A, B
- accuracy, 57, 188
- Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search, ,
- AHP multi-criteria method, 135, 151, 156, 157
- alternative fuel station, , , , , 23
- alternative fuel vehicle (AFV), , , 13, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 45, 50, 55
- approximate, 115, 122, 129
- backhauls, 167, 169, 170, 172, 175
- battery, , , 27–43, 55, 56, 177, 203–210, 219, 223
C
- carpooling, 100, 101
- charging stations, 205–220
- CO2, , , , , 18, 20, 27–31, 45, 162, 163, 169–177
- collaborative transport, 64
- computational experiments, , 13, 124, 211, 225
- consumption, , , 18, 27–29, 33, 35, 39, 44, 47, 55, 98, 116, 118, 121, 128, 163, 171–176, 224
- crude oil, 135, 142–145, 151, 152, 158, 159
D
- dangerous materials, 136–141, 158
- deliveries and pickups, 166, 167, 170
- Direct Torque Control, 186, 188, 189
- disabilities,
- driver, 64, 73
E
- electric
- kick scooter, 98, 99, 100–102, 107, 111, 112
- propulsion, 186, 187
- vehicles, , 29–36, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 56, 175, 176, 177, 186, 187, 193, 197, 203–208, 211, 212, 215, 219, 222, 224, 225
- emissions, 27–31, 43–57, 63–73, 81, 83, 87, 90, 116–127, 162, 163, 169–177, 185
- environmental criteria, 135, 137, 141, 158
- exact, 115, 116, 120, 123, 130
F
- fixed switching strategy, 186, 197
- fleet of vehicles, , 109, 112, 163, 164
- freight transport, 136
- fuel costs, 64, 73
G
- greedy heuristic, 99
- green, , , , 21, 27, 28, 46, 53, 56, 115, 116, 122, 123, 126, 127, 136, 137, 143, 161–163, 174–177, 203
- Dial-a-Ride problem, , , 23
- Green Vehicle Routing Problem (G-VRP), 115, 116, 128
- greenhouse gases, , 28, 48, 98, 115, 162, 172, 204
H, I
- hazardous materials, 135–140, 143
- heavy vehicles, 97, 98, 102, 111
- heterogeneous vehicles, , , , 100
- interurban distribution, 64, 87
L, M
- Large Neighborhood Search (LNS), 105, 107, 108
- light resource, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112
- lower model, 205, 207, 208, 209, 220
- MACBETH method, 135, 137, 144–146, 156, 158, 159
- metaheuristic, 99, 104, 105, 107, 109, 112
- multi-objective, 103, 104
- multilevel optimization, 203–205, 211–213, 219, 220, 222, 225
P, R
- Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP), 116, 119–128
- pooling of shipments, 63
- public transportation,
- real case, 142
- reference speed, 186, 192, 195, 196
- resource sharing, 63, 64, 66, 68
- review, 63, 64, 69, 71, 74, 115, 129, 203, 205, 209, 219, 221, 225
S, T
- scenario, 63, 64, 69–90
- simulation, 186, 187, 195, 196, 198
- sustainability, 135, 137, 143, 158
- sustainable, 63–65, 69, 73, 74, 90
- top level model, 205, 209
- torque ripples, 185–189, 193
- transportation costs, , 31, 108, 109, 111, 112, 165
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