the Except Pattern
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
exclusions and except pattern, Exclusions
extensibility, Annotating Schemas
(see also annotating schemas)
annotations for extension, Annotations for ExtensionXVIF
of named patterns, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elements
Extensible Markup Language (see XML)
extensible schemas, Writing Extensible SchemasExtensible and Open?, Maximize granularity
(see also granularity)
defining named patterns for content rather than elements, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elementsDefining named patterns for content rather than for elements
elements that act as containers, Use containersUse containers
fixed results, Working from a Fixed ResultDefining named patterns for content rather than for elements
open and, Extensible and Open?Extensible and Open?
root elements as grammar elements, Providing a grammar and a start element
wildcards and, Extensible and Open?, Extensible and Open?
(see also open schemas)
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (see XSLT)
external pattern, Description
external pluggable libraries, RELAX NGs reliance on, Datatype Libraries
external references
embedding grammars, Embedding GrammarsEmbedding Grammars
referencing patterns in parent patterns, Referencing Patterns in Parent GrammarsReferencing Patterns in Parent Grammars
using, Using External ReferencesReferencing Patterns in Parent Grammars
with flat schemas, With Flat SchemasWith Flat Schemas
with Russian doll schemas, With Russian Doll SchemasWith Russian Doll Schemas
externalRef element, externalRef
externalRef patterns
direct inclusion, With Russian Doll Schemas
feature common to include pattern and, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
simplification and, Retrieval of External Schemas

F

facets
applying to improve library schema, FacetsFacets
defined by W3C XML Schema, FacetsFacets
enumeration, Facets
fractionDigits, Facets
length, Facets
maxExclusive, Facets
maxInclusive, Facets
maxLength, Facets
minExclusive, Facets
minInclusive, Facets
minLength, Facets
pattern, Facets
totalDigits, Facets
whiteSpace, Facets
glossary definition, Glossary
fine-grained definitions, Maximize granularity
first schema, First SchemaCreating “Russian Doll” Schemas
complete, Complete Schema
flattening, Flattening the First Schema
fixed results and extensible schemas, Working from a Fixed ResultDefining named patterns for content rather than for elements
fixed values, Fixed Values
flat schemas, using external references with, With Flat SchemasWith Flat Schemas
flat-content.rnc file, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elements
flat-content.rng file, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elements
flat.rnc file, Maximize granularity
flat.rng file, Maximize granularity
float datatype, Numeric datatypes
float types, Numeric and Float Types
following annotations, Following annotations
initial annotations turning into, When initial annotations turn into following annotations
foreign attributes, defining, Constructing a Wildcard
foreign namespaces, Accepting Foreign NamespacesAdding Foreign Nodes Through Combination
wildcards
constructing, Constructing a Wildcard
using, Using Wildcards
foreign nodes
adding through combination, Adding Foreign Nodes Through CombinationAdding Foreign Nodes Through Combination
defining, Constructing a Wildcard
interleave pattern and, Using Wildcards
where to allow, Where Should Foreign Nodes Be Allowed?
foreign-nodes wildcard, Using Wildcards
foreign.rnc file, Grammar Merge
foreign.rng file, Grammar Merge
formal public identifier (FPI), A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
fractionDigits facet, Facets
free formats, Free FormatsUse containers

G

gDay lexical space, Date and time formats
gMonth lexical space, Date and time formats
gMonthDay lexical space, Date and time formats
GNU Free Documentation License, GNU Free Documentation LicenseAddendum: How to use this License for your documents
grammar element, grammar
root elements, Providing a grammar and a start element
start element and, The grammar and start Elements
grammar pattern, Description
grammarContent production, Description
grammars
adding Dublin Core (dc) elements, Annotation Using the XML Syntax
annotations, Grammar annotations
embedding, Embedding GrammarsEmbedding Grammars
glossary definition, Glossary
merging, Merging GrammarsWhy Can’t Definitions Be Defined by Group?
combining definitions, Combining DefinitionsCombining by interleave
combining definitions by choice, Combining by choice
combining definitions by interleave, Combining by interleave
complete schema example, Grammar Merge
main drawback, Merging Grammars
replacing definitions, Merging and Replacing DefinitionsMerging and Replacing Definitions
simplification and, Grammar Merge
without redefinition, Merging Without Redefinition
granularity
defining a named pattern for each element, Maximize granularityMaximize granularity
maximizing, Maximize granularityMaximize granularity
group compositor, The group Pattern
group element, group
group pattern, Description
combining with choice pattern, Pattern Compositions
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
grouping, Or-ing and Grouping
gYear datatype, Date and time formats
gYearMonth datatype, Date and time formats

