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by Eduard Säckinger
Analysis and Design of Transimpedance Amplifiers for Optical Receivers
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
References
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Optical Transceivers
1.2 Modulation Formats
1.3 Transmission Modes
References
Chapter 2: Optical Fibers
2.1 Loss and Bandwidth
2.2 Dispersion
2.3 Nonlinearities
2.4 Pulse Spreading due to Chromatic Dispersion
2.5 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 3: Photodetectors
3.1 p–i–n Photodetector
3.2 Avalanche Photodetector
3.3 p–i–n Detector with Optical Preamplifier
3.4 Integrated Photodetectors
3.5 Detectors for Phase-Modulated Optical Signals
3.6 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 4: Receiver Fundamentals
4.1 Receiver Model
4.2 Noise and Bit-Error Rate
4.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
4.4 Sensitivity
4.5 Noise Bandwidths and Personick Integrals
4.6 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
4.7 Power Penalty
4.8 Intersymbol Interference and Bandwidth
4.9 Frequency Response
4.10 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 5: Transimpedance Amplifier Specifications
5.1 Transimpedance
5.2 Input Overload Current
5.3 Maximum Input Current for Linear Operation
5.4 Bandwidth
5.5 Phase Linearity and Group-Delay Variation
5.6 Timing Jitter
5.7 Input-Referred Noise Current
5.8 Crosstalk
5.9 Product Examples
5.10 Summary
Problems
References
chapter 6: Basic Transimpedance Amplifier Design
6.1 Low- and High-Impedance Front-Ends
6.2 Shunt-Feedback TIA
6.3 Noise Analysis
6.4 Noise Optimization
6.5 Noise Matching
6.6 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 7: Advanced Transimpedance Amplifier Design I
7.1 TIA with Post Amplifier
7.2 TIA with Differential Inputs and Outputs
7.3 TIA with DC Input Current Control
7.4 TIA with Adaptive Transimpedance
7.5 Common-Base and Common-Gate TIAs
7.6 Regulated-Cascode TIA
7.7 TIA with Inductive Broadbanding
7.8 Distributed-Amplifier TIA
7.9 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 8: Advanced Transimpedance Amplifier Design II
8.1 TIA with Nonresistive Feedback
8.2 Current-Mode TIA
8.3 TIA with Bootstrapped Photodetector
8.4 Burst-Mode TIA
8.5 Analog Receiver TIA
8.6 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 9: Transimpedance Amplifier Circuit Examples
9.1 BJT, HBT, and BiCMOS Circuits
9.2 CMOS Circuits
9.3 MESFET and HFET Circuits
9.4 Summary
References
Appendix A: Communication Signals
A.1 Non-Return-to-Zero Signal
A.2 Return-to-Zero Signal
A.3 Pulse Amplitude-Modulated Signal
A.4 Analog Television Signal
A.5 Digital Television Signal
References
Appendix B: Eye Diagrams
References
Appendix C: Timing Jitter
C.1 Data Jitter
C.2 Clock Jitter
C.3 Jitter, Phase Noise, and Bit-Error Rate
Problems
References
Appendix D: Nonlinearity
D.1 Gain Compression
D.2 Harmonic Distortions
D.3 Intermodulation Distortions
D.4 Composite Distortions
Problems
References
Appendix E: Adaptive Equalizers
E.1 Feedforward and Decision-Feedback Equalizers
E.2 Adaptation Algorithms
E.3 Hardware Implementations
Problems
References
Appendix F: Decision-Point Control
Problems
References
Appendix G: Forward Error Correction
Problems
References
Appendix H: Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions
References
Appendix I: Answers to the Problems
References
Appendix J: Notation
Appendix K: Symbols
Latin Symbols
Greek Symbols
Special Symbols
Appendix L: Acronyms
Index
End User License Agreement
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Appendix L: Acronyms
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End User License Agreement
Index
1/f
noise
16-PAM
256-QAM
4-PAM
4B/5B code
64-QAM
64B/66B code
8B/10B code
a
ABCD parameter
absolute jitter
absorption layer
absorption length
accumulated jitter
active feedback
active star network
active-feedback TIA
adaptive decision-point control
adaptive equalizer
adaptive sampling-instant control
adaptive threshold control
adaptive transimpedance
of burst-mode TIA
adjoint network
aggressor channel
amplified spontaneous emission
amplitude modulation
amplitude modulation with vestigial sideband
amplitude spectral density
amplitude-shift keying
analog receiver
analog transmitter
analog-to-digital converter
antireflection coating
artificial transmission lines
asynchronous transfer mode
asynchronous transfer mode PON
AT&T Bell laboratories
