Index
2D: blur 135; conversion to 3D 35–36; films 143
3ality Technica 20, 75, 108, 123, 137, 150; Century Award and 154; “Marriage Equality VR” 46, 101, 110, 111
3D Filmmaking (Tricart) 157
3D films 143
3DF Zephyr 59
3DSMAX 35
3mersiv 20, 75, 108, 123, 137, 154
4D theaters 66
5G networks 40
21st Century Fox 149
“52 Places to Go in 2017” 115
“360 tour of the Shinola factory with Luke Wilson” 100, 105, 107, 109, 110, 136, 137, 157
360° live action 19, 19–20; capture 19; nodal technique 19, 24–25, 123, 129; stitching process 19, 20
360° paintings 9
360° video 2
360° and VR diffusion platforms 47–48, 48
Academy Awards 7, 148, 151, 157
accelerometers 69
access, immersive journalism and 115
accessories 75, 77–78; audio 77; eye tracking 78; haptic vests 65, 75, 77; motion accessories 77; untethered VR 77
actors 125; clock position system and 105; POIs and 107; rehearsals, VR and 127; shooting VR and 128, 129; theater and 82, 107; VR and 82, 105, 106–108, 111, 126, 127
additional dialogue recorded (ADR) 44
Adobe 134
Adobe Premiere Pro 33
ADR see additional dialogue recorded
Advanced Imaging Society 145, 154, 157
agency, audience and 45, 99, 112
Aladdin VR 13
all-purposes trackers 76
Amazon rainforest 131
ambiX format 42
American Civil War battles 9
animation 51, 59, 112–113, 123
“a•part•ment: a separated place” (game) 155
AR see augmented reality
“Archer, The” (VR film) 149
ARRI Alexa 22
“L’arrivée d’un train à La Ciotat” (film) 10
“Ashes” (VR film) 29, 58, 83–84, 95, 104, 122, 149
asides, theater and 97
Assassin’s Creed VR Experience 49
Atlanta Cyclorama 9
Atlanta Film Festival 139
audiences: 90° scenes and 93; 180° scenes and 93; 360° scenes and 93; agency and 45, 99; FOMO and 102; influence and 103; “Taro’s World” and 93
augmented reality (AR) 3, 13, 38, 115, 139; Fox Sports VR app and 39; Google Project Tango and 71; IMU and 68
augmented virtuality (AV) 3
“Austin(s), Texas VR” 101
autostereoscopic screen 13
AV see augmented virtuality
“Avatar” sequels 21
Avid 34
“Back To The Future” (theme park ride) 14
backpacks 77
Barker, Robert 9
Batt, Anthony 51, 85, 119, 136, 143–144, 145–146
“Be a T-Rex in Virtual Reality” 149
Beaudoin, Jean-Pascal 43–44, 91, 113–114, 146
Behind The Scenes: Google ATAP ‘HELP’ 131, 133
Bello, Maria 157
Betts, Daisy 94
binaural sound 42, 43, 45, 112
Black Magic 40
blindness, “Notes on Blindness” 112–113
“Blocked In” (VR diorama) 94–95, 95
blocking 24, 104–105, 106, 107, 127, 128
Blouin, François 129
Bluetooth 69
Bolas, Mark 15
BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor) 15
Boston Public Schools 45
Bosworth, Melissa 115, 116, 146
Brewster, Sir David 8
Brillhart, Jessica 109–110, 110
budgeting/scheduling 122–123, 122; animated VR content and 123; gaming budgeting 123; stitching costs 123
“Building a better McDonald’s, Just for You” 130
Burton, Tim 35
C# 51
cable TV 124
cable-cam systems 131, 133, 133, 135
California Adventure Park 14
Calliope Music Design 148
cameras 20–49, 116–117; 2D vs. 3D 26; blind-spot zone 23, 24; camera configurations 23, 24; compression 22; dynamic range 21–22; frame rate 20–21; list of 26, 27–28, 28; live view 29–31; minimum acceptable distance 23–24; nodal technique 24–25; resolution 21; rig design 22, 23; sensor size 21; stitch lines 24; stitching 23, 30, 32–34
Cartier-Bresson, Henri 96
cast/casting 125; theater experience and 125
cathode ray tubes (CRTs) 12
