Index
Abraham, Spencer, 134
Albar, Syed Hamid, 148
Alcorn, 134
Alison Reef (Liumen Jiao), 111
Amboyna Cay (Anbo Shazhou), 37
claimed by Malaysia, 140
occupied by Vietnam, 140
surveyed by Vietnam, 106
Anbo Shazhou See Amboyna Cay
Aquino, Corazon, 135
claimed by Malaysia, 139
occupied by Malaysia, 143
troops deployed by Malaysia, 141
Arroyo, President, 153
ASEAN See Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN-China DOC, 156–7
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 157
Bai Meichu, 79
Banken Oscar, 114
claimed by Malaysia, 140
Beikang Ansha See North Luconia Shoals
Beizi Dao See Northeast Cay
Binay, Jejomar, 135
Binh Minh, 115
Bisheng Jiao See Pearson Reef
Bo Jiao See Barque Canada Reef
Boji Jiao See Erica Reef
Bolan Jiao See Petley Reef
Bolkiah, Haji Hassanal, 149
Bombay Castle (Pengbo Dao), 111
British Petroleum (BP), 113
basis of claims to Nansha Islands, 140–1
continental shelf, 4
continental shelf claims, 140–2
efforts at settling dispute with China over Nansha Islands, 149
history of disputes with China over Nansha Islands, 147
ratification of UNCLOS, 141
submission to CLCS, 147
weakness of claims to Nansha Islands, 142
Cai Shupan, 68
Arbitration Concerning Buraimi and the Common Frontier between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia, 97
Bangladesh/Myanmar, 76
Eritrea-Yemen, 15
Libya-Tunisia, 15
Central Reef (Zhong Jiao), 109
Agreement on Basic Principles Guiding Settlement of Sea-Related Issues, 119
Agreement on Delimitation of Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelves in the Beibu Gulf, 119
China-Vietnam Joint Fishery Committee, 120
commitment to regional cooperation, 162–6
Declaration on Baselines of Territorial Sea, 53
defence cooperation with Philippines, 136
fighting foreign encroachments in SCS, 65–9
fighting with Vietnam over Fiery Cross Reef, 111
Gulf of Tonkin disputes, 118–19
history of disputes with Brunei over Nansha Islands, 147
history of disputes with Malaysia over Nansha Islands, 143–6
history of disputes with Philippines over Nansha Islands, 130–5
history of disputes with Vietnam over Nansha Islands, 103–16
incidents at sea, 154–5
international arbitration versus Philippines, 161–2
Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking agreement, 136
maritime legislation, 52–4
Nansha disputes inadmissible under UNCLOS, 77
objections to CLCS submissions, 152–3
protests at Malaysia’s occupation of Nansha Islands, 145–6
protests at Philippines’ activities in SCS, 131-2
strategic importance of Nansha Islands, 6
Chinese Toponymy Committee, 3
Chongye, 105
CNOOC, 154
Collins Reef (Guihan Jiao), 111
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), 5
submission by Brunei, 147
submission by Philippines, 126
Committee for Coordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asia Off-shore Areas, 7
Conoco, 113–15
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 10–11
Convention on the Continental Shelf, 11
Convention on the High Seas, 10
Convention on the Territorial Sea, 10
Cot, Jean-Pierre, 161
Crestone Energy Corporation, 112–14
Cruz, Avelino, 136
Dallas Reef (Guangxing Jiao), 140
occupied by Malaysia, 143
troops deployed by Malaysia, 141
Danwan Jiao See Swallow Reef
Daxiao Jiao See Great Discovery Reef
Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 80
Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), 10, 116, 131, 136, 146, 148–9, 151–2, 156–7, 161, 166
del Rosario, Albert F. 131, 136
Discovery 08, 115
Djalal, Hasjim, 82
Do Ba, 90
Do Muoi, 117