automatic gain control
automatic gain control amplifier
automatic offset control
automatic repeat request
automatic threshold control
autotransformer
available power gain
avalanche build-up time
avalanche gain
avalanche noise
avalanche photodetector
avalanche
region
average value
averaged input-referred noise current density
b
balanced detection
balanced detector
balun
bandgap
bandwidth
noise
of 4-PAM signal
of analog TV signal
of avalanche photodetector
of CMOS photodiode—85
of communication signals
of decision circuit
of digital TV signal
of EDFA
of fiber
of high-impedance front-end
of low-impedance front-end
of MSM photodetector
of NRZ receivers
of NRZ signal
of optical preamplifier
of p—i—n photodetector
of Raman amplifier
of receiver
of RZ receivers
of RZ signal
of transimpedance amplifier
of voltage amplifier
optical
bandwidth allocation
bandwidth headroom
bandwidth-efficient modulation
base resistance
baseband signals
baseline wander
bathtub curve
BERT scan
Bessel—Thomson response
bias voltage
of avalanche photodetector
of p—i—n photodetector
BiCMOS technology
binary phase-shift keying
bipolar junction transistor
birefringence
bit error
bit-error rate
and
E
b/N_0
and dynamic range
and forward error correction
and jitter
and OSNR
and Personick Q
and sensitivity
and SNR
bit-error rate floor
bit-error rate plot
bit-error rate test set
bond-wire inductor
booster amplifier
bootstrap buffer
bootstrapped photodetector
Bose—Chaudhuri—Hocquenghem code
bottom-level hold
bounded uncorrelated jitter
broadband PON
buried-layer shield
burst
burst-mode main amplifier
burst-mode penalty
burst-mode receiver
burst-mode transimpedance amplifier
burst-mode transmission
Butterworth
response
c
capacitive-feedback TIA
carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
carrier-to-noise ratio
central office
chain parameter
channel bits
channel capacity theorem
channel noise
channel noise factor
characteristic impedance
chatter
chi-square distribution
chirp
chirped return-to-zero
chromatic dispersion—
chromatic dispersion compensation
circuit noise
clad fiber
clock and data recovery circuit
clock multiplication unit
clock-recovery circuit
closed-loop frequency response
code rate
coding gain
coherent detection
coherent detection with phase and polarization diversity
coherent detector
coherent receiver
color grading
common-base feedforward TIA
common-base input stage
common-emitter input stage
common-gate feedforward TIA
common-gate input stage
common-source input stage
community-antenna television
complementary metal—oxide—semiconductor
composite distortions
composite second order
composite triple beat
confocal waveguide
continuous wave
continuous-mode receiver
continuous-mode transmission
copackaging of receiver
coplanar waveguides
Corning glass works
correlated noise current
correlation admittance
correlation coefficient
cost function
coupling factor of optocoupler
critically damped response
cross-phase modulation
crosstalk—34, 156, 197—
current amplifier
current attenuator
current buffer
current conveyor
current conveyor TIAs
current follower
current-mode circuit
current-mode transimpedance amplifier
cutoff-frequency spacing
cycle jitter
cycle-to-cycle jitter
d
dark current
data-dependent jitter
DC balance
DC input
current control
DC overload control
DC wander
decision circuit
decision feedback
decision point
decision threshold control
decision threshold offset
decision threshold voltage
decision-directed mode
decision-feedback equalizer
decision-point control
decision-point steering
decoupling capacitors
delay interferometer
demultiplexer
dense wavelength divisionmultiplexing
depletion layer—
describing function
detected optical power
detector model
detector noise
deterministic jitter
dielectric stack
differential binary phase-shift keying
differential group delay
differential phase-shift keying
differential quadrature phase-shift keying
differential TIA
diffusion current
digital signal processor
digital-to-analog converters
direct bandgap
direct detection
discrete multitone
dispersion
chromatic
group-velocity
modal
polarization-mode
dispersion compensating fiber
dispersion compensation
dispersion parameter
dispersion-shifted fiber
distortion cancellation
distributed amplifier
distributed amplifier front-end
distributed gain
dithering
double-core waveguide photodetector
double-pass scheme
downstream direction
drift field
drift of baseline