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) 14–15, 14
CAVE2 15
Century Award 154
CGI see computer-generated imagery
chairs: motion-controlled 66; Positron Voyager 66; Roto VR 77
China 49
chromatic aberration 73; compensation 73
cinema: 3D and 10, 85; development of 10; frame and 85, 86; vs virtual reality 85, 86
CinemaScope 119
cinematography 130–32; camera shadow and 130, 131; night-time shots and 23, 131
Cinequest Film & VR Festival 139
Cinerama 11
Circarama 13
“Cirque du Soleil: Inside the Box of Kurios” 102, 108–109, 109, 129, 146, 149
classrooms, stereoscopes and 8
clock position system 104–105, 105, 120
close-ups 40, 105, 106, 106, 107, 110, 111; intercutting 108
“Clouds Over Sidra” 116
codecs 22, 47; H264 MP4 codec 47; H265 codec 47
coding languages 51
Cohen, Eve M. 103–104, 146–147; color grading and 135; “Memory Slave” 132; “Visitor VR, The” 23, 31, 83, 103, 126, 132
Colinart, A. 113
color 135–136; grading 135, 136, 136
computer graphics 12, 13, 14–15, 62
computer-generated imagery (CGI) 15, 37
computers 14–15; tracking and 14–15
Constellation Tracking System 69
“Contempt” 119
crew 129; clock position system and 105; hiring 125; rehearsals and 127; sizes, VR and 122, 123, 126, 128
crowdfunding 16
CRTs see cathode ray tubes
Cruz, Carolina 14
cycloramas 9
“Dactyl Nightmare” (video game) 13
Daguerre, Louis 85
dailies 133
Dashwood 360VT Toolbox 34, 134
DataGlove 15
DataSuit 15
Davis, Richard L. 127–128, 147
“Dear Angelica” 2, 52, 58, 63, 128, 152
“Defrost” (VR series) 81, 98, 107, 129, 148, 150
degrees of freedom 55, 55, 56–57, 59, 61; six degrees of freedom 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 67; three degrees of freedom 55, 56, 63
Delaroche, Paul (artist) 85
depth-mapping 61
dialog layout 45
dialog preparation 45
diffusion platforms: 360° and VR 47–48, 48; game engine-based VR 64
diffusion standards and formats 45–47; game-engine based VR and 62–64
“Dinner Party” 149
directing virtual reality 102–108; blocking or choreography 104–105; directing actors 106–108; influence vs. control 103–104
“Discovering Gale Crater” 115
Discovery Channel 59
Disney, California Adventure Park 14
Disney Studios 36
Disney VR lab 13
Disneyland theme park 13
DisneyQuest 13
distance to camera 22, 23–24, 24, 104, 130
distortion: equirectangular format and 45; fisheye lens and 37
documentaries 114–117, 130, 157
Dolby Atmos 43, 44; Panner Plug-in for Pro Tools 43
Dolby Digital Plus 43
Dubai International Film Festival 139
earphones 77
edge-of-frame 135
editing 108–112; close-ups and 108; POIs and 109; post-production 134; software 34, 35; split-screen technique 110; transitions and 111
Electronic Visualization Laboratory 14
Emblematic Group 115
embodiment 89–90, 91; one-to-one tracking and 89; sense of agency 89; sense of body ownership 89–90; sense of self-location 89
empathy: presence and 92, 98; VR and 116
equirectagnular projection 46
equirectangular format 36, 37–38, 42, 43, 45–47; blur and 135; color grading and 136; distortions and 45–46
Ernst, Daniël 95
escape rooms 83
Evans, David 13
Evans and Sutherland 13
experience, immersive journalism and 115–116
eye tracking 78
Facebook 2, 16, 40, 42, 43, 66
Fakespace 15
Favreau, Jon 85
fear of missing out (FOMO) 95, 102, 104
feature films vs. virtual reality 45
