The photograph of Ken and Dennis in Chapter 2 appears courtesy of Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies.
The epigraph on the Portability chapter is from the Bell System Technical Journal, v57 #6 part 2 (July–Aug. 1978) pp. 2021–2048 and is reproduced with the permission of Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Raymond, Eric S.
The art of UNIX programming / Eric Steven Raymond.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-13-142901-9 (pbk.)
1. UNIX (Computer file) 2. Operating systems (Computers) I. Title.
QA76.76.O63R395 2003
005.4'32--dc22
2003058264
Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300, Boston, MA 02116, Fax: (617) 848-7047.
ISBN: 0-13-142901-9
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley Crawfordsville in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
6th Printing September 2008
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AIX, AS/400, DB/2, OS/2, System/360, MVS, VM/CMS, and IBM PC are trademarks of IBM. Alpha, DEC, VAX, HP-UX, PDP, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, VMS, and VT-100 are trademarks of Compaq. Amiga and AmigaOS are trademarks of Amiga, Inc. Apple, Macintosh, MacOS, Newton, OpenDoc, and OpenStep are trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. ClearCase is a trademark of Rational Software, Inc. Ethernet is a trademark of 3COM, Inc. Excel, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and PowerPoint are trademarks of Microsoft, Inc. Java. J2EE, JavaScript, NeWS, and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems. SPARC is a trademark of SPARC international. Informix is a trademark of Informix software. Itanium is a trademark of Intel. Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds. Netscape is a trademark of AOL. PDF and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of The Open Group.