The Well-Grounded Rubyist, Third Edition

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Previous Chapter

List of Figures

M

magic comment map method, 2^nd, 3^rd block evaluation with building on top of each in-place mapping with map! return values of mapping, in place with map! match method, 2^nd common uses difference between match and match? substring captures with lookaheads with MatchData, 2^nd with modifiers match? method, 2^nd MatchData class, 2^nd matches conditional constraining with quantifiers success and failure matching, with regular expressions Math module max methods merge method, 2^nd message method message receivers classes as class methods vs. instance methods class objects calling methods creating class objects singleton method writing class methods self as default messages origin of objects in classes sending to objects unrecognized, intercepting with method_missing method meta-classes method arguments as symbols default values for limits of optional order of parameters references and required method calls origin of objects in classes overview of method chaining enumerators economizing on intermediate objects exclusive-or operations on strings with enumerators indexing enumerables with with_index method overview of method definitions method inspection implementing MicroTest MiniTest specifying MicroTest method lists filtered selected method lookup basics of method search rules of Method objects, capturing method search method-access rules, 2^nd method-definition blocks, 2^nd method-lookup path, singleton classes on including modules in singleton-module inclusion vs. original-class-module inclusion method-search order method-wrapping operators method_added method method_missing method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th combining super and delegating with intercepting unrecognized messages with methods as objects built-in, side effects of class objects calling defining more than once defining operators by deploying access rules equal sign (=) in names expressing Boolean state in going up method search path with super inspecting hierarchies overriding private protected rescue keyword in return values of self in definitions of syntactic sugar for taking arguments top-level defining predefined writing un-overriding using regular expressions case equality and grep method gsub methods String#scan method String#split method sub methods with side effects methods method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th min methods MiniTest minitest gem minmax_by method mix-in operation mix-ins mkdir method modifiers conditional fine-tuning regular expressions with until while Module class module instance methods module objects, querying module-definition blocks, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Module#const_missing method Module#extended method Module#included method module_eval, 2^nd modules, 2^nd designing and naming encapsulating stacklikeness including in singleton classes including more than once mixing into classes nesting self in ModuleTester object most_expensive method multiply_by method, 2^nd MyClass.private_instance_ methods MyClass.protected_instance_ methods MyClass.public_instance_ methods

N

name files, required name method, 2^nd named arguments, 2^nd, 3^rd named captures named parameters NameError, 2^nd namespacing exceptions namespacing tasks naming classes modules nesting classes modules net-telnet gem new method, 2^nd, 3^rd newline character, 2^nd next keyword next method nil object nil values, removing keys with NilClass NoMethodError, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th non-capturing parentheses non-global variable non-private methods, listing nonbang methods nonexistent key nonkeyword arguments normalize data not keyword nth character numerical classes numerical conversions with to_f method with to_i method numerical objects numerical classes performing arithmetic operations

O

obj (object) obj.c2f method obj.private_methods obj.protected_methods obj.public_methods obj.singleton_methods Object class, 2^nd object methods, listing Object#freeze Object#frozen? object_id method, 2^nd objects, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th adding to functionality of with extend ancestry of attaching enumerators to BasicObject callable classes as class methods vs. instance methods class objects calling methods creating class objects singleton method writing class methods comparing Comparable module equality tests creating date objects date/time objects time objects defining behavior of duping entering references equality of filtered method lists freezing identifying uniquely with object_id method in classes, origin of initializing with state innate behaviors of inspecting capabilities of intermediate listing object methods methods as methods that take arguments modifying states of nature vs. nurture numerical numerical classes performing arithmetic operations organizing with classes attributes and attr_* method family constants inheritance and class hierarchy setter methods protecting with enumerators querying abilities with respond_to? method querying capabilities of getting class instance methods getting module instance methods listing non-private methods listing private methods listing protected methods listing singleton methods return values of methods Ruby and object orientation runnable selected method lists sending messages to sending messages with send method state of, instance variables and ObjectSpace module oct method octal integers one-argument method one-or-more quantifier open method communicating with external programs via communicating with programs via open operation open-uri library Open3.popen3, two-way communication with open_user_file method operators defining by defining methods unary, customizing optional arguments or-equals (||=) operator ord method ordering, strings original-class-module inclusion overmodularization overrides, enumerables overriding methods