Felix & Paul Studios 34, 42, 57, 92, 103, 106, 124; “Cirque du Soleil: Inside the Box of Kurios” 102, 108–109, 109, 129, 146, 149; content creation partnerships 153; content development 149; downloadable apps, player and 47; founding of 153; free content and 140; “Miyubi” 56, 57, 122, 126, 126, 129, 153; “Nomads” 43, 44, 86, 99, 99, 149; “Sea Gypsies” 129; top/bottom format 46; works by 149
festivals 138–139, 147, 149, 157
fiducial markers 70
field of view (FoV) 10, 12, 21, 22, 44, 74, 85; 180° 25, 38; 220° 25; blocking and 104; fisheye lens and 37; lenses and 37, 73; lighting and 69; occlusion and 69; StarVR headset and 72, 74; VR headsets and 72–73, 74
final stitch 134
first-person format, VR and 97–98, 108
first-person shooter (FPS) 51, 54
fisheye lenses 21, 22, 25, 30, 31, 37–38
flat film (flatties) 42, 102, 103
FOMO see fear of missing out
fourth wall, VR and 97
FoV see field of view
FOVE 78
Fox Feature Film 148
Fox Sports 38–40, 48, 150; VR app 39, 39, 40, 57
FPS see first-person shooter
fps see frames per second
fragrance/scents, film and 12, 14
frame: cinema and 85, 86; edge-of-frame issue 135; FoV and 85; VR and 85, 86
frames per second (fps) 20, 21, 26, 47, 47
Freelance Society 153
Fresnel lenses 73
Frilot, Shari 1, 17, 59, 94, 120, 139, 143, 147
game engines 51–52; coding languages and 51; functionalities 51; live capture and 51; rendering engine 51; VR compatibility 51–52
game-engine-based VR 1, 51–52; degrees of freedom 55, 55, 56–57, 57; diffusion platforms 64; diffusion standards and formats 62–64; light field technology 61–62; photogrammerty 58–59; versus live-action 55; volumetric capture 59–61
games 87; AAA titles 87; escape rooms 83; first-person shooter (FPS) and 51; live-action role-playing games 83
gaming vs virtual reality 87
Garcia, Alexandra 96
Gedemer, Tim 44–45, 112–113, 148
Gettysburg Cyclorama 9
gimmicks, sound design and 112–113
glasses 3, 12, 14–15; television eyeglasses 11, 12
gloves see data gloves
“Gnomes & Goblins” 85
Godard, Jean-Luc 119
Golden Globe 148
golf, VR and 38
“Gone” (interactive VR series) 58; hotspots 58
Google 109; Project Tango 71, 72; “Tilt Brush” (VR app) 127, 128
Google Cardboard 15, 17, 67, 68, 92; Android 47, 74; iOS 47, 74; minimum mobile requirements 74
Google Daydream 48, 57, 64, 67, 68, 74
Google Glass 3
Google Odyssey 128
Google Spotlight Stories 7, 135, 151
GoPro Omni 117
gray boxing 128
Gray, Robyn Tong 55, 87, 90–91, 119–120, 155
Gruber, William 11
gyroscopes 68
H264 MP4 codec 47
H265 codec 47
“Hallelujah!” (music video) 62
hand controllers 76
hand detection 76
Harvard University 12
Hayes, Hunter 149
HD see high-definition
head tracking 68
head-mounted displays (HMDs) 11–13, 16, 21, 55, 63, 66–78; accelerometer 68; accessories and 75; basic components 67–68; color and 135; controllers and 75, 76; degrees of freedom and 57; field of view and 74; gyroscope 68; high-end tethered headsets 67, 68; infrared light 69–70; inside-out/outside-in tracking 71–72; jitter 69; laser sensors 68–69; lenses and 73; magnetic tracking 70; magnetometers 68; minimum PC/mobile requirements 74, 74–75; mobile VR headsets 67–68, 67; optical tracking 70–71; OSVR Hacker Dev Kit 67; refresh rate and 73–74; resolution 72–73; Samsung Gear VR 14; stand-alone VR headsets 68; structured light 71; “Sword of Damocles” 12–13, 13; tracking 68–72; types of 47, 67; visible light 69; visual quality and 72–74
Headspace Studio 43, 91, 113, 146
Heilig, Morton 12
“Help” 30, 36, 37, 47; camera, movement and 133; cinematography 130–131; color and 135; VFX work and 135, 155
