Index

Symbols

& operator, 237

background processes, running, 173–174

special shell character, 247

VirtualBox commands, 527

&& operators, combining commands, 180, 198

* special shell character, 247

special shell character, 249–250

` special shell character, 247, 250

[ ] special shell character, 248

[a, z] special shell character, 248

[a-z] special shell character, 248

[az] special shell character, 248

$, 235

$? built-in variable, 247

$ special shell character, 247

$# built-in variable, 246

$* built-in variable, 247

$0 built-in variable, 247

! ! operator, 196–197

!= operator, 491

< special shell character, 247

<< operator, 236

<< special shell character, 248

> special shell character, 247

>> special shell character, 247

| (pipe) special shell character, 247

| | operator, 198, 491

# special shell character, 247

? special shell character, 247

" special shell character, 248–249

' special shell character, 249

Numbers

10BASE-T networking, 339

10G Ethernet networking, 340

32-bit Ubuntu, 64-bit Ubuntu versus, 4–5

50G Ethernet networking, 340

64-bit Ubuntu, 32-bit Ubuntu versus, 4–5

100BASE-T networking, 339

1000BASE-T networking, 339

A

A records, 590

AAAA records, 590

ac command, 211, 223

accessing

ACL

setting permissions, 127–128

Squid, 565–569

Apache web server, 452, 455

command line, 107

databases

local GUI clients, 503

PostgreSQL, 501–503

SSH, 501–502

web browsers, 503

file access time, disabling, 397

networks, chains, 387

remote access

copying files between machines, 372–373

Guacamole, 377

key-based logins, 373–375

online references, 377–378

SSH server, 371–375

VNC, 375–377

shell scripts, storing for system-wide access, 240

variable values, 243

accounting, user usage statistics, 212

ACID compliance, relational databases, 493–494

ACL

permissions, setting, 127–128

Squid, 565–569

activity (user), monitoring, 211–212

Ada, 622

addressing

broadcasting, 338

IPv4 addressing, 331–332

IPv6 addressing, 332, 334–336

multicasting, 338

NAT, 332

TCP/IP, 331–332

unicast addressing, 338

adduser command, 136–137, 209

administration

LDAP, 584–585

privileges, 217

Adobe Photoshop, 67

afio, 316

all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435

AllowOverrides directives (Apache web server), 451–452

ALSA, 64

Amanda, 315–316

AND, 299

AND operators, 491–492

Android mobile development, 607

Android Runtime, 608

Android Studio, 609

Application Framework, 608–609

applications, 609

ARM processors, 608

Google Play, 607

Linux kernels, 608

RISC processors, 608

Ansible, 544

Apache Tomcat, 482

Apache web server

access control, 452, 455

configuring

.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469

runtime servers, 446–449

threads, 468

development of, 443–444

file system authentication, 452–455

.htaccess configuration files, 450, 469

AllowOverrides directives, 451–452

Options directives, 451

HTTPS, 464–466

installing, 444

logging, 463–464

modules, 455–461

MPM, 449–450

online references, 466

overview of, 444

Require directive, 452

runtime servers

apache2.conf files, 447–449

configuring, 446–449

DirectoryIndex directive, 449

DocumentRoot directive, 449

GID, 448

Group directive, 448

Listen directive, 447

ServerAdmin directive, 448

ServerName directive, 448–449

ServerRoot directive, 447

UID, 448

User directive, 448

UserDir directive, 449

security, 444, 452–455

starting/stopping, 444–446

threads, 468

virtual hosting, 461–462

apache2.conf files, 447–449

API, 512

AppArmor, 388–390

Application Framework, 608–609

applications

Android applications, 609

AppArmor, 388–390

CD/DVD burning applications

Brasero, 71

Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73

Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75

Ubuntu support, 71

DVD/CD burning applications

Brasero, 71

Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73

Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75

Ubuntu support, 71

games, 79–81

Battle for Wesnoth, 85–86

commercial games, 88

documentation, 89

emulators, 79

FlightGear, 87

Frets on Fire, 86

Frozen Bubble, 84

Game Jolt, 82

GOG.com, 82

Humble, 82

installing from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87

installing video drivers (proprietary), 80

itch.io, 82

kid-friendly games, 88

LGDB, 82

online game sources, 81–82

Scorched 3D, 83–84

Speed Dreams, 87

SuperTux, 84–85

Warsow, 82

Windows games, 88–89

graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70

Blender, 70, 77

CinePaint, 70

darktable, 70

digiKam, 70

GIMP, 66–67

Hugin, 70

Inkscape, 70

Krita, 70

nautilus-image converter, 69

netpbm tools, 69

Photoshop, 67

POV-Ray, 70

Radiance, 70

Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71

Simple Scan, 67

Xara Xtreme, 70

microservice architectures, 531

multimedia applications

ALSA, 64

CD/DVD burning applications, 71–75

graphics manipulation applications, 66–71

music applications, 65–66

online references, 77

OSS, 64

PulseAudio, 64

sound cards, 63–64

music applications, 65

Banshee, 66

Rhythmbox, 66

Sound Juicer, 66

productivity applications

Celtx, 59

CrossOver Office, 61

defined, 56

gedit, 59

Heimer, 61

Kile, 61

LaTeX, 60

LibreOffice, 55, 56–58

LyX, 60

online references, 61

pdfedit, 58

Publican, 59–60

Texmaker, 60

users (typical), 56

Windows, 61

Wine, 61

XML Copy Editor, 60

recording/editing sound, 76

security, 388–390

Startup Applications Preferences, 278

VBA, LibreOffice and Office compatibility, 55

video editing applications, 77

Avidemux, 77

Blender, 77

Cinelerra, 77

DaVinci Resolve, 77

Kdenlive, 77

Lightworks, 77

OpenShot Video Editor, 77

PiTiVi, 77

Shotcut, 77

apropos command, 112

APT, 95

apt-get versus, 99–100

day-to-day usage, 95–98

finding software, 98–99

VirtualBox, 527

apt-get, APT versus, 99–100

archives, restoring files from, 311–312

Ardour, 76

arguments (positional), 242

ARM processors, 608

arrays (RAID), 307

Art of Unix Programming, The, 141–142

ash, 226

Aslett, Matt, 511

assessing

needs/resources, backup strategies, 303–304

vulnerabilities, 381–382

assigning

permissions, file systems, 121–122

values to variables, 242

at command, 227–228, 229

atomic changes, 613

attacks, 380–381

autocracking scripts, 380

crackers, 380

external attacks, 379–380

hackers, 380

internal attacks, 379–380

script kiddies, 380

spoofing attacks, 593

viruses, 385

war driving, 383

worms, 380

Audacity, 76

Audio CD Extractor. See Sound Juicer

authentication

file systems, Apache web server, 452–455

PAM, 215–216

autoconf command, 601–602

autocracking scripts, 380

automatically waking computers from sleep, 231–233

automating tasks with scripts, 244–246

availability

