Contents
Chapter 1 Fuels and Combustion
1.3.3 Desirable Properties of Coal
1.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels
1.4.2 Calorific Value of Liquid Fuels
1.4.3 Desirable Properties of Liquid Fuels
1.5.1 Calorific Value of Gaseous Fuels
1.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gaseous Fuels
1.5.3 Important Properties of Gaseous Fuels
1.6.2 Liquefied or Compressed Natural Gas
1.11 Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuel
1.12 Minimum Air Required for Complete Combustion of Solid/Liquid Fuels
1.13 Conversion of Volumetric Analysis to Mass (or Gravimetric) Analysis and Vice-Versa
1.14 Determination of Air Supplied
1.14.1 Percentage of Carbon by Mass in Fuel and Volumetric Analysis is Known
1.15 Determination of Percentage of Carbon in Fuel Burning to CO and CO2
1.16 Determination of Minimum Quantity of Air Required for Complete Combustion of Gaseous Fuel
1.17 Determination of Excess Air Supplied for Gaseous Fuel
1.18.1 Orsat Apparatus Construction
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
2.2 Constant Pressure Formation of Steam
2.5 Temperature−Entropy Diagram for Water and Steam
2.6 Enthalpy−Entropy or Mollier Diagram of Steam
2.7 Various Processes for Steam
2.7.2 Constant Pressure Process
2.7.5 Reversible Adiabatic or Isentropic Process
2.8 Determination of Dryness Fraction of Steam
2.8.4 Combined Separating and Throttling Calorimeter
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
3.2 Classification of Steam Generators
3.3 Comparison of Fire Tube and Water Tube Boilers
3.4 Requirements of a Good Boiler
3.5 Factors Affecting Boiler Selection
3.7.2 Advantages of Forced Circulation Boilers
3.9.1 Mechanism of Separation of Moisture in Drum
3.10.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Boiler (BFBB)
3.11.8 High Steam and Low Water Safety Valve
3.13.1 Variable Pressure Accumulator
3.13.2 Constant Pressure Accumulator
3.14 Performance of Steam Generator
3.14.3 Boiler Thermal Efficiency
3.14.4 Heat Losses in a Boiler Plant
3.14.5 Boiler Trial and Heat Balance Sheet
3.16 Electrostatic Precipitator
3.17.1 Classification of Draught
3.17.3 Height and Diameter of Chimney
3.17.4 Condition for Maximum Discharge Through Chimney
3.17.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Draught
3.17.9 Comparison of Forced and Induced Draughts
3.17.10 Comparison of Mechanical and Natural Draughts
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
4.2.1 Drawbacks of Carnot Cycle
4.3.1 Analysis of Rankine Cycle
4.3.2 Effect of Boiler and Condenser Pressure
4.4 Methods of Improving Efficiency
4.4.2 Effect of Pressure Drop in the Reheater
4.5.1 Regenerative Cycle with Open Heaters
4.5.2 Regenerative Cycle with Closed Heaters
4.7 Properties of an Ideal Working Fluid
4.9 Combined Power and Heating Cycle-Cogeneration
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
5.2 Classification of Steam Engines
5.3 Constructional Features of a Steam Engine
5.4 Terminology Used in Steam Engine
5.8 Hypothetical or Theoretical Indicator Diagram
5.10.3 With Clearance and Compression
5.10.4 With Clearance and Polytropic Expansion and Compression
5.11 Power Developed and Efficiencies
5.11.3 Efficiencies of Steam Engine
5.12 Governing of Steam Engines
5.13 Saturation Curve and Missing Quantity
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 6 Flow Through Steam Nozzles
6.3 Velocity of Flow of Steam Through Nozzles
6.3.1 Flow of Steam Through the Nozzle
6.7 Effect of Friction on Expansion of Steam
6.9 Supersaturated or Metastable Flow Through a Nozzle
6.10 Isentropic, One-Dimensional Steady Flow Through a Nozzle
6.10.1 Relationship between Actual and Stagnation Properties
6.11 Mass Rate of Flow Through an Isentropic Nozzle
6.11.1 Effect of Varying the Back Pressure on Mass Flow Rate
6.12 Normal Shock in an Ideal Gas Flowing Through a Nozzle
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
7.1 Principle of Operation of Steam Turbines
7.2 Classification of Steam Turbines
7.3 Comparison of Impulse and Reaction Turbines