“Henry” 2, 52, 58, 98, 152; Gear VR and 63; Oculus Rift and 53; previz techniques 128; switch from observatory to participatory 98
Henry V (Shakespeare) 97
HFR see high frame rate
high frame rate (HFR) 20, 21, 47
high-definition (HD): cameras 21; headsets 21; screen 67; signal 39
high-end tethered headsets 67, 68, 73; minimum PC requirements 75
HMDs see head-mounted displays
“Hobbit, The: An Unexpected Journey” 154
“Hobbit, The” trilogy 20
Hoberman, Perry 15
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. 8, 17
holography 85
“Honey, I Shrunk the Audience” (immersive movie) 13, 150
Horrigan, Ryan 123, 124, 140–141, 149
horror genre 111, 113, 119–120
“House of Cards” (Netflix series) 97
HTC 16
HTC Vive 1, 48, 54, 55, 63, 67, 68; AGlass for 78; base station and laser emitter 69; FoV and 74; Fresnel lenses and 73; laser sensors and 68–69; minimum PC requirements 75; six degrees of freedom 56, 57; vs. PlayStation VR 72
HTC Viveport Arcade 48
Hull, John 112
“Hunger in Los Angeles” (VR film) 17, 94
Hunter, Ian 148
Hurd, Tyler 151
hybrids 88; hybrid 3D 36; hybrid lenses 73
HypeVR camera 61; volumetric capture 61
Illustrated London News 9
ILM Studios 35
IMAX 49, 57; dome screen 14; VR Experience Centre 49
immersive audio systems 44
immersive devices 16
immersive journalism 115–117; project categories 115–116
immersive presentations 9–11, 13
immersive theater 10, 12, 13, 82–83, 104
immersive VR rooms 15
IMU see inertial measuring unit
“In the Blink of a Mind – Attention” 102, 110
inertial measuring unit (IMU) 68, 68, 69, 71
information persistence 112
initial time delay (ITD) 43
intellectual property (IP) 124
interactive immersive games 13; escape rooms 83; LARPs 83
interactive VR 2–3, 57–58; hotspots and 58
International 3D 154
“Introduction to Virtual Reality” 44
IP see intellectual property
iPads 31
iPhone FOV2GO Instructions 16
ITD see initial time delay
Jackson, Peter 20
Jaunt Studios 145
Jaunt VR 47
Johansson, Scarlett 102
Jordan, “Clouds Over Sidra” 116
journalism 114–117; access 115; categories of immersive projects 115; ethics and 116; experience 115–116; immersive 115; location 115; perspective 116
“Jurassic World: Apatosaurus” 146, 149
Kaleidoscope VR 139
Kantor, Jessica 58, 149; “Ashes” 95; budgeting 122; cameras and 29; dance and 83–84; distance from camera 104
Keystone View Company 8
Kleiser, Randal 81, 98, 129, 129, 150
KOR-FX gaming vest 77
Kossakover, Wojciech 9
Kreylos, Oliver (Doc-Ok) 69
Kutcher, Ashton 145
La Burthe, A. 113
“Lab, The” 59
Lajeunesse, Félix 91, 129, 153
Lang, Fritz 119
Lanier, Jaron 15
LARPs see live-action role-playing games
lat-long see equirectangular format
lavalier microphone 42
Leap Motion 76
LED light strips 132
LEDs see light-emitting diodes
“lens dance” 37
lenses 73, 125, 130; actors’ eyes and 111; array of micro-lenses 61; Canon 8-15 lens 130; foreshortening of 110; Fresnel 73; HMD lens comparison 73; overlap and 23; sensor size and 21; super-wide-angle 29; see also fisheye lenses
LiDAR see light detection and ranging
Liddiard, Gawain 30, 36, 37, 47, 130–131
light detection and ranging (LiDAR) 38, 61; depth-mapping 61
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 69; infrared 69; optical tracking and 70–71
lighting: documentaries and 130; immersive theater and 104; LED light strips 132; POIs and 131; sets and 132
liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 15
live broadcast in VR 38–40; bandwidth and 39; Super Bowl (2017) 40; technical challenges 39–40
live capture, game engines and 51
live-action 3D 57
live-action role-playing games (LARPs) 83
live-action VR 1, 19, 61; 360° footage 19; CGI and 37; degrees of freedom 55; equirectangular format and 45; interactive experiences and 57; optical flow technology and 34; versus game engine VR 55
location: immersive journalism and 115; scouting and 125; VR and 94–95
location-based VR arcades 48–49
London Stereoscopic Company 8
Lorimer, Eric 15
Los Angeles Times 115
“Lost In Translation” (film) 102
Lucas, George 150
Lucid Dreams Productions 56, 101, 157
Lumière, Auguste and Louis 10
Mac/iOS 29
Macbeth (Shakespeare) 83
McDowall, Ian 15
“Maggie Simpson in ‘The Longest Daycare’” 7, 151
Magic Leap 3
magnetic tracking 70
magnetometers 68
Manus VR 76
maps: equirectangular format 45–46, 46; Gall-Peters 45, 46
Marinus of Tyre 45
marketing 140, 141; VR and 124–125, 137
“Marriage Equality VR” 101, 104, 110–111, 122, 157
Mars, “Discovering Gale Crater” 115
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 12
“Matrix, The” 59
Mattel 15
“Max and Aimee” 34
Maya 35
MetaverseVR 94
“Metropolis” 119
Mettle Skybox 360/VR Tools 34, 134
microphones: ambisonic 40, 41, 41, 45; binaural 42, 45; Core-Sound TetraMic 41, 41; lavalier 42; Sennheiser Ambeo® VR 41; Soundfield 41, 41; stereo 40
Microsoft HoloLens 3
Middleton, P. 113
“Mill Stitch” (monitoring tool) 30, 31
Mill VR camera rig 25
Mindshow (software) 128
MIX film festivals 147
mixed reality (MR) 3, 115, 139
mixing 45
“Miyubi” 57, 106, 114, 122, 146, 149, 153; location 126, 126, 127; rehearsals 127; remote-controlled robot 129
mobile VR headsets 67–68, 67; minimum mobile requirements 74; refresh rate and 74
Monitor Application 43
“Moon” 62
motion accessories 77
motion sickness 65–66; prevention 66; VR and 66, 131, 135, 143
MR see mixed reality
multi-camera arrays 61
multi-camera sequence 33
multi-camera widescreen process 10
multi-camera/multi-projector system 11
Murray, Bill 102
“My Brother’s Keeper” 124, 125
“Napoleon” (silent film) 10, 11
NASCAR events 39
National Football League (NFL) 40
National Geographic 59
nausea 35, 66, 122; see also motion sickness
NBC Sports 38
negative space 45
“Nemo Rising” 147
Neuman, Robert 36
Neumann KU 100 Dummy Head 42
New Frontier, Sundance Film Festival 1, 17, 59, 94, 120, 138, 147
New York Times 17; travel section 115
Newmark, Craig 146
Newton, Katy 89, 92–93, 96, 102
NextVR 38
NFL see National Football League
“Nightmare Before Christmas, The” 35
Nikon 25
Nintendo: 3DS handheld games 13; Entertainment System 15; Virtual Boy 13, 13
no-parallax point 24
nodal technique 19, 19, 24–25, 123, 129
Nokia Presence player 47
“Nomads” (3D series) 43, 44, 86, 99, 99, 149
“Notes on Blindness” 112–113, 113
OB see outside broadcast
Obama, Michelle 152
occlusion: infrared light and 69–70; visible light and 69
Oculus 14; Connect 3 event 72; crowdfunding 66; inside-out tracking and 72; sale of 66
Oculus Rift 16, 17, 34, 36, 54, 63, 67, 68; CV1 21; DK1 94; DK2 17; earphones 77; FoV and 74; Fresnel lenses and 73; infrared LEDs 69, 70, 70; minimum PC requirements 75; six degrees of freedom 56, 57; specifications 47; tracking, external sensors and 68; wireless remote 76; XBox One controller 76
Oculus Story Studio 2, 52, 58, 63, 98, 128, 152
Oculus Touch 76