Dong Jiao See East Reef
China’s administration of, 52
proposed meteorological facilities, 63
resources developed by Japan, 66
US recognition of China’s sovereignty, 62–3
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period xxii, 44
Sixteen Kingdoms period, xxii
Spring and Autumn period, 16–17
Sui, 20
timeline, xxi–ii
Wu kingdom, 18–20
Xia, 16
East Asia Summit, 158
ECOSOC, 68
claimed by Malaysia, 139
infrastructure development, 144–5
Estrada, Joseph, 135
ExxonMobil, 115
Feixin Dao See Flat Island
Fiery Cross Reef (Yongshu Jiao), 111
occupied by Philippines, 132
oil exploration, 134
absorption of Xisha Islands, 38
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 57
claiming sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 103
French Naval Navigation Committee, 6
Gao Zhiguo, 82
Germany, surveying in SCS, 66
Great Discovery Reef (Daxiao Jiao), 111
Grierson Reef (Ranqing Shazhou), 109
Gromyko, Andrei, 100
Grotius, Hugo, 49
Guangxing Jiao See Dallas Reef
Guangxingzai Jiao See Ardasier Reef
Guangya Jiao See Prince of Wales Bank
Guihan Jiao See Collins Reef
Gulf of Tonkin disputes, 118–19
Guo Shoujing, 30
Guo Songtao, 34
Half Moon Shoal, 130
Hamidi, Ahmad Zahid, 148
He Ruinian incident, 36
Ho Si Thoang, 113
Hoang Sa See Xisha Islands
Hoang Tung, 108
Hongxiu Dao See Namyit Island
Hu Jinjie, 79
Hu Jintao, 149
Huanglu Jiao See Royal Charlotte Reef
Huangyan Island See Scarborough Shoal
India, involvement in SCS, 160
Indonesia, acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 60
Institute of International Law, 48
International Civil Aviation Organization, 63
critical date, 70–4
definition of discovery, 47–9
impact of UNCLOS, 74–7
primo occupandis, 48
res nullius, 128
successive administration, 49–52
claimed by Cloma, 127
claimed by Malaysia, 139
infrastructure development, 144–5
annexed by Philippines, 130
claimed by Cloma, 127
discovery of, 17
EEZ and continental shelf, 75
garrisoned by China, 130
naming, 33
occupied by France, 37
occupied by Taiwan, 4
retaken by China, 105
Jackson Atoll, 130
included in U-shaped line, 79
Japan’s acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty, 56
mapping, 37
oil prospecting, 8
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 55–7
ceding SCS islands to China, 55
claiming Xisha and Nansha Islands, 38
developing resources on Dongsha Islands, 66
economic importance of SCS, 160
evacuation of Nansha Islands, 74
exploration of Nansha Islands, 73
invading Nansha and Xisha Islands, 66
involvement in SCS, 159–60
occupation of Nansha Islands, 55
resource exploitation on Xisha Islands, 36
strategic importance of Nansha Islands, 126–7
Jennings, Judge, 64
Ji Long, 68
Jiang Zemin, 117
Jinqing Dao See Drummond Island
Johnson, Lyndon, 101
Ladd Reef (Riji Jiao), 111
Lansdowne Reef (Qiong Jiao), 111
Le Kha Pieu, 117
Le Kim Chung, 110
Le Loc, 58
Le Thanh Tong, 95
Li Zhun, 35
Liu Bang, xxii
Liumen Jiao See Alison Reef
Liyue Tan See Reed Bank
Loaita Island (Nanyue Dao), 37
evidence of habitation, 73
occupied by Philippines, 132
surveyed by Vietnam, 106
Loaita Nan (Shuanghuang Shazhou), 132
Louisa Reef (Nantong Jiao), 4
claimed by Brunei, 140
claimed by Malaysia, 140
occupied by Malaysia, 143
Luconia Reef (Lukang Ansha), 140
Lukang Ansha See Luconia Reef
Luo Hongxian, 30
Luu Van Loi, 8
Macclesfield Bank, 62–3
Mahuan Dao See Nanshan Island
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 60–2
basis of claims to Nansha Islands, 139–41
claim to Nansha Islands, 106
continental shelf claims, 140–2