I

ID datatype, DTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
DTD compatibility, DTD Compatibility Datatypes
ID lexical space (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
identifier assignMethod pattern, Description
identifier production, identifier
identifierOrKeyword production, identifierOrKeyword
identifiers, good candidates for being attributes, Be cautious with attributes
IDREF datatype, DTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
DTD compatibility, DTD Compatibility Datatypes
IDREF lexical space (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
IDREFS datatype, DTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
DTD compatibility, DTD Compatibility Datatypes
IDREFS lexical space (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
include element, include
include pattern, Description
feature common to externalRef pattern and, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
simplification and, Retrieval of External Schemas
includeContent production, Description
infosets, Documents and Infosets
augmenting, Documents and Infosets
glossary definition, Glossary
serialization of XML, Flattening the First Schema
inherit production, Description
inheritance and simplification, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
initial annotations, Initial annotations
truning into following annotations, When initial annotations turn into following annotations
instance annotation, Instance Annotations
instance documents, Documents and Infosets
as schemas, Examplotron: Instance Documents as SchemasUse Cases
attributes in, Be cautious with attributes
glossary definition, Glossary
validating independently of prefixes being used, Accepting Foreign Namespaces
int datatype, Numeric datatypes
integer datatype, Numeric datatypes
interleave compositors, The interleave PatternThe interleave Pattern, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
validation and, The interleave Pattern
interleave elements
relative order of child elements and, Use order sparingly
interleave patterns, Description
combination for extensible schemas, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elements
combining, Combining by interleave
downside, Order Variation as a Source of Information
foreign nodes and, Using Wildcards
limitations of, Restrictions
limitations on, Limitations on interleave
list and, Constraints on Lists
more than one text pattern in, Bad example: more than one text pattern in interleave
order variation and, Order Variation as a Source of Information
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization, Pattern Normalization
restrictions, A Restriction Related to interleaveA Restriction Related to interleave, Use order sparingly
text pattern in, Use order sparingly
why itÕs called, Why Is It Called interleave?Why Is It Called interleave?
intersections of character classes, User-defined character classes
isbn and facets, Facets
ISO 8601, Restrictions, Restrictions
ISO DSDL activity, Datatype Libraries

J

JavaDoc, Literate Programming
Jelliffe, Rick, Glossary
Jing RELAX NG processor, A Strong Mathematical Background

K

Kawaguchi, Kohsuke, RELAX NG as a Pivot Format
keyword production, keyword
Knuth, Donald, Literate Programming

L

language datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
leading zeros, getting rid of, Leading zeros
length facet, Facets
lexical processing, Documents and Infosets
lexical space
duration, Date and time formats
ENTITIES, String datatypes
ENTITY, String datatypes
gDay, Date and time formats
glossary definition, Glossary
gMonth, Date and time formats
gMonthDay, Date and time formats
ID, String datatypes
IDREF, String datatypes
IDREFS, String datatypes
time, Date and time formats
W3C XML Schema, The Datatypes
library, which should be used, Which Library Should Be Used?DTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
library.rnc file, Grammar Merge
library.rng file, Grammar Merge
line breaks, Binary string-encoded datatypes
list element, list
list pattern, list
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
without defining cardinality, Lists
lists
constraints on, Constraints on Lists
text nodes as, Lists
literal production, Description
literal segment
enclosed in double quotes, “...”
enclosed in single quotes, ‘...’
enclosed in three double quotes, “"”...""”
enclosed in three single quotes, '''...'''
literalSegment production, literalSegment
literate programming, Literate ProgrammingAdding Bells and Whistles for RDDL
litprog, Literate Programming
local name
glossary definition, Glossary
XML, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
localization, Unicode character classes
long datatype, Numeric datatypes