ODEON & UCI Cinemas Group 49
OLED see organic light-emitting diode
optical tracking 70–71; active markers and 70–71; fiducial markers and 70
organic light-emitting diode (OLED) 67, 135
OSVR Hacker Dev Kit (2015) 67
Otherworld Creative 90, 119; “Sisters” 119–120
Otherworld Interactive 55, 87, 90, 155
outside broadcast (OB) 40
Pajitnov, Alexey 95
Panasonic VR 74
panoramic theater 13
Pape, David 14
parallax 25, 26, 62; differences 7, 11; motion parallax 43; no-parallax point 24
“Paul McCartney VR” 35, 111–112, 148, 154
PCM see pulse-code modulation
Pearl Harbour 10
“People’s House, The” 114
persistence of information 112
perspective 7, 15, 58, 83, 84, 86; art and 96; immersive journalism and 116; interactive pieces and 115, 116; multiple perspectives 92
PhaseSpace 71
photogrammerty 58–59; software tools 58–59; texture on mesh 59
photography 85; director of 125, 126
PhotoScan 58
photosensors 69
Pinch Glove 15
Pixar 152
Pixel XL 73
pixels 72–73; human vision and 72; resolution and 72, 73; seeing the pixels problem 72, 73, 75; sub-pixels and 72
Planck, Maxwell 2, 52, 58, 63, 152; previz techniques 128; storyboards 128
planetariums 13
platforms 2, 47–48, 48, 137, 139–140; 360° and VR diffusion platforms 47–48; exclusivity and 140; funding projects and 140, 141; SVODs and 140, 141; TVODs and 140, 141
PlayStation Home 87
PlayStation VR 68, 125, 140; controllers 76; headset 1, 21, 67, 69; IMU 69; LEDs 69; lens and 73; minimum PC requirements 75; refresh rate 74; resolution and 72; visible light 69; vs. HTC Vive 72
plenoptic camera 61
plug-ins 34, 35; Facebook 360 and 42; spatialization 43
point of view (POV) 12, 23, 36, 114
points of interest (POIs) 99–102, 103, 106, 107; editing and 109, 111; lighting and 131; match on attention 109; POI-matching technique 110, 134; screenwriting and 120, 121; sculpture and 84; sound and 113
Polyvision 10
positional tracking 68; active markers and 71; infrared light and 69–70; laser sensors and 68–69
Positron Voyager chairs 66
post-Industrial Revolution 10
post-production 45, 133–138; color 135–136; distribution 137–38; editing 134; final stitch 134; pre-stitch 134; solutions 32; sound 113, 136–137; titles 137; VFX 135
POV see point of view
PowerGlove 15
pre-production 125–128; cast and crew 125; rehearsals 107, 127; scouting locations 125, 126; storyboard and previz 127–128
pre-stitch 134
Premiere Pro CC 2017 34
presence 89, 91, 92; empathy and 92, 98
previsualization (previz) 105; storyboards and 127–128; techniques 128; Theta S and 29
production 128–133; cinematography 130–132; dailies and 133; a day on a VR set 128–130; see also post-production; pre-production
PTGui 34
pulse-code modulation (PCM) 47
PunchDrunk 83
quick response (codes) (QR) 70
“Quill” (VR app) 128
Raby, Oscar 138
Racławice Panorama, Poland 9
Raphaël, Paul 34, 42, 86, 91, 99, 103, 153; casting 125; close-ups 106; financing and 124; “Miyubi” 106, 114, 122, 126, 126, 127, 129; “People’s House, The” 114; “Strangers with Patrick Watson” 86, 107; viewer sitting down principle 114
Razer Hydra 70; controllers/base station 70
RealityCapture 58
rectilinear crop 38
RED Dragons 25
RED Epic 130
red, green, blue (RGB) 72
RED Weapon 22
Reese, Greg 135
refugee camps, “Clouds Over Sidra” 116
Regard3D 59
rehearsals 127
resolution 21, 72–73; Pen Tile matrix screen 72, 73; RGB 72, 73
RGB see red, green, blue
Rio Olympics 38
room-scale VR 26, 48–49, 55, 66, 70, 84, 88