P

parallelism parameters blocking of procs order of parentheses capturing submatches with limitations on parsing stack traces CallerTools::Call class CallerTools::Stack class using CallerTools module partial function application partition method pass-through hybrids pass-through overrides Pathname class Pathname module Pathname package pattern matching, 2^nd, 3^rd per-class state per-object changes, with extend method adding class methods with adding to object functionality with modifying core behavior with period character phantom Proc pipe character, 2^nd plus sign (+) pop method popen3, communicating with programs via post_match method power_assert gem powers function predefined constants top-level methods preinitializing arrays pre_match method prepend method, 2^nd, 3^rd prepend operations, trapping prev_unit method print command print method, 2^nd, 3^rd printing help information Ruby version private methods listing private setter (=) methods private setter (=) methods private_instance_methods method, 2^nd private_methods method Proc class arguments as closures block-proc conversions capturing code blocks as proc generalizing to_proc Hash#to_proc using procs for blocks parameters Proc objects procs vs. blocks Symbol#to_proc Proc objects, 2^nd programs creating first feeding to Ruby checking for syntax errors second converter iterations running saving writing protected methods, 2^nd protected_instance_methods protecting objects, with enumerators public_send method pure functions built-in methods, side effects of methods, with side effects modifying object states overview of referential transparency push method, 2^nd puts method, 2^nd, 3^rd puts statement, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th

Q

quantifiers, constraining matches with query methods, for date/time querying arrays class objects directories with Dir class enumerable Boolean queries File objects deriving file information with File::Stat getting information from File class getting information from FileTest module file positions hashes IO objects deriving file information with File::Stat getting information from File class getting information from FileTest module module objects object abilities with respond_to? method object capability getting class instance methods getting module instance methods listing non-private methods listing object singleton methods listing private methods listing protected methods strings Boolean string queries content queries ticket objects quoting mechanisms

R

raising exceptions explicitly overview of, 2^nd rake gem rake utility task-management utility Range class, 2^nd range object range-inclusion logic testing with cover? testing with include? ranges creating inclusive (..) vs. exclusive (...) range-inclusion logic testing with cover? testing with include? .rb filename extension rbconfig package, 2^nd rdoc gem readbyte method readchar method reader/writer attributes reading files byte-based character-based line-based with File class methods readline method real world reassigning constants variables, references in recurrent syntactic sugar customizing unary operators defining operators by defining methods recursion, 2^nd lazy evaluation tail-call optimization reduce method references entering method arguments and variable assignments referential transparency refine method refinements, to affect core behavior reflection, 2^nd Regexp class, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th regexp-based string operations Regexp.escape class method regexp#match, changing regular expressions building patterns in character classes dot wildcard character (.) literal characters in patterns constraining matches with quantifiers converting strings to converting to strings fine-tuning with anchors with assertions with greedy quantifiers with modifiers matching with methods using case equality and grep method gsub methods String#scan method String#split method sub methods overview of seeing patterns in writing reject operation rejecting elements, from hashes removing array elements hash pairs reopening classes repetitions, specific numbers of replace method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th contents of hashes process by calling exec report method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th require method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th required arguments require_relative rescue keyword, 2^nd exceptions using inside code blocks using inside methods reserved names respond_to? method, 2^nd overview of querying object abilities with respond_to_missing? method retrieving array elements hash pairs return keyword, 2^nd return values of case statements of map methods of methods of String#gsub! return_test method reverse_each method rindex method rjust method rm_rf method -rname command-line switch role-playing array role-playing with to_ary string role-playing with to_str to_* (conversion) methods rstrip method Ruby feeding programs to checking for syntax errors running programs second converter iterations gems directory installing, 2^nd RubyGems utility RUBYOPT variable ruby_version method runtime introspection RuntimeError