localhost interfaces, checking availability of, 326

memory space, displaying, 286

.avi files, 75

Avidemux, 77

awk text editor, 189–191

AWS, 539

Azure, 539

B

Back In Time, 314

background jobs, moving jobs to, 174–175

background processes, 173–174 237

running,

backups

afio, 316

Amanda, 315–316

Back In Time, 314

cloud computing, 305–306, 309

configuration files, version control, 320–322

copying files, 316–317

cp command, 318

rsync command, 319–320

tar command, 317–318

data loss, 302

Déjà Dup, 313–314

external hard drives, 308

File Roller, 312

flexbackup, 316

full backups

with incremental backups, 307

on a periodic basis, 306–307

tar command, 310–311

incremental backups, 310–311

kdat, 312–313

KDE ark archiving tool, 312–313

levels of, 306

mirroring data, 307

NAS, 308

network storage, 308

online references, 324

restoring files from archives, 311–312

scheduling tasks, full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307

software, 309–316

strategies, 301

assessing needs/resources, 303–304

choosing a strategy, 308

choosing hardware/media, 308–309

evaluating, 304–306

full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307

full backups with incremental backups, 307

home users, 304–305

incremental backups, 307

inheriting, 306

large enterprises, 305

RAID arrays, 307

simple backup strategies, 306

small enterprises, 305

small offices, 305

system rescue, 323

restoring GRUB2 boot loaders, 323–324

saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324

Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323

tape drive backups, 309

tar command, 310

copying files, 317–318

incremental backups, 310–311

restoring files from archives, 311–312

Ubuntu installations, 7

Unison, 315

version control, configuration files, 320–322

badblocks command, 397

Banshee music application, 66

BaseX, 517

bash, 226

comparisons of expressions, 250–251

file operators, 253–254

logical operators, 255

numeric comparisons, 252–253

strings, 251–252

local bash shells, configuring, 640

batch command, 228–229

batches, changing passwords in, 216–217

Battle for Wesnoth, 85–86

Bazaar

configuring, 639

software project management, 611–612

Berkeley DB, 512, 579

bg command, 174–175

BigTable, 517

Bikeshed, 616–618

/bin directory, 114

BIND

configuring DNS servers, 593–595

online references, 595

BIOS, 271

boot process, 272–274

Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195

Blender

graphics manipulation, 70

video editing, 77

.bmp files, 68

BOFH, 205

boolean operators, combining commands, 180

boot loaders, 271

boot process, 272–274

GRUB2, installing, 5

GRUB2 boot loaders, restoring, 323–324

Ubuntu installations, 2–3, 5–6

boot process

BIOS, 271, 272–274

boot loaders, 271, 272–274

Boot-Repair, 278–279

DHCP activation, 357

GPT, 274

init systems, 272

loading process, 272–274

MBR, 274

NetBoot, 274

nonbooting hard disks, saving files from, 324

PXE, 274

runlevels, 271–272, 275, 278

services

controlling, 278

running, 271–272

starting/stopping, 275–278

Startup Applications Preferences, 278

troubleshooting, 278–279

Ubuntu, troubleshooting, 195–196

UEFI, 273–274

Brasero, 71

break statements, 269

bridges, 343, 524–525

broadcasting, 338

browsers (web)

Chrome, 53–54

Chromium, 53–54

database access, 503

Firefox, 52–53

online references, 54

brute-forcing, 373–374

Budgie, 49

bugs, fixing

Bug Squad, 647

Ubuntu development, 640–643

built-in variables, 242, 246–247

bundles (software), Snappy package manager, 103–104

bunzip2 command, 191

burning CD/DVD

Brasero, 71

Linux command line

CD creation, 72–73

DVD creation, 73–75

Ubuntu support, 71

business applications, Ubuntu for, 27–28

byobu, multiple terminal operation, 192–193

bzip2 command, 191

C

C programming, 597–599

autoconf command, 601–602

building programs, 599–601

configuring code, 601–602

debugging, 602

checking source code, 602–603

gdb command, 603

gprof command, 603

splint command, 602–603

symbolic debugging, 603

tracking function time, 603

dependency checking, 599–600

GCC, 603–604

macros, 600–601

makefile targets, 600–601

makefiles, 599–600

C++ programming, 597–598, 599

autoconf command, 601–602

building programs, 599–601

configuring code, 601–602

debugging, 602

checking source code, 602–603

gdb command, 603

gprof command, 603

splint command, 602–603

symbolic debugging, 603

tracking function time, 603

dependency checking, 599–600

GCC, 603–604

macros, 600–601

makefile targets, 600–601

makefiles, 599–600

C10K problem, 467–468

cabling, 340

fiber-optic cabling, 342

UTP cabling, 341

Caddy, 482

cameras (digital)

Ubuntu support, 70

USB connections, 70

capturing screen images, 69

case statements, 267–268

Cassandra, 513

cat command, 132, 144–145

/cd command, 120

cd command, 145–147

CD tools, 613–614

CD/DVD burning applications

Brasero, 71

Linux command line

CD creation, 72–73

DVD creation, 73–75

Ubuntu support, 71

cdrecord command, 72–73

Cecilia, 76

Celtx, 59

CFEngine, 545

cgroups, 532

chains, 387

change command, 223

changing

desktop environments, 39

directories, 120, 145–147

passwords in batches, 216–217

permissions, files/folders, 125, 147

shells, 226

user identities, 217–219

window managers, 39

Chaos Engineering, 614

Chef, 544

Cherokee, 480–481

chfn command, 224

chgrp command, 125, 204, 224

children directories, 118

children, games for, 88

chmod command, 123–124, 147, 204, 224

chown command, 125, 204, 224

chpasswd command, 224

Chrome, 53–54

Chromium, 53–54

chroot jail, 531–532

chsh command, 209, 224

CI/CD tools, 613–614

Cinelerra, 77

CinePaint, 70

CLI. See command line

client/server database model, 484

Clojure, 622–623

cloud computing

AWS, 539

Azure, 539

backups, 305–306, 309

containers, 531

DevOps, 535–536

Google Cloud, 539

hybrid clouds, 539–540

IaaS, 537

Juju, 540–541, 545

Landscape, 541, 545

MaaS, 537

Mojo, 541

online references, 541

OpenStack, 538–539

PaaS, 537

private clouds, 540

public clouds, 538, 539

reasons for using, 536–537

SaaS, 537

Sysadmin, 535–536

Ubuntu, 535

AWS, 539

Azure, 539

considerations for using, 538

Google Cloud, 539

hybrid clouds, 539–540

IaaS, 537

install instructions, 536

Juju, 540–541, 545

Landscape, 541

MaaS, 537

Mojo, 541

OpenStack, 538–539

PaaS, 537

private clouds, 540

public clouds, 538, 539

reasons for using, 536–537

SaaS, 537

Ubuntu Cloud, 536

VM, 536

VM, 536

CNAME records, 590–591

COBOL, 623–624

code packaging, Ubuntu development, 640–643

combining commands

&& operators, 180, 198

! ! operator, 196–197

| | operator, 198

boolean operators, 142–143

piping, 142–143, 178–180

comm command, 170–171

command line (Linux)