driving point impedance
dual Dirac model
dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying
dummy TIA
duobinary
duty-cycle distortion jitter
dynamic range
electrical
of p—i—n photodetector
of receiver
of transimpedance amplifier
optical
e
E
b/N_0
edge-coupled APD
edge-coupled photodetector
effective noise
figure
electrical dB
electrical receiver sensitivity
electron—hole pair
electronic dispersion compensation
envelope delay
equalizer
adaptive
decision-feedback
feedforward
fractionally spaced
postcursor
precursor
synchronous
equivalent input noise current
equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope
erbium ion—
erbium-doped fiber
erbium-doped fiber amplifier
error propagation
error vector magnitude
Ethernet
Ethernet PON
evanescently coupled waveguide photodetector
excess bandwidth
excess noise factor
exhaustive search
external quantum efficiency
extinction ratio
eye diagram
eye margin
eye monitor
eye opening
eye pattern
f
fast Ethernet
federal communications commission
feeder fiber
feedforward equalizer
feedforward TIA
fiber attenuation
fiber bandwidth
fiber distributed data interface
fiber heater
fiber loss
fiber optical parametric amplifier
fiber-to-the-curb system
fiber-to-the-home system
fibre channel
finite impulse response filter
flicker noise
flip-chip bonding
forward error correction
four-parameter noise model
four-wave mixing
fractionally spaced equalizer
frequency modulation
Friis noise formula
g
gain
of avalanche photodetector
of coding
of EDFA
of optical amplifier
of Raman amplifier
of voltage amplifier
gain compression
gain switching
gain-bandwidth independence
gain-bandwidth product
gallium-arsenide technology
gas lens
gate noise
factor
Gaussian distribution
Gaussian jitter
Gaussian noise
Gaussian pulse
Gaussian spectrum
germanium
gigabit Ethernet
gigabit-capable PON
golden PLL
graded-index multimode fiber
gradient descent
Gray code
gross electrical coding gain
group delay
group-delay variation
group-velocity dispersion
h
half sections
hard-decision decoder
harmonic distortion
heterodyne receiver
heterojunction bipolar transistor
heterostructure field-effect transistor
high-impedance front-end
high-probability jitter
higher-order modulation format
homodyne receiver
horizontal eye closure
horizontal eye margin
horizontal eye opening
hybrid fiber-coax
hysteresis comparator
i
impact ionization
induced gate noise
information bits
information capacity theorem
input overload current
input-referral function
input-referred 3rd-order intercept point
input-referred mean-square noise current
input-referred noise current
input-referred noise current density
input-referred noise current PSD
input-referred rms noise current
integrate and dump
integrated photodetector
integrating front-end
intensity modulation
interferometer
interleaver
intermediate frequency
intermodulation distortion
internal quantum efficiency
Internet
intersymbol interference
intersymbol-interference induced jitter
intrachannel cross-phase modulation
intrachannel four-wave mixing
intradyne receiver
intrinsic photodetector
ionization-coefficient ratio
ISI canceler
j
jitter
absolute
accumulated
bounded-uncorrelated
cycle
cycle-to-cycle
data-dependent
deterministic
duty-cycle distortion
Gaussian
high-probability
intersymbol-interference-induced
long-term
narrowband
period
periodic
random
sampling
short-term
sinusoidal
total
jitter analyzer
jitter generation
jitter histogram
jitter PSD
jitter tolerance
jitter transfer
jitter trend
k
Kerr effect
Kirchhoff's current law
l
large-signal gain
laser diode
laser driver
lattice mismatch
least-mean-square algorithm
level separation mismatch ratio
light-emitting diode
limiting amplifier
limiting transimpedance amplifier
line code
linear channel—111
linear regime
link budget
local area network
local oscillator
logarithmic amplifier
long-haul transmission
long-term jitter
look ahead
loop unrolling
loss
of fiber
of transmission line
loss of signal
low-density parity-check code
low-frequency cutoff
low-impedance front-end
low-noise amplifier
m
m-derived half sections
main amplifier
mark density
matched filter
maximum input current for linear operation
maximum likelihood sequence estimator
mean-square error
mean-square value
metal—semiconductor field-effect transistor
metal—semiconductor—metal photodetector
microstrip
lines
microwave photonics
minimum noise figure
minority carrier
modal dispersion
modified matched filter