S

safe navigation operators save! method saving programs scalar values scan method scanf message scope determining class variables visibility global local resolution of constants and scoping file operations scripts. See literal scripts. searching enumerables getting first match with find operator getting matches with find_all method SecurityError seek method, 2^nd select method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th select! method selecting elements from hashes enumerables getting matches with reject operation getting matches with select method organizing results with group_by method organizing results with partition method with grep self as default receiver of messages in classes in method definitions in modules overview of resolving instance variables through top-level self objects self keyword, 2^nd self.class method send (synonym: __send__) method send method, 2^nd Set class, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Set#map! method sets setter methods equal sign (=) in method names syntactic sugar for assignment-like methods setup method shortcut operators shorthand syntax single dot (.) single inheritance single substitutions, with sub methods single-quoted strings singleton classes behavior with extended behavior with included class methods dual determination through examining including modules in modifying on method-lookup path singleton_class method singleton methods, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th listing self in definitions of singleton_class method singleton_method_added method sitearchdir sitedir sitelibdir size method, 2^nd slice method slice! method sockets, writing chat servers using sort method, 2^nd, 3^rd sort-order logic, defining with blocks sort! method sort_by method, 2^nd sorting enumerables Comparable module and defining sort-order logic with blocks with sort_by method source code tree source files, encoding spaceship operator, 2^nd splat (*) operators, array conversion with sprintf-style formatting string squiggly heredoc stabby lambda (->) constructor stack traces examining with caller parsing CallerTools::Call class CallerTools::Stack class using CallerTools module standard library, 2^nd StandardError, 2^nd star (*) operators, array conversion with start_with? method state initializing objects with modifying STDERR constant, 2^nd, 3^rd STDERR objects STDIN constant, 2^nd STDIN objects STDOUT constant, 2^nd, 3^rd STDOUT objects str.methods.sort method strftime method, 2^nd string argument String class, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, 8^th, 9^th, 10^th, 11^th string interpolation, shortening ticket code via string literal string method string-to-regexp idioms string.each_byte method String#bytes method String#clear method String#eql? method String#equal? method String#gsub!, return values of String#scan method String#split method StringIO class StringIO package stringlike interface strings arbitrary, executing as code with eval as quasi-enumerables combining overview of via interpolation comparing conversions converting regular expressions to converting to regular expressions encoding individual strings setting encoding of source files frozen string literals manipulating getting substrings setting substrings notation of, 2^nd ordering querying Boolean string queries content queries replacement, captures in role-playing with to_str method symbols vs. transformations case transformations content transformations formatting transformations with enumerators, exclusive-or operations on StringScanner class strip method sub methods single substitutions with using captures in replacement strings subclass, 2^nd subclasses of BasicObject, implementing submatches, capturing with parentheses substitutions global with gsub methods single with sub methods substrings getting setting succ method, 2^nd Suitcase class sum_of_parts method super combining method_missing method and going up method search path superclass, 2^nd super_method, inspecting method hierarchies with switches symbol argument Symbol class, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Symbol object Symbol.all_symbols class method Symbol#new method Symbol#to_proc for conciseness implementing symbols, 2^nd, 3^rd as hash keys as method arguments chief characteristics of identifiers and in practice strings vs. syntactic sugar, 2^nd recurrent customizing unary operators defining operators by defining methods syntax assignment syntax in conditional bodies assignment syntax in conditional tests checking checking for errors for Ruby of class variables sysread method sysseek method system commands communicating with programs via open communicating with programs via popen3 system method, 2^nd system programs calling with backticks executing with system method system-level methods SystemStackError syswrite method

T

tail-call optimization tainted? method take method take_from_stack method take_while method talk method tap method Task class tasks, namespacing TCPServer class terminated methods test-named method test-unit gem testing case truth tests equality tests range inclusion with cover? range inclusion with include? text editors then keyword third-party libraries threads concurrent execution with threaded date servers variables writing chat servers using sockets killing manipulating thread keys RPS (rock/paper/scissors) classes in threaded games RPS (rock/paper/scissors) logic starting stopping writing chat servers using Time class, 2^nd time objects, creating time.rb file times method, 2^nd to_* (conversion) methods array conversion with * operators array conversion with to_a display method inspect method numerical conversion with to_f numerical conversion with to_i role-playing array role-playing with to_ary string role-playing with to_str to_s method to_a method, 2^nd to_ary method, 2^nd to_date method to_datetime method to_enum method to_f (to float) conversion method to_f method, numerical conversions with to_hash method to_i method, 2^nd, 3^rd to_i route method to_proc method to_s conversion method to_s method, 2^nd to_str method, string role- playing with to_sym method total method total_count method total_count= method to_time method tracing execution examining stack traces with caller writing tools for parsing stack traces transcoding transformations of arrays of hashes of strings case transformations content transformations formatting transformations transparency, referential trapping include operations prepend operations true/false as Boolean objects as Boolean states states vs. values TrueClass try_convert method twice method two-element arrays, 2^nd, 3^rd typecasting TypeError, 2^nd, 3^rd

U

un-overriding methods unary operators, customizing unbound methods UncaughtThrowError unconditional looping, with loop methods under_score names underscore variable uniq method uniq! method uniqueness, of symbols unless keyword unload method unrecognized messages, intercepting with method_missing method unshift method until keywords conditional looping with until modifiers until loop, 2^nd unwrapping hashes update method upto method uri.rb file using method

V

values, lists of values_at method variable scope variables assignments of objects references references in global built-in global scope and pros and cons of introspection of listing global variables listing instance variables listing local variables local overview of. See also instance variables. vendordir venue argument VENUES constant verbose mode version managers, 2^nd visibility

W

warnings when clause while keyword conditional looping with while modifiers whitespace, stripping wildcard character with_index method, 2^nd word parameter

X

x modifier, 2^nd xmlrpc gem xmlschema method

Y

yield keyword yield method

Z

zero-or-more quantifier ZeroDivisionError, 2^nd, 3^rd

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