! ! operator, 196–197

| | operator, 198

accessing, 107

apropos command, 112

APT, 95

apt-get versus, 99–100

day-to-day usage, 95–98

finding software, 98–99

background jobs, 174–175

background processes, running, 173–174

basic commands, 143–144

BIOS, troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195

byobu, multiple terminal operation, 192–193

CD creation, 72–73

combining commands

&& operators, 180, 198

! ! operator, 196–197

| | operator, 198

boolean operators, 180

piping, 178–180

command history, viewing, 197

commands

combining, 178–180, 196–197, 198

list of, 143–144

redirecting input/output of, 167–170

shortcuts, 198

standard input/output, 169

commonly used commands/programs, 139

Coreutils, 199

defined, 106–107

directories, 112–114

/bin directory, 114

changing, 120, 145–147

children directories, 118

confining scripts to directories, 198–199

copying files, 131, 147

creating, 129, 160

creating files, 128–129

deleting, 129–131, 161–162

displaying contents of files, 132

/etc directory, 114

finding current directory, 120

finding files, 147

/home directory, 115

listing contents of, 118–119

listing files in directories, 156–158

moving files, 131, 161

parent directories, 118

permissions, 122–127

printing directory sizes, 148

printing last lines of files, 163–164

/proc directory, 115–117

regular expressions, 133

renaming files, 131, 161

/sbin directory, 114

sorting file contents, 162–163

/tmp directories, 117

/usr directory, 117

/var directory, 117

wildcard characters, 133

documentation

manual pages, 111–112

reading, 111–112

DVD creation, 73–74

packet writing, 74–75

session writing, 74

environment variables, 182–185

file systems

directories, 112–117

hierarchy of, 112–114

files/folders

comparisons, 170

compressed files, 191–192

creating links, 154–156

downloading, 164

finding differences in files, 170

finding files, 149–151

finding from indexes, 156

finding similarities in files, 170–171

listing in directories, 156–158

listing system information, 158–159

printing contents of, 144–145

foreground jobs, 174–175

GRUB, troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195–196

input string searches, 151–152

jobs

executing in parallel, 181–182

listing, 173

kernel ring buffers, reading contents of, 200

location of commands, printing, 164

logging out of, 108

logins

from remote computers, 108–109

text-based logins, 107–108

manual pages, 159–160

multiple terminal operation, 192–193

MySQL command line client, 504–505

network interface configuration

ifconfig command, 346–348

ip command, 348–349

ip route command, 346, 349

netstat command, 346, 350

online references, 139, 165, 200

paging through output, 152–154

piping commands, 178–180

polite system resets, 194–195

PostgreSQL command line client, 505–506

printing, resource usage, 175–177

processes

listing, 171–173

prioritizing, 177–178

substituting, 181

reasons for using, 142–143

REISUB, 194–195

repeating text, 148–149

rerunning previous commands, 196–197

resource usage, printing, 175–177

root accounts, 110–111, 133–134

sequence, running commands in, 180–181

sudo command, troubleshooting, 134–136

systems

rebooting, 138–139

shutting down, 137–138

text editors, 185–191

Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195

user accounts

creating, 136–137

deleting, 137

super user accounts, 109–111

whereis command, 112

command line (shells), 233–234

background processes, 237

pattern-matching, 235

piping commands, 237

commands

& operator, running background processes, 173–174

&& operators, 180, 198

! ! operator, 196–197

| | operator, 198

database commands, 506

history of commands, viewing, 197

piping, 142–143, 178–180, 237

printing location of, 164

redirecting input/output, 167–169

redirecting input/output with shell command line, 236

rerunning previous commands, 196–197

running, in sequence, 180–181

shortcuts, 198

substituting, 250

wildcard characters, 235

commercial games, 88

community teams, testing Ubuntu, 645–646

comparing files/folders, 170

comparisons of expressions, 250–251

file operators, 253–254, 257–258

logical operators, 255, 259

numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257

strings, 251–252, 255–256

compatibility

free/open-source software, MS Office compatibility, 55

LibreOffice, Office compatibility, 55

Office, free/open-source software compatibility, 55

open-source/free software, MS Office compatibility, 55

Ubuntu installations, Mac hardware compatibility, 3

compiling

kernels, 412–414, 418–419

software

from source, 100, 101–102

from tarballs, 100–101

from Ubuntu repositories, 101–102

compressed files, 191–192, 318

computers (remote), command line logins, 108–109

configuration files

Dotfiles, 322

version control, 320–322

configuring

Apache web server

.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469

runtime servers, 446–449

threads, 468

bash shells, 640

Bazaar, 639

C/C++ code, 601–602

configuration management, 102

dotdee, 102–103

Snappy package manager, 103–104

Ubuntu Core, 103

DHCP software, 358–359

dial-up Internet access, 367–368

disk quotas, 223

DNS servers with BIND, 593–595

DSL Internet access, 365

/etc directory configuration files, 114

firewalls, 386–388

GPG keys, 637–639

hosts (networks) with DHCP, 359–361

Internet connections, common configuration information, 364–365

kernels, 403, 414–417

Launchpad, work environments, 638–640

LDAP servers, 580

local bash shells, 640

localhost interfaces, 327

MySQL, 494–495

networks

command line network interfaces, 345–350

configuration files, 350–355

DHCP, 355–361

/etc/host.conf files, 355

/etc/hosts files, 350–351

/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355

/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355

/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353

graphical configuration tools, 355

nm-connection-editor, 345–346

NFS

clients, 423–424

servers, 422–423

pbuilder, 638

PostgreSQL, 498

power management, in Ubuntu, 18–19

PPP Internet access, 364

PPPoE, 364

printers, in Ubuntu, 18

runtime servers, Apache web server, 446–449

Samba, 425

/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429

global behaviors, 427

security, 384–385

software repositories, 15–17

Squid, 570–572

Squid clients, 564–565

SSH server, 371–372

system settings, in Ubuntu, 17–18

Ubuntu

date/time settings, 19–20

development packages, 637–638, 640–643

power management, 18–19

printer configurations, 18

software repositories, 15–17

system settings, 17–18

troubleshooting post-configuration problems, 21–22

wireless networks, 20

VPN

clients, 573–575

servers, 575–577

wireless networks, 20

confining scripts to directories, 198–199

Conky, 292–297

connectivity

Internet, 363–364

checking, 328–330

common configuration information, 364–365

dial-up access, 367–368

DSL access, 365

ISP, 364–365

Linux commands, 369

online references, 369–370

PPP access, 364

PPPoE, 364

troubleshooting, 368–369

Ubuntu commands, 369

VM, 526

console-based monitoring, 281–283

containers, 531

Docker, 533

Kubernetes, 534

LXC, 532

LXD, 533

online references, 534

contents of directories, listing, 118–119

contents of files

displaying, 132

sorting, 162–163

converting

graphics, 68–69

sound files, 65

copying

files between machines (remote access), 372–373

files/folders, 131, 147, 316–317. See also mirroring

cp command, 318

rsync command, 319–320

tar command, 317–318

VM, 526

Coreutils, 199

CouchDB, 515–516

cp command, 131, 147, 318

crackers, 380

createdb command, 506

createuser command, 506

cron command, 229–231

CrossOver Office, 61

cups cancel command, 435

cups command, 435

cups disable command, 435

cups enable command, 435

CUPS GUI, network printers, 431–434

cuspreject command, 435

custom kernels, 402

D

D programming language, 624

daemons

AND, 299

Linux, 25

smbd, starting/stopping, 429

darktable, 70

Dart, 624

dash, 226

Dash (GNOME), 43–44

data, SQL tables

inserting data, 489–490

retrieving data, 490–492

data directory initialization, PostgreSQL, 498

data integrity, relational databases, 493–494

data locking, relational databases, 492

data loss, 302

data mirroring, 307

data recovery, 323

GRUB2 boot loaders, restoring, 323–324

saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324

Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323

databases

accessing

local GUI clients, 503

MySQL, 501–503

SSH, 501–502

web browsers, 503

AND operators, 491–492

client/server model, 484

commands, 506

flat file databases, 484–485

graphical database clients, 506

MySQL, 483

ACID compliance, 493–494

command line client, 504–505

configuring, 494–495

creating databases, 496–497

data integrity, 493–494

data locking, 492

database access, 501–503

inserting data into tables, 490

mysql command, 506

mysqladmin command, 506

mysqldump command, 506

MySQLGUI, 506

online references, 493, 507

PostgreSQL versus, 492–494

procedural languages, 494

retrieving data from tables, 490–492

root user passwords, 495

speed, 492

SQL subqueries, 494

stored procedures, 494

triggers, 494

NoSQL, 485, 509–510

advantages of, 510, 511

BaseX, 517

Berkeley DB, 512, 579

BigTable, 517

Cassandra, 513

CouchDB, 515–516

disadvantages of, 510–511

document stores, 514–515

etcd, 513

FlockDB, 519

graph stores, 518

HBase, 518

HyperGraphDB, 519

key/value stores, 512

Memcached, 513–514

MemcacheDB, 514

MongoDB, 516

Neo4j, 518

NewSQL and, 511

online references, 519–520

OrientDB, 519

Redis, 514

Riak, 514

Scylla, 514

UnQL, 511

wide column stores, 517

OR operators, 491–492

PostgreSQL

ACID compliance, 493–494

command line client, 505–506

configuring, 498

creating database users, 499–500

creating databases, 499

data integrity, 493–494

data locking, 492

database access, 501–503

deleting database users, 500

granting/revoking privileges, 500–501

initializing data directories, 498

MySQL versus, 492–494

online references, 493, 507

pgAdmin, 506

procedural languages, 494

retrieving data from tables, 491

speed, 492

SQL subqueries, 494

stored procedures, 494

triggers, 494

relational databases, 485. See also MySQL; PostgreSQL

creating tables, 488–489

DBA, 483–484

inserting data into tables, 489–490

operation of, 486–487

SQL basics, 487–492

Datadog, 298

date/time settings

date command, 19

Ubuntu, 19–20

DaVinci Resolve, 77

DBA, 483–484, 511

Debian Linux, 24

debugging C/C++ programming, 602

checking source code, 602–603

gdb command, 603

gprof command, 603

splint command, 602–603

symbolic debugging, 603

tracking function time, 603

Déjà Dup, 313–314

deleting

directories, 129–131, 161–162

PostgreSQL database users, 500

user accounts, 137

deluser command, 137, 209

dependency checking, 599–600

depmod command, 407

desktop environments, 41–42

Budgie, 49

changing, 39

GNOME, 41

Dash, 43, 44

Mutter, 42

Power icon, 43, 45

Shell, 43–45

Show Applications icon, 43, 44

GNOME 2, 48

KDE, 45

Kubuntu, 45–46

Kylin, 50

Lubuntu, 47–48

LXDE, 47–48

MATE, 48–49

online references, 50

Ubuntu desktops, sharing, 424

Ubuntu MATE, 48–49

widgets, 42

X server

benefits of, 34

components of, 33–34

display manager, 39

display managers, 33

online references, 40

starting, 39

terminal clients, 33–34

window manager, 33–34

xorg.conf files, 33–39

Xfce, 46

Xubuntu, 46–47

development (Ubuntu)