modified zero-forcing algorithm
modulation code
modulation index
modulator
modulator driver
molecular vibration
multi-chip module
multiband OFDM
multichannel TIA
multimode fiber
multipath channel
multipath interference noise
multiple quantum well
multiplexer
multiplication factor
multiplication region
multiplying digital-to-analog converter
multistage amplifier
multitone power ratio
n
national television systems committee
negative capacitance
net electrical coding gain
network analyzer
noise
and bit-error rate
non-Gaussian
of analog receiver
of avalanche photodetector
of balanced detector
of coherent detector
of distributed amplifier front-end
of optical amplifier
of p—i—n photodetector
of receiver
of transimpedance amplifier
noise bandwidth
noise canceling
noise corrupted decision threshold
noise enhancement
noise equivalent bandwidth
noise figure
noise matching
noise optimization
noise parameter
noise resistance
noise-loaded BER
non-Gaussian noise
non-return-to-zero
non-return-to-zero change-on-ones
nondominant pole
nonlinear TIA
nonlinearity
and composite second-order distortion
and composite triple-beat distortion
and error vector magnitude
and gain compression
and harmonic distortion
and intermodulation distortion
and multitone power ratio
of decision circuit
of decision-feedback equalizer
of fiber
of intensity modulation with
direct detection
nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber
Nyquist bandwidth
o
offset control
offset voltage
Ogawa's noise factor
on–off keying
open-loop frequency response
open-loop pole
open-loop TIA
optical amplifier
erbium-doped fiber amplifier
fiber optical parametric amplifier
Raman amplifier
semiconductor optical amplifier
optical carrier
optical dB
optical duobinary
optical fiber
optical field
optical filter
optical in-line amplifier
optical isolator
optical modulation amplitude
optical noise figure
optical overload power
optical receiver sensitivity
optical signal-to-noise ratio
optical signal-to-noise ratio budget
optical signal-to-noise ratio limit
optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty
optical transport network
optical-feedback TIA
optically preamplified p—i—n detector
optimum APD gain
optimum decision threshold
optimum receiver bandwidth
optimum receiver response
optimum slice level
optimum source admittance
optoelectronic integrated circuit
optoelectronic repeater
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
oscilloscope
output buffer
overhead section
overload limit
overshoot
overshoot velocity
p
p—i—n FET
p—i—n photodetector
package parasitics
parallel optical interconnect
passband signals
passive optical network
passive star network
peak detector—
peak-to-average ratio
peak-to-peak value
peaking
penetration
depth
period jitter
periodic jitter
Personick integral
Personick Q
phantom zero
phase distortion
phase linearity
phase margin
phase modulation
phase noise
phase synchronization
phase-insensitive amplifier
phase-locked loop
phase-sensitive amplifier
phasor
phonon
photodetector
photodetector capacitance
photodetector intrinsic conductance
photodetector simulator
photonic integrated circuit
photonic microwave link
physical coding sublayer
physical layer
physical medium attachment
physical medium dependent
piezoelectric fiber stretcher
planarity
plastic optical fiber
point-to-multipoint network
point-to-point connection
Poisson distribution
polarization controller
polarization diversity
polarization division multiplexing
polarization filter
polarization maintaining fiber
polarization-mode dispersion
polarization-mode dispersion compensation
polarization-mode dispersion parameter
pole quality factor
pole spacing
population inversion
post amplifier
postcursor equalizer
postcursor ISI
power budget
power penalty
and crosstalk
and decision threshold offset
and detector dark current
and extinction ratio
and fiber alignment
and finite receiver bandwidth
and intersymbol interference
and polarization-mode dispersion
and pulse spreading
and signal distortion
power spectral density
of 4-PAM signal
of analog TV signal
of digital TV signal
of NRZ signal
of RZ signal
power splitter/combiner
preamble
preamble bit
precursor equalizer
precursor ISI
primary dark current
principle state of polarization
programmable-gain amplifier
pseudo bit-error rate
pseudo error
pseudo-differential amplifier
pseudo-differential TIA
pseudorandom bit
sequence
pulse amplitude modulation
pulse spreading