deploying troops to Nansha Islands, 141
efforts at settling dispute with China over Nansha Islands, 147–9
history of disputes with China over Nansha Islands, 143–6
military build-up in SCS, 143–4
ratification of UNCLOS, 140
weaknesses of claims to Nansha Islands, 141–3
Malik, Adam, 60
Manila Pact, 132
Mansfield, Mike, 63
maritime legislation, China, 52–4
claimed by Cloma, 127
claimed by Malaysia, 139
occupied by Malaysia, 143
McNair, Judge, 64
Mensah, Thomas A., 162
Mitra, Ramon J. Jr, 8
Mohamad, Mahathir, 144
claimed by Cloma, 127
surveyed by Vietnam, 107
Nanhua Jiao See Cornwallis South Reef
Nankang Ansha See South Luconia Shoals
Nanluo Jiao See South Reef
basis of Brunei’s claims, 140–1
basis of Malaysia’s claims, 139–41
basis of Philippines’ claims, 124–8
basis of Vietnam’s claims, 89–94
China fighting to protect sovereignty, 65–7
China’s administration of, 52
claimed by Japan, 38
claimed by Malaysia, 106
consolidation of Chinese sovereignty, 34–8
consolidation of Philippines’ occupation, 132–5
critical date, 72
development of infrastructure by Vietnam, 115
discovery by Cloma brothers, 127
effective occupation by Philippines, 127–8
effective occupation by Vietnam, 93–4
evidence of habitation, 73–4
explored by Japan, 73
fishery resources, 31–3
France’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 57
geographic description, 3
history of China-Philippines dispute, 130–5
history of China-Vietnam dispute, 103–16
hydrocarbon exploration by China, 112–15
Indonesia’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 60
international recognition of China’s sovereignty, 54–65
invaded by France, 73
invaded by Japan, 66
Japan’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 54–7
Japan’s renunciation of claims, 98–9
jurisdiction of Sansha City, 153
Malaysia’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 60–2
natural resources, 7–8
occupied by Japan, 55
Philippines’ recognition of China’s sovereignty, 60
proposed meteorological facilities, 63–4
US recognition of China’s sovereignty, 62–3
Vietnam’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 58–9
weakness of Brunei’s claims, 142
weaknesses of Malaysia’s claims, 141–3
weaknesses of Philippines’ claims, 128–9
weaknesses of Vietnam’s claims, 94–102
Nansha Qundao See Nansha Islands
occupied by Philippines, 132
oil exploration, 134
Nantong Jiao See Louisa Reef
claimed by Cloma, 127
deployment of Vietnamese troops, 107
invaded by Vietnam, 106
marked by China, 105
not claimed by Philippines, 124
port facilities, 115
Nanwei Tan See Rifleman Bank
Nanyue Dao See Loaita Island
Nanzi Jiao See Southwest Cay
National Institute for South China Sea Studies, xv
Ngo Si Lien, 95
Nguyen Manh Cam, 113
Nopec, 113
North Danger Reefs (Shuangzi Qunjiao), 33
evidence of habitation, 73
occupied by France, 37
occupied by Philippines, 132
Northeast Investigator Shoal, 127
Palawan, 8
Paracel Islands See Xisha Islands
Pawlak, Stanislaw, 161
Pearson Reef (Bisheng Jiao), 109
Pengbo Dao See Bombay Castle
Perez, Vicente, 134
Petley Reef (Bolan Jiao), 111
Phan Thanh Gial, 95
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 60
archipelago status, 125
basis of claims to Nansha Islands, 124–8
claiming Nansha Islands, 66–7
consolidating occupation of Nansha Islands, 132–5
defence cooperation with China, 136
economic importance of Nansha Islands, 127
effective occupation of Nansha Islands, 127–8
efforts at settlement of Nansha disputes, 135–7
extension of maritime boundaries, 124–5
history of dispute with China over Nansha Islands, 130–5