Bazaar, 639

fixing bugs, 640–643

GPG keys, 637–639

introduction to, 636–637

Launchpad, 614–615

creating accounts, 638

work environments, 638–640

local bash shells, configuring, 640

online references, 643

package installation

code packaging, 640–643

packages, 637–638, 640–643

pbuilder, 638

SSH keys, 638, 639

Device section (xorg.conf files), 37–38

devices

all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435

devices.txt files, 403

i2c-dev devices, 407

security, 385

DevOps

Chaos Engineering, 614

CI/CD tools, 614

Sysadmin versus, 535–536

df command, 286–287

dhclient command, 369

DHCP, 338, 361

activating, 357

dhcpclient, 358

Dynamic DNS, 356–357

networks

configuring, 355–361

host configurations, 359–361

operation of, 356

servers, 358–359

software, installing/configuring, 358–359

dial-up Internet access, configuring, 367–368

diff command, 170

differences in files, finding, 170

digiKam, 70

digital cameras

Ubuntu support, 70

USB connections, 70

directories, 112–114

/bin directory, 114

changing, 120, 145–147

children directories, 118

creating, 129, 160

data directory initialization, PostgreSQL, 498

deleting, 129–131, 161–162

DIT, 580

/etc directory, 114

files

copying, 131, 147

creating, 128–129

displaying contents of, 132

finding, 147

listing in directories, 156–158

moving, 131, 161

printing last lines of files, 163–164

renaming, 131, 161

sorting file contents, 162–163

finding current directory, 120

home directories, 208, 427–428

/home directory, 115

kernel directories, 403–405

LDAP directories, populating, 582–583

listing contents of, 118–119

parent directories, 118

permissions, 122–127

printing directory sizes, 148

/proc directory, 115–117

regular expressions, 133

/sbin directory, 114

scripts, confining to directories, 198–199

/tmp directories, 117

user directories, 115

/usr directory, 117

shared data, 117

X server, 33

/var directory, 117

wildcard characters, 133

DirectoryIndex directive (Apache web server), 449

disaster recovery, planning, 390–391

disk quotas, 287

configuring, 223

implementing, 222–223

managing, 222

display managers, X server, 33, 39

displaying

available memory space, 286

contents of files, 132

free space (hard disks), 286–287

distributed processing, X server, 32–33

distributions

Linux distributions

included software, 24–25

versions of, 24

Ubuntu distributions, versions of, 27

DIT, 580

dmesg command, 21, 200

DNS, 448–449

Dynamic DNS, 356–357

online references, 595

records, 589–590

A records, 590

AAAA records, 590

CNAME records, 590–591

MX records, 591

NS records, 591

SOA records, 592–593

TXT records, 593

requests, 589–590

search orders, 355

servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595

DocBook, Publican, 59–60

Docker, 533

document stores, 514–515

documentation

apropos command, 112

games, 89

Linux, 28–30

manual pages, 111–112

mind maps, 61

reading, 111–112

TeX documents

Kile, 61

LaTeX, 60

LyX, 60

Texmaker, 60

Ubuntu, 28, 30

Wayland, 32

whereis command, 112

WYGIWYW, 60

DocumentRoot directive (Apache web server), 449

domains

DNS

online references, 595

records, 590–593

requests, 589–590

servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595

hostnames, 589

names, 588–589

root zones, 589

TLD, 588–589

dotdee, 102–103, 322

Dotfiles, 322

downloading

files/folders, 164

Ubuntu updates during installation, 8

drivers, video drivers (proprietary), installing, 80

dropdb command, 506

dropuser command, 506

DSL Internet access, configuring, 365

du command, 148

dual-boot systems, Ubuntu installations, 6

dumb gateways, 343

dummy interfaces, 327

DVD installations, Ubuntu, 2, 6–11

dvd+rw-tools, 74

DVD/CD burning applications

Brasero, 71

Linux command line

CD creation, 72–73

DVD creation, 73–75

preformatted DVD, 74

Ubuntu support, 71

Dynamic DNS, 356–357

Dynamo, 514

E

e2fsck command, 397

echo command, 148–149

Eclipse, 606

editing

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344

sound, 76

Ardour, 76

Audacity, 76

Cecilia, 76

LMMS, 76

Mixxx, 76

Rosegarden, 76

text, 185, 186

awk, 189–191

emacs, 185, 188–189

gedit, 186

kate, 186

kedit, 186

nano, 185, 186–187

sed, 189–191

vi, 185, 187–188

vim, 185

video, 76, 77

Avidemux, 77

Blender, 77

Cinelerra, 77

DaVinci Resolve, 77

Kdenlive, 77

Lightworks, 77

OpenShot Video Editor, 77

PiTiVi, 77

Shotcut, 77

Elixir, 625

Elm, 625

emacs text editor, 185, 188–189

email, 547

Autoresponders, 562

virus scanners, 562

embedded spaces, resolving strings with, 248–249

emulators, 79

encrypted files, 318

endless loops, 261–262

enterprise servers, monitoring, 298–299

environment variables, 182–185, 242

erasing, hard disks, Ubuntu installations, 9

Erlang, 625

error messages

redirecting input/output of commands, 169–170

sudo command, 134–136

/etc directory, 114

etcd, 513

/etc/host.conf files, 355

/etc/hosts files, 350–351

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344, 407

/etc/modprobed files, 407

/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355

/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355

/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353

/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429

etckeeper, 321–322

ethereal command, 369

Ethernet

10G Ethernet networking, 340

50G Ethernet networking, 340

Gigabit Ethernet. See 1000BASE-T networking

PPPoE, 364

evaluating backup strategies, 304–306

event handlers, 468–469

executing

jobs in parallel, 181–182

shell scripts, 237–239

exit statements, 269

expr statements, 266

expressions, 235

comparisons of expressions, 250–251

file operators, 253–254, 257–258

logical operators, 255, 259

numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257

strings, 251–252, 255–256

directories, 133

external attacks, 379–380

external hard drives, backups, 308

F

faillog command, 289

fax machines, all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435

FDDI networks, 340

Fetchmail, 557–560

fg command, 174–175

fiber-optic networks, 340, 342

File Roller, 312

file systems

authentication, Apache web server, 452

directories, 112–114

/bin directory, 114

changing, 120, 145–147

children directories, 118

copying files, 131, 147

creating, 129, 160

creating files, 128–129

deleting, 129–131, 161–162

displaying contents of files, 132

/etc directory, 114

finding current directory, 120

finding files, 147

/home directory, 115

listing contents of, 118–119

listing files in directories, 156–158

moving files, 131, 161

parent directories, 118

printing directory sizes, 148

printing last lines of files, 163–164

/proc directory, 115–117

regular expressions, 133

renaming files, 131, 161

/sbin directory, 114

sorting file contents, 162–163

/tmp directories, 117

/usr directory, 117

/var directory, 117

wildcard characters, 133

hierarchy of, 112–114

permissions, 120–121

altering, 123–124

assigning, 121–122

changing file groups, 125

changing file permissions, 125, 147

setting with ACL, 127–128

sgid permissions, 125–127

sticky bit permissions, 126–127

suid permissions, 125–127

viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125

Files section (xorg.conf files), 35–36

files/folders

apache2.conf files, 447–449

comparisons, 170

compressed files, 191–192, 318