pulse-width distortion
pump laser
pump power
push—pull amplifier
q
quadrature amplitude modulation
quadrature phase-shift keying
quantum efficiency
r
radio frequency
radio over fiber
raised-cosine filtering
Raman amplifier
Raman effect
Raman pump
random jitter
Rayleigh distribution
real-time sampling oscilloscope
receive equalizer
received signal strength indicator
receiver bandwidth
receiver model
receiver optical subassembly
rectangular filter—
Reed—Solomon code
reflection
regenerator
regulated cascode
relative intensity noise
remote node
repeater
replica TIA
required OSNR
reset signal
resonant front-end
responsivity
return-to-zero
return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying
return-to-zero differential quadrature phase-shift keying
Rician distribution
ring network
root spectral density
root-mean-square value
RS(128, 122)
RS(255, 239)
run length
s
S parameter
sampling instant
sampling-instant control
sampling jitter
sampling offset
sampling oscilloscope
saturation current (of photodiode)
saturation of bipolar junction transistor
Schottky diode—
scrambler
self-coherent
self-coherent detector
self-phase modulation
semiconductor optical amplifier
sensitivity
and bit rate
and detector
capacitance
and dynamic range
and noise
and optical signal-to-noise ratio
and receiver bandwidth
and reference bit-error rate
electrical
of analog receiver
of APD receiver
of coherent receiver
of p—i—n receiver
of receiver with optical preamplifier
of transimpedance amplifier
optical
sensitivity limit
serializer/deserializer
short-term jitter
shot noise
shunt feedback
shunt peaking
shunt-feedback TIA
sign—sign least-mean-square algorithm
signal—spontaneous beat noise
signal—spontaneous beat noise limited noise figure
signal-to-noise ratio
and 4-PAM signal
and NRZ signal
and RZ signal
silica glass
silicon on insulator
single-bit response
single-mode fiber—
sinusoidal jitter
slice-level adjustment
SNR per bit
society of cable telecommunications engineers
soft-decision decoder
soliton
space division multiplexing
spatially modulated light detector
spectral efficiency
spectrum analyzer
speculation
spiral inductor
spontaneous emission
spontaneous—spontaneous beat noise
stagger charging
steepest descent
step response
stimulated Brillouin scattering
stimulated emission
stimulated Raman scattering
subcarrier multiplexing
substrate coupling
superheterodyne radio receiver
synchronous digital hierarchy
synchronous equalizer
synchronous optical network
t
T-coil network
temperature dependence of APD
thermal noise
threshold control
time compression multiplexing
time division duplexing
time division multiple access
time division
multiplexing
time interval analyzer
time interval error
top-level hold
total dark current
total harmonic distortion
total input-referred noise current
total jitter
total responsivity
training mode
transceiver
transfer impedance xi
transformer
transimpedance
transimpedance amplifier
active-feedback
adaptive
analog
and bootstrapped photodetector
and DC input current control
and DC overload control
and gain control
and inductive broadbanding
and noise canceling
and noise matching
and noise optimization
and offset control
and post amplifier
burst-mode
capacitive-feedback
common-base
common-gate
current-mode
differential
distributed-amplifier
feedforward
optical-feedback
regulated-cascode
shunt-feedback—382
specifications
transimpedance limit
transit time
transition density
translinear cross-quad
transmission line
transmit equalizer
transmitter optical subassembly
transponder
transresistance
transversal filter
traveling-wave amplifier
traveling-wave photodetector
triple beat
tuned front-end
turbo code
turbo product code
typical values
u
uncertainty principle
uncorrelated noise current
undershoot
uni-traveling-carrier photodiode
upstream direction
v
variable-gain amplifier
vector signal analyzer
vector signal generator
vertical bathtub curve
vertical eye closure
vertical eye margin
vertical eye opening
vertically illuminated photodetector
vestigial sideband
filter
victim channel
video overlay
Viterbi decoder
voltage swing
at TIA input
at TIA output
of differential circuit
of high-impedance front-end
w
water peak
waterfall curve
waveguide photodetector
wavelength division multiplexing
wavelength division multiplexingPON
weight perturbation
wideband jitter
wire bonding
x
XOR gate
z
zero-forcing algorithm
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