incidents at sea, 155
incorporation of SCS claims into national legislation, 153
international arbitration versus China, 161–2
Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking agreement, 136
joint military exercises in SCS, 132
Military Bases Agreement, 132
Palmas Island, 70–2
submission to CLCS, 126
submission to International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 131
Visiting Forces Agreement, 132
weaknesses of claims to Nansha Islands, 128–9
Pillay, A. Kohilan, 148
Pinto, Chris, 161
Pratas Islands See Dongsha Islands
Prince of Wales Bank (Guangya Jiao), 111
Putin, Vladimir, 144
Ramos, President, 130
Ranqing Shazhou See Grierson Reef
Rao, P.V. Narasimha, 160
Razak, Najib Tun, 144
claimed by Philippines, 130–1
petroleum reserves, 6
tension with Philippines, 130
U-shaped line, 79
Rifleman Bank (Nanwei Tan), 4
Riji Jiao See Ladd Reef
Romulo, Carlos P., 128
claimed by Malaysia, 139–40
occupied by Malaysia, 143
Sabina Shoal, 130
Shell Oil, 145
Shen Guofang, 69
Shen Pengfei, 36
Shuanghuang Shazhou See Loaita Nan
Shuangzi Qunjiao See North Danger Reefs
Shuangzi Reef, 106
Siling Jiao See Commodore Reef
Sin Cowe, 33
Sino-French war, 35
Soons, Alfred, 161
South China Sea Hydrographic Commission, 68
areas of potential cooperation, 164–6
causes of disputes, 5–12
China’s successive administration, 50–2
consolidation of Chinese sovereignty, 34–8
development of laws of the sea, 10–12
dimensions, 1
discovery of islands, 16–17
early administration, 21–33
emergency response systems, 165
evolution of disputes, 4–5
geographic area of dispute, 2–3
geopolitical environment, 8–10
geostrategic position, 5–7
impact of UNCLOS, 74–7
line of historic rights, 81–2
line of historic waters, 81
line of ownership of features, 82–3
littoral states, 3
marine environmental protection, 165–6
maritime piracy, 165
principles of cooperation, 163–4
recent developments, 151–2
sea patrols, 26–8
seismic survey, 136
traditional maritime boundary line, 81
Vietnam’s claims over maritime zones, 88–9
South East Asia Defense Treaty, 9
South Reef (Nanluo Jiao), 111
Southwest Cay (Nanzi Jiao), 37
evidence of habitation, 73
invaded by Vietnam, 68
hydrocarbon exploitation in SCS, 69
strategic importance of SCS, 9
Spratly Island See Nanwei Island
Spratly Islands See Nansha Islands
St Martin Island, 76
Stalin, Joseph, 54
Statoil Vietnam, 113
claimed by Malaysia, 139
economic development, 144
troops deployed by Malaysia, 143
Taiping, 105
Taiping Dao/Island See Itu Aba
Taiwan-Japan Treaty, 99
Tang Jiaxuan, 148
Tennent Reef (Wumie Jiao), 111
Thitu Island (Zhongye Dao), 37
airport facilities, 132
claimed by Cloma, 127
evidence of habitation, 73
occupied by Philippines, 132
surveyed by Vietnam, 106
Tizard Bank (Zhenghe Qunjiao), 33
occupied by Vietnam, 107
Treaty of Hue, 92
Truong Sa See Nansha Islands
Truong Tan Sang, 118
Tuy Dong, 106
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 4
CLCS submissions, 152–3
development and passing, 11
EEZ and continental shelf regime, 4–5
impact of, 74–7
inability to settle Nansha disputes, 77
lack of provision for historic rights 15 main provisions, 11–12
management of fishery resources, 164
maritime zones, 81
peaceful use of the oceans, 163
Philippines versus China international arbitration, 161–2
ratification by SCS littoral states, 13
ratified by Brunei, 141
ratified by Malaysia, 140
ratified by Vietnam, 88
UN Seabed Committee, 128
United Kingdom, acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 63