configuration files, version control, 320–322

copying. See also mirroring, 131–132, 147, 316–317

between machines (remote access), 372–373

cp command, 318

rsync command, 319–320

tar command, 317–318

creating in directories, 128–129

disabling access time, 397

displaying contents of, 132

Dotfiles, 322

downloading, 164

encrypted files, 318

/etc/host.conf files, 355

/etc/hosts files, 350–351

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 407

/etc/modprobed files, 407

/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355

/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355

/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353

file operator comparisons, 253–254, 257–258

File Roller, 312

finding, 149–151

differences in files, 170

from indexes, 156

similarities in files, 170–171

in Ubuntu, 12

inodes, 155

LDIF files, 583

links, creating, 154–156

listing in directories, 156–158

log files

checking, 287–289

rotating, 289–291

makefiles, 599–600

mirroring. See also copying, 164

moving, 131, 161

network configuration files, 350–355

new user home directories, 208

NFS, 422

clients, 423–424

installing, 422

servers, 422–423

starting/stopping, 422

password files, 212–214

permissions, 204

altering, 123–124

changing file groups, 125

changing permissions, 125, 147

viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125

printing

contents of, 144–145

file sizes, 148

last lines of files, 163–164

renaming, 131, 161

restoring files from archives, 311–312

Samba, 424

configuring, 425, 427–429

/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429

installing, 425–426

saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324

sharing

NFS, 422–424

online references, 435

Samba, 424–431

sorting contents of, 162–163

temporary file storage, /tmp directories, 117

time warps, 212

variable data files, /var directory, 117

filesystems

performance tuning, 394–395

synchronizing, 396

find command, 126

finding

directories, 120

files/folders, 149–151

differences in files, 170

from indexes, 156

similarities in files, 170–171

in Ubuntu, 12

groups, 206

software, with APT, 98–99

finger information fields, 213

Firefox, 52–53

firewalls

configuring, 386–388

iptables, 388

nftables, 388

UFW, 386–387

.flac files, 65

flat file databases, 484–485

flexbackup, 316

FlightGear, 87

FlockDB, 519

.flv files, 75

folders. See files/folders

for statements, 259–261

foreground jobs, 174–175

formatting, DVD, 74

Forth, 626

Fortran, 626

FQDN, 448–449, 580

free command, 286

free/open-source software, Office compatibility, 55

free space, displaying, 286–287

hard disks, 286–287

memory space, 286

Frets on Fire, 86

Frozen Bubble, 84

fstab command, 114

ftp command, 372

full backups

with incremental backups, 307

on a periodic basis, 306–307

tar command, 310–311

functions, shell scripts, 269–270

G

Game Jolt, 82

games, 79, 80

Battle for Wesnoth, 85–86

commercial games, 88

documentation, 89

emulators, 79

FlightGear, 87

Frets on Fire, 86

Frozen Bubble, 84

Game Jolt, 82

GOG.com, 82

Humble, 82

installing

from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87

video drivers (proprietary), 80

itch.io, 82

kid-friendly games, 88

LGDB, 82

online game sources, 81–82

online references, 89

Scorched 3D, 83–84

Speed Dreams, 87

Steam, 81

SuperTux, 84–85

video drivers (proprietary), installing, 80

Warsow, 82

Windows games, 88–89

gateways

dumb gateways, 343

smart gateways, 343

GCC, 597, 603–604

gdb command, 603

gedit, 59

gedit text editor, 186

genprof, 389

GHC, 627

GID, 204, 448

.gif files, 68

Gigabit Ethernet. See 1000BASE-T networking

GIMP, 66–67

Git, software project management, 610–611

Glade, 607

GNOME, 41

Dash, 43, 44

File Roller, 312

Glade, 607

Mutter, 42

performance tuning, 39–33

Power icon, 43, 45

Shell, 43–45

Show Applications icon, 43, 44

GNOME 2, 48

gnome-nettool, 297

GNU

Coreutils, 199

GCC, 597, 603–604

GPL, development of, 23–24

Go programming language, 626–627

GOG.com, 82

Google Chrome, 53–54

Google Chromium, 53–54

Google Cloud, 539

Google Play, 607

GParted, 9–10

gpasswd command, 207

GPG keys

configuring, 637–638

uploading, 638–639

GPL, development of, 23–24

gprof command, 603

GPT, boot process, 274

granting/revoking privileges, PostgreSQL, 500–501

graph stores, 518

graphical database clients, 506

graphical development tools, 605

Eclipse, 606

Glade, 607

IDE, 605–606

KDevelop Client, 606–607

NetBeans, 606

Oracle JDeveloper, 606

SDK, 606

Visual Studio Code, 606

graphical network configuration tools, 355

graphical process tools, 292

Conky, 292–297

gnome-nettool, 297

vncviewer, 297

Wireshark, 298

graphics, 67–68

.bmp files, 68

converting, 68–69

.gif files, 68

image captures, 69

.jpg files, 68

.pbm files, 69

.pcx files, 68

.pgm files, 69

.png files, 68

.pnm files, 69

.ppm files, 69

.svg files, 68

.tif files, 68

graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70

Blender, 70, 77

CinePaint, 70

darktable, 70

digiKam, 70

GIMP, 66–67

Hugin, 70

Inkscape, 70

Krita, 70

nautilus-image converter, 69

netpbm tools, 69

Photoshop, 67

POV-Ray, 70

Radiance, 70

Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71

Simple Scan, 67

Xara Xtreme, 70

grep command, 151–152, 234

Groovy, 627

Group directive (Apache web server), 448

group management, 205

finding groups, 206

listing groups, 205–206

tools, 206–207

groupadd command, 207

groupdel command, 207

groupmod command, 207

groups command, 224

grpck command, 207

GRUB

recovery mode, 196

reinstalling, 195–196

Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195–196

GRUB2

boot loaders, restoring, 323–324

installing, 5

Guacamole, 377

GUI, 31, 41–42

Budgie, 49

GNOME, 41

Dash, 43, 44

Mutter, 42

Power icon, 43, 45

Shell, 43–45

Show Applications icon, 43, 44

GNOME 2, 48

KDE, 45

Kubuntu, 45–46

Kylin, 50

local GUI clients, database access, 503

Lubuntu, 47–48

LXDE, 47–48

MATE, 48–49

MySQLGUI, 506

pgAdmin, 506

Ubuntu MATE, 48–49

Wayland, 32

widgets, 42

X server, 32, 33

benefits of, 33–34

components of, 33–34

display manager, 39

display managers, 33

distributed processing, 32–33

online references, 40

starting, 39

terminal clients, 33–34

/usr directory, 33

window manager, 33–34

xorg.conf files, 33–39

Xfce, 46

Xubuntu, 46–47

gunzip command, 191

gzip command, 191

H

hackers, 380

hard disks

disk quotas, 287

erasing, Ubuntu installations, 9

free space, displaying, 286–287

nonbooting disks, saving files from, 324

printing, disk usage, 148

Ubuntu installations, erasing hard disks, 9

hard drives (external), backups, 308

hard links, 155–156

hardware

Mac hardware, Ubuntu compatibility, 3

network hardware, initializing, 343–344

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 343–344

kernel modules, 344–345

modprobe command, 344–345

Ubuntu specifications

Mac hardware, 3

researching, 2–16

Haskell, 627

HBase, 518

hdparm command, 395–396

Heimer, 61

help, Ubuntu online references, 22

history of commands, viewing, 197

hitsujiTMO, 272

home applications, Ubuntu for, 28

home directories, 208

/home directory, 115

home users, backup strategies, 304–305

Horowitz, Eliot, 516

hosting (virtual), Apache web server, 461–462

hostnames, 589

hosts (networks)