N

name classes, Patterns, and Only Patterns
abiguity, Name class ambiguityName class ambiguity
combining using choice element, More Name Classes
defining for any name from “lib” namespace, More Name Classes
first example of, Constructing a Wildcard
normalization and simplification, Name Class Normalization
operating on specific element or attribute names, More Name Classes
overlap, Bad example: name class overlap
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
patterns and, Constructing a Wildcard
Name datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
name element, name
name name class, Description
nameClass production, nameClass
nameClass|nameClass production, Description
named patterns
combining, Combining by choice
defining, Defining Named Patterns, The grammar and start Elements
defining for content rather than elements, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elementsDefining named patterns for content rather than for elements
escaping identifiers in compact syntax, Escaping Named Pattern Identifiers in the Compact Syntax
extensibility of, Defining named patterns for content rather than for elements
glossary definition, Glossary
referencing, Referencing Named Patterns
referencing in compact syntax, Referencing Named Patterns
strict scoping, Embedding Grammars
Namespace Routing Language (NRL), Part 4: Selection of Validation Candidates
validating SOAP message containing one or more XHTML documents, Part 4: Selection of Validation Candidates
Namespace Switchboard, Part 4: Selection of Validation Candidates
namespaces, NamespacesGood Chameleon or Evil Chameleon?
applying to elements, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
assigning prefixes to, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
attributes, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
challenges of, The Two Challenges of NamespacesAdding Foreign Nodes Through Combination
declaed using xmlns attribute, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
declarations, Description
declaring in schemas, Declaring Namespaces in SchemasUsing Prefixes
default, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces (see default namespace)
elements, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
foreign (see foreign namespaces)
glossary definition, Glossary
goals of, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
independent vocabularies, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
introduction, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML NamespacesA Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
mixing default and nondefault, Using Prefixes
removing from anyName using except and nsName, More Name Classes
to manage translation to W3C XML Schema, Annotations to generate W3C XML Schema
namespaceURILiteral production, namespaceURILiteral
native datatypes and whitespace, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native DatatypesWhitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
native types versus W3C XML Schema datatypes, Native Types Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
NCName datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
negativeInteger datatype, Numeric datatypes
newline, Special Characters
newline character, escaping, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
NMTOKEN datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
NMTOKENS datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
nodes, Documents and Infosets
occurrence constraints on, Constraining Number of Occurrences
non-deterministic schemas, Why Use Other Schema Languages?
noncolonized name, String datatypes
nonNegativeInteger datatype, Numeric datatypes
nonPositiveInteger datatype, Numeric datatypes
normalization
simplification and, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
suppressing, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
whitespace, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
normalize-space( ) function (XPath), Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
normalizedString datatype (W3C XML Schema), String datatypes
notAllowed element, notAllowed
notAllowed patterns, Description
simplification, Final Cleanup
NOTATION (W3C XML Schema), Qualified names
ns, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
nsName element, nsName
nsName exceptNameClass name class, Description
numeric datatypes, Numeric datatypes
numeric types, Numeric and Float Types

O

occurrence constraints on nodes, Constraining Number of Occurrences
oneOrMore element, oneOrMore
oneOrMore pattern, The oneOrMore Pattern
compact syntax and, The oneOrMore Pattern
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
open schemas, Writing Extensible Schemas
case for, The Case for Open SchemasMore Name Classes
extensibility and, Extensible and Open?Extensible and Open?
open vocabulary, Writing Extensible Schemas
OpenOffice spreadsheet’s XML format, Spreadsheets
operators, mixing, Pattern Compositions
optional element, optionalAttributes
optional pattern, The optional Pattern
compact syntax and, The optional Pattern
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
or-ing, Or-ing and Grouping
order between subelements, Use order sparingly

