Airguns, 22, 24
Alliances, 47–49
Alternative fuels, 111–114
biofuels, 130–133
coal, 114–116
compressed natural gas, 128–129
electric battery/vehicles, 135–137
geothermal energy, 123–125
hydrogen fuel cell, 134–135
liquefied natural gas, 130
nuclear energy, 120–123
oil sands, 125–128
oil shales, 125–128
propane, 130
shifting vehicle types, 137
solar energy, 116–118
tar sands, 125–128
wind energy, 118–119
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 89–90
Antarctica standards, 97
API gravity, 6
Arctic standards, 95–96
ASTM. See American Society of Testing and Materials
Bargaining power
of buyers, 72–73
of suppliers, 73
Benchmark crudes, 77
Biofuels, 130–133
Business rivalry, 71–72
CCT. See Clean coal technology
Clean coal technology (CCT), 114
CNG. See Compressed natural gas
Coal, 114–116
Coalbed methane, 12–13
Compressed natural gas (CNG), 12, 128–129
Concession agreement, 93
Contractual agreement, 93–94
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), 97
CRAMRA. See Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
Crude oil
definition of, 5
units, 9
uses of, 7
Directional drilling, 30, 108
Distribution systems, 63–64
Downstream operations, 34–37
Drilling, 28–30
Electric battery/vehicles, 135–137
Energy independence, 100
Energy return on investment (EROI), 112–114
Energy security, 100–102
Environment, 64–66
EROI. See Energy return on investment
Estimating reserves, 105–107
Exploration methods, 21–28
Fracking, 109–110
Gas to liquid (GTL) process, 10
Geographic position, 61–62
Geophones, 23–24
Geopolitics, 62–63
Geothermal energy, 123–125
GIRG. See Global Industry Response Group
Global Industry Response Group (GIRG), 90–91
Government policies of individual countries, 50–51
Government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), 49–50
Gravimeter, 27
Gravity methods, 27–28
GSEs. See Government-sponsored enterprises
Hubbert curve, 105
Hydrocarbons
basics of, 5–7
early history of, 1–3
Seven Sisters of, 3–4
Hydrogen fuel cell, 134–135
Independent oil companies, 54–55
Industry organization and competition
alliances, 47–49
government policies of individual countries, 50–51
government-sponsored enterprises, 49–50
independents, 54–55
internationally owned oil companies, 39–42
national oil companies, 42–47
service companies, 51–54
Industry structure, 60–61
International Standards Organization (ISO), 89
Internationally owned oil companies (IOCs), 39–42
IOCs. See Internationally owned oil companies
ISO. See International Standards Organization
JOA. See Joint-operating agreement
Joint-operating agreement (JOA), 94
Kyoto Protocol, 92
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 10–12, 130
LNG. See Liquefied natural gas
Magnetic methods, 25–26
Marine conventions, 92–93
Market forces
description of, 57–60
distribution systems, 63–64
environment, 64–66
geographic position, 61–62
geopolitics, 62–63
industry structure, 60–61
nationalization, 66–67
nontraditional sources, 68–69
regulation, 67–68
technical improvements, 69–70
Midstream operations, 32–34
National oil companies (NOCs), 42–47
Nationalization, 66–67
Natural gas pricing, 79–81
NOCs. See National oil companies
Nontraditional sources, 68–69
North-East Atlantic standards, 94–95
Nuclear energy, 120–123
OIGP. See Organization of International Oil and Gas Producers
Oil discovery, 7–8
Oil exploration and production, 17
Oil pricing, 17–18, 74–79
Oil sands, 13, 125–128
Oil shales, 14, 125–128
Oil well production, 8
OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies
Organization of International Oil and Gas Producers (OIGP), 90
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC), 3, 40, 57, 101
Oslo and Paris Convention (OSPAR), 91
OSPAR. See Oslo and Paris Convention
PCA. See Production contract agreement
People, 102–105
Petrochemicals, 16–17
Petroleum
geologic traps, 5
importance of, 4
Petroleum industry operations
downstream, 34–37
midstream, 32–34
upstream, 21–32
vertical integration, 37
Portable proton magnetometer, 25–26
Porter’s five forces analysis
bargaining power of buyers, 72–73
bargaining power of suppliers, 73
business rivalry, 71–72
threat of new entrants, 71
threat of substitutes, 73–74
Possible reserves, 8
Pricing
natural gas, 79–81
oil, 17–18, 74–79
Primary energy, world supply of, 19
Probable reserves, 8
Production contract agreement (PCA), 94
Production-sharing agreement (PSA), 93–94
Propane, 130
Proven reserves, 8, 98
PSA. See Production-sharing agreement
Regulations
agreements, 91–94
market force, 67–68
operating outside United States, 88–91
reserves reporting, 97–98
special regulatory areas, 94–97
United States, 83–88
Renewable fuels, 15–16
Reserves reporting, 97–98
SCA. See Service contract agreement
SDOs. See Standards Development Organizations
Seismic methods, 22–25
Service companies, 51–54
Service contract agreement (SCA), 94
Seven Sisters companies, 4
Shale gas, 14–15
Shale gas fracking, 109–110
Shifting vehicle types, 137
Solar energy, 116–118
Sonobuoys, 25
Special regulatory areas
Antarctica standards, 97
Arctic standards, 95–96
North-East Atlantic, 94–95
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), 89
Sub-sea Well Response Project (SWRP), 91
SWRP. See Sub-sea Well Response Project
Synthetic Fuels Corporation Act, 111
Tar sands, 125–128
Technical improvements, 69–70
Threat of new entrants, 71
Threat of substitutes, 73–74
Unconventional hydrocarbon products
coalbed methane, 12–13
compressed natural gas, 12
gas to liquid process, 10
liquefied natural gas, 10–12
oil sands, 13
oil shale, 14
petrochemicals, 16–17
renewable fuels, 15–16
shale gas, 14–15
United States Regulations, 83–88
Upstream operations
development, 31
drilling, 28–30
exploration, 21–28
gravity methods, 27–28
magnetic methods, 25–26
production, 31–32
seismic methods, 22–25
Vertical integration, 37
Vibroseis method, 22–23
Wind energy, 118–119