7.4 Compounding of Impulse Turbines
7.5 Velocity Diagrams for Impulse Steam Turbine
7.5.1 Condition for Maximum Blade Efficiency
7.5.3 Velocity Diagrams for Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine
7.5.4 Effect of Blade Friction on Velocity Diagrams
7.5.5 Impulse Turbine with Several Blade Rings
7.6 Advantages and Limitations of Velocity Compounding
7.7 Velocity Diagrams for Impulse-Reaction Turbine
7.11 Governing of Steam Turbines
7.14 Pass Out or Extraction Turbine
7.16 Erosion of Steam Turbine Blades
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
8.3 Elements of Steam Condensing Plant
8.5 Requirements of Modern Surface Condensers
8.6 Comparison of Jet and Surface Condensers
8.8 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
8.9 Mass of Cooling Water Required in a Condenser
8.10 Air Removal from the Condenser
8.10.1 Sources of Air Infiltration in Condenser
8.10.2 Effects of Air Infiltration in Condensers
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
9.2 Piston-cylinder Arrangement
9.7 Otto Cycle (Constant Volume Cycle)
9.11 Comparison Between Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 10 Internal Combustion Engine Systems
10.2 Classification of Internal Combustion Engines
10.4.1 Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine
10.4.2 Four-stroke Compression-ignition Engine
10.4.3 Two-stroke Spark-ignition Engine
10.4.4 Two-stroke Compression-ignition Engine
10.5 Comparison of Four-stroke and Two-stroke Engines
10.6 Comparison of SI and CI Engines
10.7 Merits and Demerits of Two-stroke Engines Over Four-stroke Engines
10.10 Applications of IC Engines
10.11 Theoretical and Actual p-v Diagrams
10.11.1 Four-stroke Petrol Engine
10.11.2 Four-stroke Diesel Engine
10.11.3 Two-stroke Petrol Engine
10.11.4 Two-stroke Diesel Engine
10.12.3 Theory of Simple Carburettor
10.12.4 Limitations of Single Jet Carburettor
10.12.5 Different Devices Used to Meet the Requirements of an Ideal Carburettor
10.13 Fuel Injection Systems in SI Engines
10.13.1 Continuous Port Injection System (Lucas Mechanical Petrol Injection System)
10.13.2 Electronic Fuel Injection System
10.13.3 Rotary Gate Meter Fuel Injection System
10.14 Fuel Injection in CI Engines
10.14.1 Types of Injection Systems
10.15.1 Requirement of Ignition System
10.16 Combustion in IC Engines
10.16.1 Stages of Combustion in SI Engines
10.16.2 Ignition Lag (or Delay) in SI Engines
10.16.3 Factors Affecting the Flame Propagation
10.16.4 Phenomena of Knocking/Detonation in SI Engines
10.16.5 Factors Influencing Detonation/Knocking
10.16.6 Methods for Suppressing Knocking
10.16.7 Effects of Knocking/Detonation
10.17 Combustion Chambers for SI Engines
10.17.1 Basic Requirements of a Good Combustion Chamber
10.17.2 Combustion Chamber Design Principles
10.17.3 Combustion Chamber Designs
10.18 Combustion in CI Engines
10.18.2 Delay Period or Ignition Delay
10.18.3 Variables Affecting Delay Period
10.19.1 Factors Affecting Knocking in CI Engines
10.19.2 Controlling the Knocking
10.19.3 Comparison of Knocking in SI and CI Engines
10.20 Combustion Chambers for CI Engines
10.21.1 Functions of a Lubricating System
10.21.2 Desirable Properties of a Lubricating Oil
10.21.3 Lubricating Systems Types
10.21.4 Lubricating System for IC Engines
10.21.5 Lubrication of Different Engine Parts
10.22 Necessity of IC Engine Cooling
10.22.1 Types of Cooling Systems
10.22.4 Disadvantages of Overcooling
10.23.2 Water Requirements of Radiator
10.24 Cooling of Exhaust Valve
10.26 Rating of SI Engine Fuels-Octane Number
10.27 Highest Useful Compression Ratio
10.28 Rating of CI Engine Fuels
10.30 Alternative Fuels for IC Engines
10.30.2 Use of Hydrogen in CI Engines
10.30.4 Producer (or Water) Gas
10.30.7 Compressed Natural Gas
10.30.8 Coal Gasification and Coal Liquefaction
10.30.9 Non-edible Vegetable Oils
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 11 Performance of Internal Combustion Engines
11.2 Basic Engine Measurements
11.6 Performance of SI Engines
11.6.1 Performance of SI Engine at Constant Speed and Variable Load