P

param element, param
param pattern, annotating, Annotation of value and param patterns
param production, Description
parent pattern, Description
parent referencing, Referencing Patterns in Parent GrammarsReferencing Patterns in Parent Grammars
parentheses and combinations, The optional Pattern
parentRef element, parentRef
parentRef pattern
special notes, Referencing Patterns in Parent Grammars
pattern, pattern
pattern compositions, Pattern Compositions
pattern facets, Facets
common, Common PatternsTime zones
fixed format, Fixed format
float types, Numeric and Float Types
interpreting values, Quantifying
new, Quantifying
numeric types, Numeric and Float Types
peculiarities, The Simplest Possible Pattern Facets
regular expressions in, Facets
time zones, Time zonesTime zones
Unicode blocks, Unicode blocks
versus Perl regular expressions, The Simplest Possible Pattern Facets
word counting, Counting words
pattern normalization
attribute pattern, Pattern Normalization
choice patterns, Pattern Normalization
define pattern, Pattern Normalization
div elements, Pattern Normalization
element pattern, Pattern Normalization
except patterns, Pattern Normalization
group pattern, Pattern Normalization
interleave pattern, Pattern Normalization
interleave patterns, Pattern Normalization
list pattern, Pattern Normalization
mixed pattern, Pattern Normalization
mixed patterns, Pattern Normalization
name classes, Pattern NormalizationBad example: attribute duplication
oneOrMore pattern, Pattern Normalization
optional pattern, Pattern Normalization
optional patterns, Pattern Normalization
simplification and, Pattern Normalization
text pattern, Pattern Normalization
zeroOrMore pattern, Pattern Normalization
zeroOrMore patterns, Pattern Normalization
pattern qualified as optional, Description
pattern&pattern pattern, Description
pattern* pattern, Restrictions
pattern+ pattern, Restrictions
pattern,pattern, Restrictions
pattern?, Restrictions
patterns
bizarre, Assembling the Parts
difference between other approaches and, Different Types of Schema Languages
example, A Simple ExampleA Simple Example
glossary definition, Glossary
introduction, Patterns, and Only Patterns
name classes and, Constructing a Wildcard
referencing in parent patterns, Referencing Patterns in Parent GrammarsReferencing Patterns in Parent Grammars
reuse
combining definitions, Combining DefinitionsCombining by interleave
combining definitions by choice, Combining by choice
combining definitions by interleave, Combining by interleave
replacing definitions, Merging and Replacing DefinitionsMerging and Replacing Definitions
without redefinition, Merging Without Redefinition
that match a single text node, Data Versus Text
used as building blocks in libraries of content models (see building blocks)
uses, Different Types of Schema Languages
pattern|pattern, Restrictions
Perl character classes, Classical Perl character classes
Perl regular expression, The Simplest Possible Pattern Facets
PhpWiki, Powered by WikiML
pieces, glossary definition, Glossary
pivot format, Annotations for Conversion
positiveInteger datatype, Numeric datatypes
Post-Schema Validation Infoset (PSVI), Documents and Infosets
prefixes, applying to namespaces, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
preprocessing annotations, Annotating Schemas, Annotations for PreprocessingAnnotations for Preprocessing
primitive types (W3C XML Schema), The Datatypes
processing instructions (PIs), Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
compact syntax, Introducing the Compact Syntax
lack of namespace support, Why reinvent XML 1.0 comments and PIs?
PSVI (Post-Schema Validation Infoset), Documents and Infosets
PUBLIC identifier (XML), A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
Python type library, Datatype Libraries

Q

QName datatypes, Qualified names, Example
qualification element, Pattern Compositions
qualified name
glossary definition, Glossary
qualified names
versus syntax, Grammar annotations
quantifiers
using to limit the number of leading zeros, Quantifying
QuotedIdentifier production, Description
quotes
double, “"”...""”
single, '''...'''

R

RDDL documents
generating from annotated RELAX NG schemas, Adding Bells and Whistles for RDDLAdding Bells and Whistles for RDDL
recursive content models, glossary definition, Glossary
recursive models, Flattening the First Schema, Recursive Models
recursive patterns, glossary definition, Glossary
redundancy and maintenance of schema, Flattening the First Schema
regular expressions
ambiguity, Regular expression ambiguitiesRegular expression ambiguities
glossary definition, Glossary
in pattern facets, Facets
regular hedge grammars, ambiguous, Ambiguous regular hedge grammarsAmbiguous regular hedge grammars
relative order between subelements, Use order sparingly
relative order of child elements
other schema languages and, Use containers
RELAX Namespace, Part 4: Selection of Validation Candidates
RELAX NG
datatype assignment and, Why Use Other Schema Languages?
downside to, Why Use Other Schema Languages?
DTD compatibility comments, RELAX NG DTD Compatibility CommentsRELAX NG DTD Compatibility Comments
glossary definition, Glossary
key area related to more functionality, Co-Occurrence Constraints
main rival, The Best Way to Validate XML Document Structures
mathematical backgound, A Strong Mathematical Background
overview, Preface, What RELAX NG OffersWhy Use Other Schema Languages?
patterns (see patterns)
schemas (see schemas)
specification
simplification, Simplification
XML Processing Instructions and, Patterns, and Only Patterns
XSLT and, RELAX NG’s Diverse Applications
RELAX, glossary definition, Glossary
report, Part 3: Rule-Based Validation
Resource Directory Description Language, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
Resource Directory Description Language (RDDL)
annotations, RDDL AnnotationsRDDL Annotations
restricting schemas, Restricting Existing Schemas
restrictions, RestrictionsBad example: more than one text pattern in interleave
removal of, Problems That Never Arise
RFC 2045, Binary string-encoded datatypes, Restrictions
Riggs, Simon, DSDL
root elements
as grammar elements, Providing a grammar and a start element
definition of in Russian doll-style, The grammar and start Elements
rules, Different Types of Schema Languages
Russian doll design, glossary definition, Glossary
Russian doll schemas, Creating “Russian Doll” Schemas
definition of root element, The grammar and start Elements
modeling documents with, Flattening the First Schema
structure of, Flattening the First Schema
using external references with, With Russian Doll SchemasWith Russian Doll Schemas
russian-doll.rnc file, Providing a grammar and a start element
russian-doll.rng file, Providing a grammar and a start element