Rosetta Stone 81
Roto VR 77
S3D see stereoscopic 3D
Samsung Galaxy S8 73
Samsung Gear 360 29, 48, 104, 117, 125, 128, 129
Samsung Gear VR 2, 14, 21, 47, 67, 68; ambisonic format 42; minimum mobile requirements 74; Samsung Galaxy S8 and 73
Samsung Pen Tile matrix 72
Sandin, Daniel 14
Saturday Evening Post 16
Sawyers Company 11
Sayre Glove 14
Sayre, Rich 14
scene transitions 44
Schklair, Steve 20, 26, 46, 75, 101, 154; budgeting/scheduling 123; close-ups and 108, 110; editing and 108; “Marriage Equality VR” 101, 104, 110–111, 111; monetization, VR and 137–138
Scott, Benjamin 130
screenwriting: commercial script formatting 122; POIs and 120, 121; previz and 127; traditional script formatting 121, 121; for VR 119–122
sculpture vs virtual reality 84
SDK see software development kit
“Sea Gypsies” 129
“Second Life” 94
Sega 13; VR-1 motion simulator arcade 13
SegaWorld 13
Sennheiser Ambeo VR 41
sensor size 21
Seymour, Mike 25, 30, 36, 37, 47, 131, 133, 135
Shakespeare, William: Henry V 97; Macbeth 83
Shepherd, Duncan 35, 111–112, 154
“Simpsons, The” (theme park ride) 14
simulations 37, 85, 119, 136, 143–144
sitting height, viewer and 99, 108, 114
Six Flags amusement parks 14
Sketchpad 12
Skybound Entertainment 58
“Sleep No More” (immersive theater) 82–83, 82
“Slices of Life” (interactive VR) 56, 57, 157
smartphones 15, 29; gyroscopes/accelerometers and 68; mobile VR and 67–68
“Soarin’ Over California” (theme park ride) 14
“Soarin’ Over The World” (theme park ride) 14
software development kit (SDK) 63
Sony 16
Sony A7S DSLR 131
Soukup, Karin 89, 92–93, 96, 102
sound 136–137; cues 120, 137; editing/mixing 42–44; immersive theater and 104; POIs and 137; spatial audio formats 40, 42
sound design 112–114; gimmicky audio tract 112–113; POIs and 113; substitutions and 113
sound recording 40–42; ambisonic microphones 41; ambisonics and 40–41; binaural sound 42; lavalier microphone and 42
Soundfield (ambisonic mic) 41
Source Sound, Inc. 44, 45, 148
spatial audio 43, 91, 114; formats 40, 42
spatialization plug-ins 43
Spinney, J. 113
split-screen technique 110
Sproull, Bob 12
Starbreeze 49
StarCAVE 15
StarVR 57, 67, 70; active markers and 72; fiducial markers and 70; field of view 72, 74; FoV and 74; IMU and 71; minimum PC requirements 75
SteamVR, laser sensors and 69
Stephen, Christian 116–117, 117, 153
stereo surround sound, Cinerama and 11
stereoscopes 8
stereoscopic 3D (S3D) 143, 150, 154, 157; 180° cameras 38; polygon graphics 13
stereoscopic slides 11
stero viewers 8
stitch lines 22, 23, 24, 24, 25, 26, 33
stitching 19, 20, 23, 30, 32–34, 129–30; 3D footage and 33; 3D stitching 26; distance from camera and 130; final stitch 134; imperfection 134; pre-stitch 134; price and 123; real-time stitching 40; software 34, 38; synchronization tool 32, 33; VFX tools and 135
storyboards 104, 105, 125; previz and 127–28
“Storyteller’s Guide to the Virtual Reality Audience, The” 89, 93, 96, 102
storytelling: camera’s position and 96; cues 102; directing virtual reality 102–108; embodiment 89–90, 91; fear of missing out 102; first-person format 97–98, 99; immersion 89, 91; location, importance of 94–95; main contributions of VR 91; participant-driven 98; points of interest 99–102; presence 89, 91, 92, 96; storyteller-driven 98; “Where Am I?” 94–96; “Who Am I?” 97–99; world building and 96–97
“Strain, The” 111
“Strangers with Patrick Watson” 86, 91, 92, 107, 149