11.7 Performance of CI Engines
11.9 Measurement of Air Consumption by Air-box Method
11.10 Measurement of Brake Power
11.11 Supercharging of IC Engines
11.11.2 Supercharging of SI Engines
11.11.3 Supercharging of CI Engines
11.11.4 Effects of Supercharging
11.11.5 Objectives of Supercharging
11.11.6 Configurations of a Supercharger
11.11.7 Supercharging of Single Cylinder Engines
11.13 Control of Emissions in SI Engine
11.14 Crank Case Emission Control
11.15.1 Effect of Engine Type on Diesel Emission
11.15.2 Control of Emission from Diesel Engine
11.16 Three-Way Catalytic Converter
11.16.1 Function of a Catalyst in a Catalytic Converter
11.17 Environmental Problems Created by Exhaust Emission from IC Engines
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 12 Reciprocating Air Compressors
12.2 Uses of Compressed Air in Industry
12.3 Working Principle of Single-stage Reciprocating Compressor
12.5.1 Methods for Approximating Compression Process to Isothermal
12.6.5 Calculation of Main Dimensions
12.7.2 Heat Rejected to the Intercooler
12.7.4 Intercooler and Aftercooler
12.8 Indicated Power of a Compressor
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 13 Rotary Air Compressors
13.2 Working Principle of Different Rotary Compressors
13.2.1 Roots Blower or Lobe Compressor
13.3 Comparison of Rotary and Reciprocating Compressors
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 14 Centrifugal Air Compressors
14.4 Variation of Velocity and Pressure
14.6 Comparison of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Compressors
14.7 Comparison of Centrifugal and Rotary Compressors
14.8 Static and Stagnation Properties
14.9 Adiabatic and Isentropic Processes
14.10.2 Width of Blades of Impeller and Diffuser
14.11 Slip Factor and Pressure Coefficient
14.13 Effect of Impeller Blade Shape on Performance
14.16 Performance Characteristics
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 15 Axial Flow Air Compressors
15.4 Simple Theory of Aerofoil Blading
15.7 Pressure Rise in Isentropic Flow Through a Cascade
15.9 Flow Coefficient, Head or Work Coefficient, Deflection Coefficient, and Pressure Coefficient
15.10 Pressure Rise in a Stage and Number of Stages
15.11 Surging, Choking, and Stalling
15.12 Performance Characteristics
15.13 Comparison of Axial Flow and Centrifugal Compressors
15.14 Applications of Axial Flow Compressors
15.15 Losses in Axial Flow Compressors
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
16.2 Fields of Application of Gas Turbine
16.3 Limitations of Gas Turbines
16.4 Comparison of Gas Turbines with IC Engines
16.5 Advantages of Gas Turbines Over Steam Turbines
16.6 Classification of Gas Turbines
16.6.1 Constant Pressure Combustion Gas Turbine
16.6.2 Constant Volume Combustion Gas Turbine
16.7 Comparison of Open and Closed Cycle Gas Turbines
16.8 Position of Gas Turbine in the Power Industry
16.9 Thermodynamics of Constant Pressure Gas Turbine: Brayton Cycle
16.9.5 Optimum Pressure Ratio for Maximum Specific Work Output
16.10 Cycle Operation with Machine Efficiency
16.10.1 Maximum Pressure Ratio for Maximum Specific Work
16.10.2 Optimum Pressure Ratio for Maximum Cycle Thermal Efficiency
16.11 Open Cycle Constant Pressure Gas Turbine
16.12 Methods for Improvement of Thermal Efficiency of Open Cycle Constant Pressure Gas Turbine
16.12.4 Reheat and Regenerative Cycle
16.12.5 Cycle with Intercooling and Regeneration
16.12.6 Cycle with Intercooling and Reheating
16.12.7 Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheating
16.13 Effects of Operating Variables
16.13.1 Effect of Pressure Ratio
16.13.2 Effect of Efficiencies of Compressor and Turbine on Thermal Efficiency
16.15 Multi-Shaft System Turbines in Series
16.17.2 Requirements of Blade Material
16.18.2 Different Methods of Blade Cooling
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
17.1 Principle of Jet Propulsion
17.3 Jet Propulsion v’s Rocket Propulsion
17.4 Basic Cycle for Turbo-jet Engine
17.5 Thrust Work, Propulsive Work, and Propulsive Efficiency for Rocket Engine