S

SAX (Simple API for XML), Documents and Infosets
glossary definition, Glossary
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) annotations, SVG Annotations
Schema Adjunct Framework (SAF), Schema Adjunct Framework
schemas
adding SQL-based processing information to, Schema Adjunct Framework
ambiguous (see ambiguity)
annotating (see annotations)
chameleon (see chameleon schemas)
complete, creating, Assembling the Parts
defining restricted without complete redefinition, Restricting Existing Schemas
documents, Documents and Infosets
extensible (see extensible schemas)
first (see first schema)
flattening, Schema Flattening
generating, Generating RELAX NG SchemasSpreadsheets
generating documentation from (see documentation annotations)
instance documents as, Examplotron: Instance Documents as SchemasUse Cases
languages
different types, Different Types of Schema Languages
main goal, Documents and Infosets
open, Writing Extensible Schemas
redundancy and maintenance of, Flattening the First Schema
Russian doll (see Russian doll schemas)
that don’t have grammar element as root, Providing a grammar and a start element
validating incoming documents from a variety of patterns, Merging and Replacing Definitions
without target namespace, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
schematizing XML documents (see validating XML documents)
Schematron
glossary definition, Glossary
rules, Annotations for ExtensionEmbedded Schematron rules
schema, Part 3: Rule-Based Validation
see-also attribute, Lists
sequences, unordered, More Complex Patterns
serialization
automated, Flattening the First Schema
of RELAX NG schemas, Introducing the Compact Syntax
of XML infoset, Flattening the First Schema
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
glossary definition, Glossary
short datatype, Numeric datatypes
Simple API for XML (SAX), Glossary
simple content, glossary definition, Glossary
simple form versus compact syntax, Full Schema
simple patterns, differentiations between compositors and, More Complex Patterns
simple validation, Determinism and Datatype Assignment
simplification, Simplification and Restrictions
algorithm, Patterns, and Only Patterns
annotations and, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
constraints, First Set of Constraints
empty elements, Final Cleanup
externalRef patterns, Retrieval of External Schemas
final cleanup, Final Cleanup
glossary definition, Glossary
grammar merge, Grammar Merge
include patterns, Retrieval of External Schemas
inheritance, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
name class normalization, Name Class Normalization
normalization, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
notAllowed patterns, Final Cleanup
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
RELAX NG specification, Simplification
whitespace, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
SourceForge, Literate Programming
special characters, Special Characters
glossary definition, Glossary
spreadsheets, SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets
SQL-based processing information to schema, adding, Schema Adjunct Framework
square brackets, User-defined character classes
Standard Generalized Markup Language (see SGML)
start element, start
grammar element and, The grammar and start Elements
grammar merge, Grammar Merge
start patterns, Description
combining by interleave, Combining by interleave
constraints, Constraints on Start Patterns
glossary definition, Glossary
strict scoping, Embedding Grammars
string datatypes, String Datatypes
difference between W3C XML string datatype and, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
in attribute values, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
lack of whitespace normalization, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
W3C XML Schema, String datatypes, String datatypes
when to use, When to Use String Datatypes
syntax versus qualified names, Grammar annotations
SYSTEM identifier (XML), A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces

T

T separator, Time zones
tabulation, Special Characters
target namespace, schemas without, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
Tennison, Jeni, Accepting Ambiguity
text element, text
text nodes, Patterns, and Only Patterns
as lists, Lists
restricting, The element Pattern
transforming into canonical formats, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
text patterns, The text Pattern, Description
compact syntax and, The text Pattern
empty patterns and, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
having to be optional, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
in interleave pattern, Use order sparingly
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization
used with group or choice pattern, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
versus data pattern, Data Versus Text
text replacement with CPP, Text Tools
text values, constraining, Constraining Text ValuesData Versus Text
time formats, Date and time formatsDate and time formats
time lexical space, Date and time formats
time zones, Date and time formats
pattern facets, Time zonesTime zones
token datatype, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
confusion with W3C XML schema, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
difference between W3C XML token datatype and, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
W3C XML Schema, String datatypes
tokens, listing, Lists
topLevel production, Description
Topologi multivalidator, Embedded Schematron rules
totalDigits facet, Facets
Trang tool, RELAX NG as a Pivot Format
glossary definition, Glossary
translating between compact and XML syntax using, Annotations Using the Compact Syntax
TREX, glossary definition, Glossary
tx:enableAbstractElements attribute, Annotations to generate W3C XML Schema
type library, built-in, Datatype Libraries
types, deriving, W3C XML Schema Type Library

U

UBL (Universal Business Language) OASIS Technical Committee, Spreadsheets
UML (Unified Modeling Language), UMLUML
XML mapping, UMLUML
unambiguous patterns
glossary definition, Glossary
which can’t be rewritten in deterministic form, Compatibility with W3C XML Schema
unambiguous schemas, Regular expression ambiguities
Unicode
blocks, Unicode character classes, Unicode blocks
glossary definition, Glossary
category, glossary definition, Glossary
character class, Unicode character classes
glossary definition, Glossary
Unified Modeling Language (UML), UMLUML
Uniform Resource Identifiers (see URIs)
Uniform Resource Locator, glossary definition, Glossary
unordered group, A Missing Pattern: Unordered Group
unordered sequences, More Complex Patterns
unsignedByte datatype, Numeric datatypes
unsignedInt datatype, Numeric datatypes
unsignedLong datatype, Numeric datatypes
unsignedShort datatype, Numeric datatypes
URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers), URIs
glossary definition, Glossary
W3C XML Schema, URIs
URL (Uniform Resource Locator), glossary definition, Glossary
user-define character classes, User-defined character classes

V

valid, glossary definition, Glossary
validating XML documents, DSDL
validation
aspects of, Validation Has Many Aspects
best way, The Best Way to Validate XML Document Structures
embedded grammars and, Embedding Grammars
interleave compositor and, The interleave Pattern
simple, Determinism and Datatype Assignment
value element, value
value pattern
annotating, Annotation of value and param patterns
co-occurrence constraints, Co-Occurrence ConstraintsCo-Occurrence Constraints
combining with choice pattern, Enumerations
fixed values, Fixed Values
value space (W3C XML Schema), The Datatypes
glossary definition, Glossary
verbosity, reducing, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
vocabularies
defining extensible formats, Free FormatsUse containers
differences between RELAX NG and W3C XML Schema, Facets
document, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
independent, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
open, Writing Extensible Schemas

W

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), glossary definition, Glossary
W3C XML Schema (WXS), The Best Way to Validate XML Document Structures, Documents and Infosets
annotations to generate, Annotations to generate W3C XML Schema
compatibility, Compatibility with W3C XML Schema
datatypes that can be used in RELAX NG schema, W3C XML Schema Type Library
datatypes versus native types, Native Types Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
facets (see facets, defined by W3C XML Schema)
mixing elements, Use containers
predefined datatypes, The Datatypes
relative order of child elements, Use containers
time-zone support, Time zones
type library, W3C XML Schema Type LibraryFacets
versus DTD, DTD Versus W3C XML Schema DatatypesDTD Versus W3C XML Schema Datatypes
Walsh, Norm, Literate Programming
well-formed, glossary definition, Glossary
whitespace
compact syntax and, Element
glossary definition, Glossary
native datatypes and, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native DatatypesWhitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
normalization
string datatype, Using String Datatypes in Attribute Values
processing, Text and Empty Patterns, Whitespace, and Mixed Content
simplification and, Annotation Removal, Whitespace and Attribute Normalization, and Inheritance
whiteSpace facet, Facets, Datatype Reference
whitespace normalization, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
WikiWikiWeb, Powered by WikiML
wildcards
atoms, Wildcard
constructing, Constructing a Wildcard
extensibility and, Extensible and Open?
traps to avoid, Traps to AvoidTraps to Avoid
using, Using Wildcards
World Wide Web Consortium (see W3C)
WXS (see W3C XML Schema)