adding to /etc/hosts files, 350–351

configuring with DHCP, 359–361

Nginx web server, 473–474

HOWTO documents, Linux, 29

HPC, 598

.htaccess configuration files, Apache web server, 450, 469

AllowOverrides directives, 451–452

Options directives, 451

HTTP servers

Caddy, 482

Cherokee, 480–481

Jetty, 481

lighttpd, 479–480

online references, 482

thttpd, 481–482

Tomcat, 482

Wildfly, 482

Yaws, 480

HTTPS

Apache web server, 464–466

Nginx web server, 476–477

hubs, 342

Hugin, 70

Humble, 82

hwclock command, 19–20

hybrid clouds, 539–540

HyperGraphDB, 519

I

i2c-dev devices, 407

IaaS, 537

ID

GID, 204, 448

PID, 164, 175–176, 237, 274, 566

sgid permissions, 125–127

suid permissions, 125–127

UID, 204, 448

IDE, 605–606

ide.txt files, 404

if statements, 265–266

ifconfig command, 346–348, 369, 385

image captures, 69

image file formats, 67–68

.bmp files, 68

.gif files, 68

.jpg files, 68

.pbm files, 69

.pcx files, 68

.pgm files, 69

.png files, 68

.pnm files, 69

.ppm files, 69

.svg files, 68

.tif files, 68

image scanners, 67

incremental backups

full backups with incremental backups, 307

tar command, 310–311

indexes, finding files from, 156

init systems, 272

initializing

data directories, PostgreSQL, 498

network hardware, 343–344

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344

kernel modules, 344–345

modprobe command, 344–345

initrd.txt files, 404

Inkscape, 70

inodes, 155

InputDevice section (xorg.conf files), 36–37

input/output of commands

redirecting, 167–170

redirecting with shell command line, 236

standard input/output, 167, 169

input strings, searches, 151–152

inserting data into SQL tables, 489–490

insmod command, 406

installing

Android Studio, 609

Apache web server, 444

DHCP activation at installation, 357

DHCP software, 358–359

games, from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87

GRUB, 195–196

GRUB2, 5

NFS, 422

Nginx web server, 469–470

Samba, 425–426

Squid, 564

Ubuntu, 196

32-bit Ubuntu, 4–5

64-bit Ubuntu, 4–5

backups, 7

boot loaders, 5–6

cloud computing, 536

downloading updates during installation, 8

dual-boot systems, 6

DVD installations, 2, 6–11

erasing hard disks during installation, 9

flavors of Ubuntu, 2–3

language selection, 7–8

Mac hardware compatibility, 3

partition strategies, 5

partitions, 5, 9

password creation, 10

preinstallation process, 1–2

researching hardware specifications, 2–16

storage drives, 9

UEFI, 6

USB thumb drive installations, 3, 6–11

Ubuntu development packages

code packaging, 640–643

packages, 637–638, 640–643

video drivers (proprietary), 80

virt-install, 525–526

instances, 533

internal attacks, 379–380

Internet, 51–52

Chrome, 53–54

Chromium, 53–54

connections, 363–364

checking, 328–330

common configuration information, 364–365

dial-up access, 367–368

DSL access, 365

ISP, 364–365

Linux commands, 369

online references, 369–370

PPP access, 364

PPPoE, 364

troubleshooting, 368–369

Ubuntu commands, 369

dummy interfaces, 327

Firefox, 52–53

introduction to, 51

ISP, 364–365

localhost interfaces, 326

checking availability of, 326

configuring manually, 327

I/O transfer speeds, 396

IP addressing

IPv4 addressing, 331–332

IPv6 addressing, 332, 334–336

Squid, specifying client IP addresses, 569–570

ip command, 348–349

IP masquerading, 332–333

ip route command, 346, 349

iptables, 388

ISP, 364–365

itch.io, 82

iwconfig command, 369

J

Java programming, 604, 627–628

JVM, 604

OpenJDK, 604–605

JavaScript, 628

JDeveloper (Oracle), 606

Jetty, 481

jobs

background jobs, 174–175

foreground jobs, 174–175

listing, 173

moving, to background/foreground, 174–175

parallel, executing in, 181–182

running repeatedly, 229–231

jobs command, 173

.jpg files, 68

JSON, 628

Juju, 540–541, 545

JVM, 604

K

kate text editor, 186

kdat, 312–313

KDE, 45

kdat, 312–313

KDE ark archiving tool, 312–313

monitoring tools, 298

performance tuning, 39–33

Kdenlive, 77

KDevelop Client, 606–607

kdf, 298

kedit text editor, 186

kernel ring buffers, reading contents of, 200

kernels, 401, 402

Android mobile development, 608

compiling, 418–419

configuring, 403, 414–417

custom kernels, 402

devices.txt files, 403

directories, 403–405

first kernel, 402

ide.txt files, 404

initrd.txt files, 404

kernel oops, 419

kernel-parameters.txt files, 404

KVM, 523–526

loading, 274

loading process, 344–345

make utility, 404

modules, 406–408

numbering schema, 24

obtaining sources, 409–410

online references, 419–420

patching, 410–411

performance tuning, 398–399

/proc directory, 115–117

RAM disk images, creating, 418

recompiling, 408–409

security, 379

source tree, 403–405

sysrq.txt files, 404

troubleshooting, 418–419

types of, 405–406

Ubuntu kernels, 401–402

versions of, 409

key-based logins, 373–375

key/value stores, 512

kid-friendly games, 88

Kile, 61

kill command, 283–284

killall command, 284

Kotlin, 628–629

Krita, 70

ksh, 226

ksysguard, 298

Kubernetes, 534

Kubuntu, 45–46

KVM, 523–526

Kylin, 50

L

LAMP, 437–439

LAN, network printers, 431–432

Landscape, 541, 545

languages

procedural languages, relational databases, 494

programming languages, 621–622

Ada, 622

Clojure, 622–623

COBOL, 623–624

D, 624

Dart, 624

Elixir, 625

Elm, 625

Erlang, 625

Forth, 626

Fortran, 626

Go, 626–627

Groovy, 627

Haskell, 627

Java, 627–628

JavaScript, 628

Kotlin, 628–629

Lisp, 629

Lua, 629

Mono, 629–630

OCaml, 630

online references, 633–634

Perl, 630

PHP, 631

Python, 631

Raku, 631

Ruby, 631–632

Rust, 632

Scala, 632

Scratch, 632–633

Vala, 633

selecting, Ubuntu installations, 7–8

large enterprises, backup strategies, 305

last command, 212

last lines of files, printing, 163–164

lastlog command, 289

later, scheduling tasks for, 227–229

LaTeX, 60

Launchpad, 614–615

accounts, creating, 638

GPG keys, 638–639

SSH keys, 639

work environments, configuring, 638–640

LDAP, 579–580

administration, 584–585

configuring

clients, 584

servers, 580

directories, populating, 582–583

ldap-utils package, 584–585

LDIF files, 583

online references, 585

schemas, creating, 580–581

Thunderbird, LDAP client configuration, 584

LDIF files, 583

LEMP, 439

less command, 132, 152–154

LGDB, 82

libraries (software), Android mobile development, 608

LibreOffice

brief history of, 57–58

components of, 56–57

Office compatibility, 55

VBA, 55

lighttpd, 479–480

Lightworks, 77

links

files/folders, creating links, 154–156

hard links, 155–156

symlinks, 154–156

Linux

C programming, 598–599

command line

&& operators, 180, 198

! ! operator, 196–197

| | operator, 198

accessing, 107

apropos command, 112

background jobs, 174–175

basic commands, 143–144

BIOS, 195

boolean operators, 180

byobu, 192–193

CD creation, 72–73

changing directories, 145–147

command shortcuts, 198

commands list, 143–144

commonly used commands/programs, 139

compressed files, 191–192

confining scripts to directories, 198–199

copying files, 147

Coreutils, 199

creating links, 154–156

defined, 106–107

directories, 112–117

downloading files/folders, 164

DVD creation, 73–75

environment variables, 182–185

executing jobs in parallel, 181–182

file comparisons, 170

file systems, 112–114

finding differences in files, 170

finding files, 149–151

finding files from indexes, 156

finding similarities in files, 170–171

foreground jobs, 174–175

GRUB, 195–196

input string searches, 151–152

kernel ring buffers, 200

listing files in directories, 156–158

listing jobs, 173

listing processes, 171–173

listing system information, 158–159

logging out of, 108

manual pages, 111–112, 159–160

multiple terminal operation, 192–193

online references, 139, 165, 200

piping commands, 178–180

polite system resets, 194–195

printing directory sizes, 148

printing disk usage, 148

printing file contents, 144–145

printing resource usage, 175–177

prioritizing processes, 177–178

reading documentation, 111–112

reasons for using, 142–143

rebooting systems, 138–139

redirecting input/output of commands, 167–170

REISUB, 194–195

remote computer logins, 108–109

repeating text, 148–149

rerunning previous commands, 196–197

root accounts, 110–111, 133–134

running background processes, 173–174

running commands in sequence, 180–181

shutting down systems, 137–138

standard input/output of commands, 169

substituting processes, 181

super user accounts, 109–111, 133–134

text editors, 185–191

text-based logins, 107–108

troubleshooting sudo command, 134–136

troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195

user accounts, 109–111, 136–137

viewing command history, 197

whereis command, 112

daemons, 25

Debian Linux, 24

development of, 23–25

directories, 112–114

/bin directory, 114

changing, 120, 145–147

children directories, 118

copying files, 131, 147

creating, 129, 160

creating files, 128–129

deleting, 129–131, 161–162

displaying contents of files, 132

/etc directory, 114

finding current directory, 120

finding files, 147

/home directory, 115

listing contents of, 118–119