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 62–3
encroachment on Xisha Islands, 67
incidents at sea, 155–6
involvement in SCS, 157–9
joint military exercises in SCS, 132
Military Bases Agreement, 132
Palmas Island, 70–2
strategic importance of SCS, 9–10
Visiting Forces Agreement, 132
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 157
US-Taiwan Mutual Defense Treaty, 9
USNS Impeccable, 155
USNS Victorious, 155
USS Fitzgerald, 134
Vaalco, 134
Vanguard Bank (Wan’an Tan), 59
hydrocarbon exploration, 113–15
occupied by Vietnam, 111
surveyed by Vietnam, 69
1887 China-French Treaty line, 89
acknowledgement of China’s sovereignty over Nansha Islands, 58–9
Agreement on Basic Principles Guiding Settlement of Sea- Related Issues, 119
Agreement on Delimitation of Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelves in the Beibu Gulf, 119
attack on Xisha Islands, 60
awarding oil concessions in SCS, 101
bases of claims to Nansha and Xisha Islands, 89–94
China-Vietnam Joint Fishery Committee, 120
claims over SCS maritime zones, 88–9
development of infrastructure on Nansha Islands, 115
earliest activities in SCS, 48–9
efforts at settlement of Nansha disputes, 116–20
fighting with China over Fiery Cross Reef, 111
Gulf of Tonkin disputes, 118–19
history of dispute with China over Nansha Islands, 103–16
incidents at sea, 154–5
incorporation of SCS claims into national legislation, 153
invading Xisha Islands, 68
Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking agreement, 136
Nguyen lords, 90–3
petroleum concession block map, 89
ratification of UNCLOS, 88
strategic importance of Nansha Islands, 6
survey of Vanguard Bank, 69
territorial sea baseline, 87
weaknesses in claims to Nansha and Xisha Islands, 94–102
Viking II, 115
Vo Van Kiet, 117
Vu Khoan, 117
Vu Van Mau, 106
Wan’an Bei WAB-21 oil block, 112–14
Wan’an Tan See Vanguard Bank
Wang Zichuan, 68
Weng Wenqiong, 73
West Reef (Xi Jiao), 111
World Meteorological Organization, 63
Wumie Jiao See Tennent Reef
Xi Jiao See West Reef
Xi Jinping, 118
Xinnan Qundao See Nansha Islands
1928 survey, 36
absorbed by France, 38
attacked by Vietnam, 60
bases of Vietnam’s claims, 89–94
battle between China and Vietnam, 107
China-Vietnam efforts at dispute settlement, 116–20
China’s administration of, 52
claimed by Japan, 38
claimed by Vietnam, 86–8
consolidation of Chinese sovereignty, 34–8
discovery of, 16–17
fishery resources, 31–3
history of China-Vietnam dispute, 103–16
invaded by Japan, 66
invaded by Vietnam, 68
Japan’s renunciation of claims, 98–9
jurisdiction of Sansha City, 153
Malaysia’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 60–2
proposed meteorological facilities, 63
resource use by Japan, 36
sea patrols, 28
strategic importance, 6
territorial space encroached by United States, 67
US recognition of China’s sovereignty, 62–3
Vietnam’s recognition of China’s sovereignty, 58–9
Vietnamese fishing activity, 154
weaknesses in Vietnam’s claims, 94–102
Xisha Qundao See Xisha Islands
Xiyue Dao See West York Island
Yanai, Shunji, 161–2
Yongshu Jiao See Fiery Cross Reef
Yongxing Island (Woody Island), 153
Yuyu Ansha See Investigator Shoal
Zengmu Ansha See James Shoal
Zhang Qiyue, 146
Zhang Renjun, 35
Zhang Zhijun, 118
Zhenghe Qunjiao See Tizard Bank
Zhong Jiao See Central Reef
China’s administration of, 52
jurisdiction of Sansha City, 153
US recognition of China’s sovereignty, 62–3
Zhongsha Qundao See Macclesfield Bank
Zhongye Dao See Thitu Island
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