X

XHTML
2.0, A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0
Metainformation Module, A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0
reexamining, Reexamining XHTML 2.0Reexamining XHTML 2.0
Scripting Module, A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0
Structure Module, A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0
annotations, XHTML Annotations
constraints, Co-Occurrence Constraints
documentation, Annotation Using the XML Syntax
Working Group, A Real-World Example: XHTML 2.0
XInclude, XML Tools
glossary definition, Glossary
XLink
example with initial annotations, Initial annotations
using through through attributes, Annotation Using the XML SyntaxAnnotation of value and param patterns
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
comments, Why reinvent XML 1.0 comments and PIs?Why reinvent XML 1.0 comments and PIs?
DOCTYPE declaration, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
DOCTYPE declarations, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
document models, Documents and Infosets
glossary definition, Glossary
Information Set (see infosets)
local name, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
namespaces (see namespaces)
parsed entities, XML Tools
Processing Instructions and RELAX NG, Patterns, and Only Patterns
PUBLIC identifier, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
schema languages, Preface
syntax
annotating RELAX NG using, Annotation Using the XML Syntax
translating between compact syntax using Trang, Annotations Using the Compact Syntax
versus compact syntax, XML or Compact?
SYSTEM identifier, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
UML mapping, UMLUML
XML Validation Interoperability Framework (XVIF), XVIF
xmlns, Reexamining XHTML 2.0, Reexamining XHTML 2.0
xmlns attribute
namespace declared using, A Ten-Minute Guide to XML Namespaces
xml:lang, Facets
XPath, Documents and Infosets
glossary definition, Glossary
node sets, Different Types of Schema Languages
normalize-space( ) function, Whitespace and RELAX NG Native Datatypes
xsd:anyURI datatype, URIs
xsd:byte datatype, The Simplest Possible Pattern Facets
xsd:dateTime datatype, xsd:dateTime
xsd:decimal datatype, xsd:decimal
xsd:double datatype, xsd:double
xsd:duration datatype, xsd:duration
xsd:ENTITIES datatype, xsd:ENTITIES
xsd:ENTITY datatype, xsd:ENTITY
xsd:float datatype, xsd:float
xsd:fractionDigits, Fixed format
xsd:gDay datatype, xsd:gDay
xsd:gMonth datatype, xsd:gMonth
xsd:gMonthDay datatype, xsd:gMonthDay
xsd:gYear datatype, xsd:gYear
xsd:gYearMonth datatype, xsd:gYearMonth
xsd:hexBinary datatype, xsd:hexBinary
xsd:ID datatype, xsd:ID
xsd:IDREF datatype, xsd:IDREF
xsd:IDREFS datatype, xsd:IDREFS
xsd:int datatype, xsd:int
xsd:integer datatype, Leading zeros, xsd:integer
xsd:language datatype, xsd:language
xsd:long datatype, xsd:long
xsd:Name datatype, xsd:Name
xsd:NCName datatype, xsd:NCName
xsd:negativeInteger datatype, xsd:negativeInteger
xsd:NMTOKEN datatype, xsd:NMTOKEN
xsd:NMTOKENS datatype, xsd:NMTOKENS
xsd:nonNegativeInteger datatype, xsd:nonNegativeInteger
xsd:nonPositiveInteger datatype, xsd:nonPositiveInteger
xsd:normalizedString datatype, xsd:normalizedString
xsd:NOTATION datatype, xsd:NOTATION
xsd:positiveInteger datatype, xsd:positiveInteger
xsd:QName datatype, xsd:QName
xsd:short datatype, xsd:short
xsd:string datatype, xsd:string
xsd:time datatype, xsd:time
xsd:token datatype, Leading zeros, xsd:token
xsd:totalDigits datatype, Fixed format
xsd:unsignedByte datatype, xsd:unsignedByte
xsd:unsignedInt datatype, xsd:unsignedInt
xsd:unsignedLong datatype, xsd:unsignedLong
xsd:unsignedShort datatype, xsd:unsignedShort
XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
glossary definition, Glossary
RELAX NG and, RELAX NG’s Diverse Applications
transformations, XML Tools

Z

zeroOrMore element, zeroOrMore
zeroOrMore patterns, The zeroOrMore Pattern
compact syntax and, The zeroOrMore Pattern
pattern normalization, Pattern Normalization, Pattern Normalization
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