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 18 Introduction to Refrigeration
18.3.1 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
18.3.2 Vapour Absorption System
18.3.3 Ejector-Compression System
18.3.4 Electro-Lux Refrigeration
18.3.6 Thermo-electric Refrigeration
18.3.7 Vortex Tube Refrigeration
18.6 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
18.7 Difference Between a Heat Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump
18.8 Power Consumption of a Refrigerating Machine
18.9.1 Open Air Refrigeration Cycle
18.9.2 Closed (or dense) Air Refrigeration Cycle
18.10.1 Temperature Limitations for Reversed Carnot Cycle
18.10.2 Vapour as a Refrigerant in Reversed Carnot Cycle
18.10.3 Gas as a Refrigerant in Reversed Carnot Cycle
18.10.4 Limitations of Reversed Carnot Cycle
18.11 Bell-Coleman Cycle (or Reversed Brayton or Joule Cycle)
18.11.1 Bell-Coleman Cycle with Polytropic Processes
18.13 Classification of Refrigerants
18.14 Designation of Refrigerants
18.15 Desirable Properties of Refrigerants
18.16 Applications of Refrigerants
18.17 Eco-friendly Refrigerants
Answers to Multiple-choice Questions
Chapter 19 Vapour Compression and Vapour Absorption Systems
19.2 Comparison of Vapour Compression System with Air Refrigeration System
19.3 Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
19.4 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
19.5 Use of T-s and p-h Charts
19.6 Effect of Suction Pressure
19.7 Effect of Discharge Pressure
19.8 Effect of Superheating of Refrigerant Vapour
19.9 Effect of Subcooling (or Undercooling) of Refrigerant Vapour
19.10 Vapour Absorption System
19.11 Working Principle of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
19.12 Advantages of Vapour Absorption System Over Vapour Compression System
19.13 Coefficient of Performance of an Ideal Vapour Absorption System
19.14 Ammonia-Water (or Practical) Vapour Absorption System (NH3 – H2O)
19.15 Lithium Bromide-Water Vapour Absorption System (LiBr-H2O)
19.15.2 Lithium Bromide-Water System Equipment
19.16 Comparison of Ammonia-Water and Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption Systems
Chapter 20 Air-Conditioning and Psychrometrics
20.2 Principles of Psychrometry
20.6 Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature or Adiabatic Saturation Temperature (AST)
20.8.1 Sensible Heating or Cooling Process
20.8.2 Humidification or Dehumidification Process
20.8.3 Heating and Humidification
20.8.4 Sensible Heat Factor-SHF
20.8.5 Cooling and Dehumidification
20.8.7 Cooling with Adiabatic Humidification
20.8.8 Cooling and Humidification by Water Injection (Evaporative Cooling)
20.8.9 Heating and Humidification by Steam Injection
20.8.10 Heating and Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification
20.9 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams
20.10 Thermal Analysis of Human Body
20.10.1 Factors Affecting Human Comfort
20.10.2 Physiological Hazards Resulting from Heat
20.11.2 Factors Affecting Optimum Effective Temperature
20.12 Selection of Inside and Outside Design Conditions
20.12.1 Selection of Inside Design Conditions
20.12.2 Selection of Outside Design Conditions
20.13.1 Heat Transfer Through Walls and Roofs
20.13.2 Heat Gain from Solar Radiation
20.13.4 Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas
20.13.5 Heat Gain due to Infiltration
20.13.6 Heat Gain from Products
20.13.8 Heat Gain from Power Equipments
20.13.9 Heat Gain Through Ducts
20.13.10 Empirical Methods to Evaluate Heat Transfer Through Walls and Roofs
20.15 Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF)
20.15.1 Estimation of Supply Air Conditions
20.16 Grand Sensible Heat Factor
20.17 Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor
20.18 Air Conditioning Systems
20.18.1 Summer Air-conditioning System with Ventilation Air and Zero By-pass Factor
20.18.2 Summer Air-conditioning System with Ventilation Air and By-pass Factor
20.18.3 Winter Air-conditioning System
20.18.4 Comfort Air-conditioning System