stroboscopy 20
structured light 71; 3D scanning 71
Styka, Jan 9
SubPac 77
subscription video on demand (SVOD) 140, 141
Sundance Film Festival 1, 17, 59, 94, 120, 138, 147, 150
“Sunladies” (documentary) 157
Super Bowl (2017) 40
SVOD see subscription video on demand
“Sword of Damocles” (HMD) 12–13, 13
Syria, “Project Syria” 115–116
“T2 3-D: Battle Across Time” 14
TASCAM DR-701D 41
Telesphere Mask 12
television: cable and 123, 124; fps 20
Teradek Sphere 31, 31, 38, 128
theater: actors and 82, 107; asides and 97; direction of attention 82; immersive 82–83; traditional 82; vs virtual reality 82–83
theme parks: VR and 13–14, 49; VR rollercoaster rides 14
Theta S 29
“Through the Ages: President Obama celebrates America’s National Parks” (VR film) 99, 146
“Tilt Brush” (VR app) 126, 128
time of flight (TOF) 61
Tiny World Productions 146
titles 137
TOF see time of flight
TPCast wireless adaptor for Vive 77
tracking 68–72; all-purposes trackers 76; computers and 14–15; eye tracking 78; hand tracking 75, 76; infrared light and 69–70; inside-out tracking 71–72; magnetic tracking 70; optical tracking 70–71; outside-in tracking 71–72; positional 68, 69–70; positional, laser sensors and 68–69; structured light and 71
tracking systems, BOOM 15
transactional video on demand (TVOD) 140, 141
treadmills 75
Tribeca Film Festival 139, 149
Tricart, Celine 46, 101, 104, 105, 111, 130, 147; 3D Filmmaking 157
TVOD see transactional video on demand
“U-571” 148
Uncorporeal 61
“Under the Canopy” 35, 111, 131, 133, 154, 157
Underwood & Underwood 8
United Kingdom (UK) 49
United Nations (UN) project 116
United States (US): arcade gaming market 49; military 10; US Open, VR and 38
Unity 52–53, 62–63, 128; first-person shooter character 54; interface 52, 53, 54; moving in the environment 53; skybox 53; terrain 53–54; VR and build 54, 55
Universal Studios theme parks 14
University of Illinois 14
University of Southern California (USC) 15, 115; Institute for Creative Technologies 15; School of Cinematic Arts 115
University of Utah 13
untethered VR accessories 77
Vectrex system 13
Vegh, Alex 25, 36–37, 133, 155
vestibular system 56, 65–66, 65
VFX see visual effects
Victoria, Queen 8
Video Stitch 34
virtual reality (VR): 360° video and 2; definition of 1–2; use of the term 12, 15
Virtuality system 13
Virtuix Omni 77
VirZOOM 77
visible light 69
“Visitor VR, The” 23, 31, 83, 103, 126, 132
visual effects (VFX) 25, 26, 33, 36–38, 123, 135, 136
visual quality 72–74; field of view and 74; lenses and 73; refresh rate and 73–74; resolution 72–73
Vitarama 10
Vive controllers 76
Vive Deluxe Audio Strap 77
Vive Tracker 76
VOD see video on demand
Void, The 49
Von Kuhn, Caroline 147
VPL Research 15
VR Renderer 43
Walker, Ralph (architect) 10
Waller Flexible Gunnery Trainer 10, 10
war zones: journalists and 153; “Project Syria” 115–116; VR filming and 116–117; “Welcome in Aleppo” 117
“Welcome in Aleppo” 117
Wevr 51, 85, 119, 136, 143, 145; annual subscription and 140; “Memory Slave” 132
Wikipedia 105
Wilson, Andrew 30, 100, 105, 107, 157
Wilson, Luke 99, 100, 101, 107, 109, 157
world building, VR and 96–97, 125
World Economic Forum 115
World Fair (1939) 10
World VR Forum 139
World War II 10
XBox One controller 76
YouTube 1, 40; Best of 360 List 149
YouTube 360 2, 47, 48, 137, 140, 143
Zaxcom system 42
Zermatt, Switzerland 115
Zero Latency 49
Zimmerman, Thomas 15