listing files in directories, 156–158

moving files, 131, 161

parent directories, 118

permissions, 122–127

printing directory sizes, 148

printing last lines of files, 163–164

/proc directory, 115–117

regular expressions, 133

renaming files, 131, 161

/sbin directory, 114

sorting file contents, 162–163

/tmp directories, 117

/usr directory, 117

/var directory, 117

wildcard characters, 133

distributions

included software, 24–25

versions of, 24

documentation, 28–30

file systems

directories, 112–120

hierarchy of, 112–114

permissions, 120–128

filesystems

performance tuning, 394–395

synchronizing, 396

GNU GPL, development of, 23–24

HOWTO documents, 29

kernels, 401, 402

Android mobile development, 608

compiling, 418–419

configuring, 403, 414–417

creating RAM disk images, 418

custom kernels, 402

devices.txt files, 403

directories, 403–405

first kernel, 402

ide.txt files, 404

initrd.txt files, 404

kernel oops, 419

kernel-parameters.txt files, 404

loading, 274

make utility, 404

modules, 406–408

obtaining sources, 409–410

online references, 419–420

patching, 410–411

performance tuning, 398–399

recompiling, 408–409

security, 379

source tree, 403–405

sysrq.txt files, 404

troubleshooting, 418–419

types of, 405–406

versions of, 409

location of commands, printing, 164

manual pages, 29–30

network connectivity commands, 369

numbering schema, 24

online references, 23

paging through output, 152–154

reasons for using, 25–26

rebooting systems, 138–139

security, 385

SELinux, 388

shells, 25

shutting down systems, 137–138

user accounts

creating, 136–137

deleting, 137

video, viewing, 76

viruses, 385

web resources, 23

X server, 32, 33

benefits of, 33–34

components of, 33–34

display manager, 39

display managers, 33

distributed processing, 32–33

online references, 40

starting, 39

terminal clients, 33–34

/usr directory, 33

window manager, 33–34

xorg.conf files, 33–39

Lisp, 629

Listen directive (Apache web server), 447

listing

contents of directories, 118–119

files/folders in directories, 156–158

groups, 205–206

jobs, 173

processes, 171–173

system information, 158–159

units (services), 276

LMMS, 76

ln command, 154–156

loading process

kernels, 274, 344–345

modprobe command, 344–345

modules, 408

local bash shells, configuring, 640

local GUI clients, database access, 503

localhost interfaces, 326

checking availability of, 326

configuring manually, 327

locate command, 156

location of commands, printing, 164

locking

data, relational databases, 492

users out of accounts, 209

log files

checking, 287–289

rotating, 289–291

logging, Apache web server, 463–464

logging out of command line, 108

logical operators, comparisons, 255, 259

logins

command line

from remote computers, 108–109

text-based logins, 107–108

key-based logins, 373–375

logname command, 224

loopback interfaces. See localhost interfaces

loops (endless), 261–262

loss of data, 302

lp command, 435

lpc command, 435

lpq command, 435

lprm command, 435

lpstat command, 435

ls command, 118–119, 156–158

lsblk command, 158–159

lshw command, 158–159

lsmod command, 158–159, 406–408

lspci command, 158–159

Lua, 629

Lubuntu, 47–48

lusers, 205

LXC, 532

LXD, 533

LXDE, 47–48

LyX, 60

M

MaaS, 537

Mac hardware, Ubuntu installations, 3

MAC systems, 388

macros, 600–601

Mail Delivery Agent (MDA), 560–562

Mail Transport Agent (MTA), 548

Maildir Versus Mbox, 550

make utility, 404

makefiles, 599–600

managing

Apache web server

.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469

access control, 452, 455

configuring, 446–449, 450–452

development of, 443–444

file system authentication, 45–455

HTTPS, 464–466

installing, 444

logging, 463–464

modules, 455–461

MPM, 449–450

online references, 466

overview of, 444

runtime servers, 446–449

security, 444, 452–455

starting/stopping, 444–446

threads, 468

virtual hosting, 461–462

configurations, 102

dotdee, 102–103

Snappy package manager, 103–104

Ubuntu Core, 103

disk quotas, 222

groups, 205

finding groups, 206

listing groups, 205–206

tools, 206–207

modules, 406–408

Nginx web server, 467–469

building sources, 469–470

configuring, 470–473

HTTPS, 476–477

installing, 469–470

modules, 475

online references, 477

PHP, 474–475

uninstalling, 470

virtual hosting, 473–474

passwords, 212, 216

changing in batches, 216–217

password files, 212–214

shadow passwords, 214–215

system password policies, 212

sets of servers, 543

Ansible, 544

CFEngine, 545

Chef, 544

Juju, 545

Landscape, 545

online references, 545

Puppet, 543–544

SaltStack, 544–545

software

APT, 95–100

apt-get, 99–100

compiling software, 100–102

configuration management, 102–104

online references, 104

Software Updater, 94–95

Synaptic, 92–94

Ubuntu Software, 91

software project management

Bazaar, 611–612

Git, 610–611

Subversion, 612–613

system management tools, 292

Conky, 292–297

gnome-nettool, 297

System Monitor, 292

vncviewer, 297

Wireshark, 298

system resource management

APT, 95–100

apt-get, 99–100

compiling software, 100–102

configuration management, 102–104

online references, 104

Software Updater, 94–95

Synaptic, 92–94

Ubuntu Software, 91

user accounts, 201–202, 204, 207

adding accounts, 209–211

administration privileges, 217

BOFH, 205

changing identities, 217–219

disk quotas, 222–223

file permissions, 204

GID, 204

group management, 205–207

locking users out of accounts, 209

lusers, 205

monitoring user activity, 211–212

online references, 224

passwords, 202, 212–217

root privileges, 219–222

root user accounts, 202–203

stereotypes, 205

super user accounts, 202, 203

system user accounts, 203–204

tools, 208–209

Ubuntu commands, 223–224

UID, 204

usernames, 211

manual pages, 111–112

Linux, 29–30

reading, 159–160

MATE, 48–49

MBR, boot process, 274

MEAN, 440–441

Memcached, 513–514

MemcacheDB, 514

memory, displaying available space, 286

Merriman, Dwight, 509

message block printing, 432–433

microservice architectures, 531

Microsoft Azure, 539

mind maps, 61

mirroring data, 307

mirroring. See also copying, 164

Mixxx, 76

mkdir command, 129, 160

mkisofs command, 72

"moat mentality", 333

mobile development, Android, 607

Android Runtime, 608

Android Studio, 609

Application Framework, 608–609

applications, 609

ARM processors, 608

Google Play, 607

Linux kernels, 608

RISC processors, 608

modifying default file permissions, 124–125

modinfo command, 407

modprobe command, 344–345, 406–407

modprobe.d/ command, 114

Module section (xorg.conf files), 36

modules, 406–408

Apache web server, 455–461

MPM, Apache web server, 449–450

Nginx web server, 475

Mojo, 541

MongoDB, 516

Monitor section (xorg.conf files), 37

monitoring

console-based monitoring, 281–283

enterprise servers, 298–299

KDE monitoring tools, 298

systems

checking log files, 287–289

Conky, 292–297

console-based monitoring, 281–283

disk quotas, 287

displaying free hard disk space, 286

displaying used memory, 286

enterprise servers, 298–299

graphical process tools, 292–298

KDE monitoring tools, 298

killing processes, 283–284

online references, 299

priority scheduling, 285

rotating log files, 289–291

system management tools, 292–298

System Monitor, 292

user activity, 211–212

Mono, 629–630

motd files, 138

mounting, Samba shares, 430–431

.mov files, 75

moving

files/folders, 131, 161

jobs

background jobs, 174–175

to background/foreground, 174–175

foreground jobs, 174–175

.mp3 files, 65

.mp4 files, 65

.mpeg files, 75

MPM, Apache web server, 449–450

MS Office

CrossOver Office, 61

free/open-source software compatibility, 55

LibreOffice compatibility, 55

VBA, 55

MS-DOS, 107

mtr command, Internet connections, checking, 329–330

multicasting, 338

multimedia applications

ALSA, 64

CD/DVD burning applications

Brasero, 71

Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73

Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75

Ubuntu support, 71

graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70

Blender, 70, 77

CinePaint, 70

darktable, 70

digiKam, 70

GIMP, 66–67

Hugin, 70

Inkscape, 70

Krita, 70

nautilus-image converter, 69

netpbm tools, 69

Photoshop, 67

POV-Ray, 70

Radiance, 70

Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71

Simple Scan, 67

Xara Xtreme, 70

music applications, 65

Banshee, 66

Rhythmbox, 66

Sound Juicer, 66

online references, 77

OSS, 64

PulseAudio, 64

recording/editing sound, 76

sound cards, 63–64

video editing applications, 77

Avidemux, 77

Blender, 77

Cinelerra, 77

DaVinci Resolve, 77

Kdenlive, 77

Lightworks, 77

OpenShot Video Editor, 77

PiTiVi, 77

Shotcut, 77

multiple jobs, executing in parallel, 181–182

multiple terminal operation, byobu, 192–193

music applications, 65

Banshee, 66

Rhythmbox, 66

Sound Juicer, 66

Mutter, 42

mv command, 131, 161

MX records, 591

MySQL, 483

ACID compliance, 493–494

command line client, 504–505

configuring, 494–495

creating databases, 496–497

data integrity, 493–494

data locking, 492–493

database access, 501

local GUI clients, 503

SSH, 501–502

web browsers, 503

inserting data into tables, 490

mysql command, 506

mysqladmin command, 506

mysqldump command, 506

MySQLGUI, 506

online references, 493, 507

PostgreSQL versus, 492–494

procedural languages, 494

retrieving data from tables, 490–492

root user passwords, 495

speed, 492

SQL subqueries, 494

stored procedures, 494

triggers, 494

mysql command, 506

mysqladmin command, 506

mysqldump command, 506

MySQLGUI, 506

N

Nagios, 298

name servers

DNS

online references, 595

records, 590–593

requests, 589–590

servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595

setting, 352–355

naming services, 351–352

nano text editor, 185, 186–187

NAS, 308

NAT, 332

nautilus-image converter, 69

needs assessments, backup strategies, 303–304

Neo4j, 518

neofetch command, 158–159

NetBeans, 606

NetBoot, boot process, 274

NetCat, 330

netmasks. See subnet masks

netpbm tools, 68–69

netstat command, 346, 350

networks, 337

10BASE-T networking, 339

10G Ethernet networking, 340

50G Ethernet networking, 340

100BASE-T networking, 339

1000BASE-T networking, 339

accessing, chains, 387

bridges, 343, 524–525

broadcasting, 338

cabling, 340

fiber-optic cabling, 342

UTP cabling, 341

chains, 387

command line network interface configuration

ifconfig command, 346–348

ip command, 348–349

ip route command, 346, 349

netstat command, 346, 350

configuring

command line network interfaces, 345–350

configuration files, 350–355

DHCP, 355–361

/etc/host.conf files, 355

/etc/hosts files, 350–351

/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355

/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355

/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353

graphical configuration tools, 355

nm-connection-editor, 345–346

connections, troubleshooting, 342

DHCP, 361

activating, 357

configuring hosts, 359–361

installing/configuring software, 358–359

DNS search orders, 355

dummy interfaces, 327

FDDI networks, 340

fiber-optic networks, 340, 342

gateways

dumb gateways, 343

smart gateways, 343

hosts

adding to /etc/hosts files, 350–351

configuring with DHCP, 359–361

hubs, 342

initializing hardware, 343–344

/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344

kernel modules, 344–345

modprobe command, 344–345

Internet connections, 363–364

checking, 328–330

common configuration information, 364–365

dial-up access, 367–368

DSL access, 365

ISP, 364–365

Linux commands, 369

PPP access, 364

PPPoE, 364

troubleshooting, 342

Ubuntu commands, 369

IP masquerading, 332–333

IPv4 addressing, 331–332

IPv6 addressing, 332, 334–336

LAN, network printers, 431–432

localhost interfaces, 326

checking availability of, 326

configuring manually, 327

"moat mentality", 333

multicasting, 338

name servers, 352–355

naming services, 351–352

NAT, 332

NIC, 338–340

online references, 369–370

printers, 431

CUPS GUI, 431–434

LAN, 431–432

online references, 435

server message block printing, 432–433

troubleshooting, 434–435

routers, 343

storage, backups, 308

subnet masks, 337–338

subnetting, 337–338

switches, 342

TCP/IP, 330

addressing, 331–332

IP masquerading, 332–333

ports, 333–334

Token Ring networking, 339

troubleshooting, connections, 342

Ubuntu, 330

unicast addressing, 338

VPN, 563, 572–573

configuring clients, 573–575

configuring servers, 575–577

online references, 577

wireless networks, 361, 382–383

configuring, 20

interfaces, 340

selecting protocols, 363

Ubuntu support, 361–363

New Relic, 299

new shell programs, running, 239–240

NewSQL, 511

newusers command, 224

NFS, 422

configuring

clients, 423–424

servers, 422–423

installing, 422

starting/stopping, 422

nftables, 388

Nginx web server, 467–469

building sources, 469–470

configuring, 470–473

HTTPS, 476–477

installing, 469–470

modules, 475

online references, 477

PHP, 474–475

uninstalling, 470

virtual hosting, 473–474

NIC, 338–339

10BASE-T networking, 339

10G Ethernet networking, 340

50G Ethernet networking, 340

100BASE-T networking, 339

1000BASE-T networking, 339

fiber-optic networks, 340

promiscuous mode, 385

security, 385

Token Ring networking, 339

wireless network interfaces, 340

nice command, 177–178

Nmap, 330, 382

nm-connection-editor, 345–346, 369

nonbooting hard disks, saving files from, 324

NoSQL databases, 485, 509–510

advantages of, 510, 511

BaseX, 517

Berkeley DB, 512, 579

BigTable, 517

Cassandra, 513

CouchDB, 515–516

disadvantages of, 510–511

document stores, 514–515

etcd, 513

FlockDB, 519

graph stores, 518

HBase, 518

HyperGraphDB, 519

key/value stores, 512

Memcached, 513–514

MemcacheDB, 514

MongoDB, 516

Neo4j, 518

NewSQL and, 511

online references, 519–520

OrientDB, 519

Redis, 514

Riak, 514

Scylla, 514

UnQL, 511

wide column stores, 517

NS records, 591

numbering schema, Linux kernels, 24

numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257

O

OCaml, 630

Office

CrossOver Office, 61

free/open-source software compatibility, 55

LibreOffice compatibility, 55

VBA, 55

.ogg files, 65, 66

.ogv/.ogg files, 75

online references

Apache web server, 466

backups, 324

BIND, 595

boot process, 278–279

cloud computing, 541

command line, 139, 165, 200

containers, 534

desktop environments, 50

DNS, 595

file sharing, 435

games, 89

HTTP servers, 482

Internet connections, 369–370

kernels, 419–420

LDAP, 585

Linux, 23, 28

multimedia applications, 77

MySQL, 493, 507

network printers, 435

networks, 369–370

Nginx web server, 477

NoSQL databases, 519–520

performance tuning, 396–400

PostgreSQL, 493, 507

programming, 618–619

programming languages, 633–634

QA, 647

remote access, 377–378

security, 391–392

sets of servers, 545

shell scripts, 270

software management, 104

sound, 65

Squid, 577

system monitoring, 299

system resource management, 104

testing, 647

Ubuntu, 22, 28, 30

Ubuntu development, 643

user accounts, 224

virtualization, 529

VPN, 577

Wayland, 32

web browsers, 54

web server stacks, 441

X server, 40

OpenJDK, 604–605

OpenLDAP. See LDAP

OpenShot Video Editor, 77

open-source/free software, Office compatibility, 55

OpenSSH. See SSH

OpenStack, 538–539

OR operators, 491–492

optimizing performance, 393–394

badblocks command, 397

e2fsck command, 397

file access time, disabling, 397

filesystems, 394–395

GNOME, 39–33

hdparm command, 395–396

I/O transfer speeds, 396

KDE, 39–33

kernels, 398–399

online references, 396–400

storage disks, 394

tune2fs command, 396–397

Tuned Project, 396–400

Options directives (Apache web server), 451

Oracle JDeveloper, 606

OrientDB, 519

OSS, 64

output

commands

redirecting, 167–170

redirecting with shell command line, 236

standard input/output, 167, 169

paging through, 152–154

P

PaaS, 537

packages

PPA, 615

snap packages, 615–616

Ubuntu development

code packaging, 640–643

configuring, 637–638

installing, 637–638

packet writing, Linux command line, DVD creation, 74–75

paging through output, 152–154

PAM, 215–216

parallel, executing jobs in, 181–182

parameters (positional), 243

accessing/retrieving variables, 244

example of, 243–244

parent directories, 118

partitions

planning, Ubuntu installations, 5

Ubuntu installations, 5

passwd command, 114, 209, 224

passwords, 212, 216, 383–384

brute-forcing, 373–374

changing in batches, 216–217

MySQL root users, 495

password files, 212–214

shadow passwords, 214–215

system password policies, 212

Ubuntu, 10

user accounts, 202

patching kernels, 410–411

pattern-matching, 235

.pbm files, 69

pbuilder, 638

.pcx files, 68

pdcsh, 226

PDF, 58

pdfedit, 58

pdksh, comparisons of expressions, 250–251

file operators, 253–254

logical operators, 255

numeric comparisons, 252–253

strings, 251–252

performance tuning, 393–394

badblocks command, 397

e2fsck command, 397

file access time, disabling, 397

filesystems, 394–395

GNOME, 39–33

hdparm command, 395–396

HPC, 598

I/O transfer speeds, 396

KDE, 39–33

kernels, 398–399

online references, 396–400

storage disks, 394

tune2fs command, 396–397

Tuned Project, 396–400

periodic basis, full backups on, 306–307

peripherals

digital cameras, 70

scanners, 67

Perl, 630

permissions

directories, 122–127

file systems, 120–128

altering permissions, 123–124

assigning permissions, 121–122

changing file groups, 125

changing file permissions, 125, 147

viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125

files/folders, 204

altering permissions, 123–124

changing file groups, 125

changing permissions, 125, 147

viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125

setting with ACL, 127–128

sgid permissions, 125–127

sticky bit permissions, 126–127

suid permissions, 125–127

pgAdmin, 506

.pgm files, 69

Photoshop, 67

PHP, 474–475, 631

physical security, 383–384

PID, 164, 175–176, 237, 274, 566

ping command, checking Internet connections, 328–329

ping6 command, checking Internet connections, 328–329

pipelines (CI/CD), 613

piping commands, 142–143, 178–180, 237