The first step of our analysis is to clearly provide a description of the system we are trying to protect. In this project, we'll build a logical GPG co-processor using the BBB and the CryptoCape. We'll store the GPG keys on the BBB and then connect to the BBB over Secure Shell (SSH) to use the keys and to run GPG. The CryptoCape will be used to encrypt your GPG key when not in use, known as at rest. We'll add a keypad to collect a numeric code, which will be provided to the TPM. This will allow the TPM to unwrap your GPG key.

Before we can protect anything, we must know what to protect. The most important assets are the GPG private keys. With these keys, an attacker can decrypt past encrypted messages, recover future messages, and use the keys to impersonate you. By protecting your private key, we are also protecting your reputation, which is another asset. Our decrypted messages are also an asset. An attacker may not care about your key if he/she can easily access your decrypted messages. The BBB itself is an asset that needs protecting. If the BBB is rendered inoperable, then an attacker has successfully prevented you from accessing your private keys, which is known as a Denial-Of-Service (DOS).

To identify the threats against our system, we need to classify the capabilities of our adversaries. This is a highly personal analysis, but we can generalize our adversaries into three archetypes: a well funded state actor, a skilled cracker, and a jealous ex-lover. The state actor has nearly limitless resources both from a financial and personnel point of view. The cracker is a skilled operator, but lacks the funding and resources of the state actor. The jealous ex-lover is not a sophisticated computer attacker, but is very motivated to do you harm.

Unfortunately, if you are the target of directed surveillance from a state actor, you probably have much bigger problems than your GPG keys. This actor can put your entire life under monitoring and why go through the trouble of stealing your GPG keys when the hidden video camera in the wall records everything on your screen.

Also, it's reasonable to assume that everyone you are communicating with is also under surveillance and it only takes one mistake from one person to reveal your plans for world domination.

However, properly using GPG will protect you from global passive surveillance. When used correctly, neither your Internet Service Provider, nor your e-mail provider, or any passive attacker would learn the contents of your messages. The passive adversary is not going to engage your system, but they could monitor a significant amount of Internet traffic in an attempt to collect it all. Therefore, the confidentiality of your message should remain protected.

We'll assume the cracker trying to harm you is remote and does not have physical access to your BBB. We'll also assume the worst case that the cracker has compromised your host machine. In this scenario there is, unfortunately, a lot that the cracker can perform. He can install a key logger and capture everything, including the password that is typed on your computer. He will not be able to get the code that we'll enter on the BBB; however, he would be able to log in to the BBB when the key is available.

The jealous ex-lover doesn't understand computers very well, but he doesn't need to, because he knows how to use a golf club. He knows that this BBB connected to your computer is somehow important to you because you've talked his ear off about this really cool project that you read in a book. He physically can destroy the BBB and with it, your private key (and probably the relationship as well!).

How likely are the previous risks? The risk of active government surveillance in most countries is fortunately low. However, the consequences of this attack are very damaging. The risk of being caught up in passive surveillance by a state actor, as we have learned from Edward Snowden, is very likely. However, by using GPG, we add protection against this threat. An active cracker seeking you harm is probably unlikely. Contracting keystroke-capturing malware, however, is probably not an unreasonable event. A 2013 study by Microsoft concluded that 8 out of every 1,000 computers were infected with malware. You may be tempted to play these odds but let's rephrase this statement: in a group of 125 computers, one is infected with malware. A school or university easily has more computers than this. Lastly, only you can assess the risk of a jealous ex-lover.

If you find yourself the target of a state, this project alone is not going to help much. We can protect ourselves somewhat from the cracker with two strategies. The first is instead of connecting the BBB to your laptop or computer, you can use the BBB as a standalone machine and transfer files via a microSD card. This is known as an air-gap. With a dedicated monitor and keyboard, it is much less likely for software vulnerabilities to break the gap and infect the BBB. However, this comes as a high level of personal inconvenience, depending on how often you encrypt files. If you consider the risk of running the BBB attached to your computer too high, create an air-gapped BBB for maximum protection. If you deem the risk low, because you've hardened your computer and have other protection mechanism, then keep the BBB attached to the computer.

The second strategy is to somehow enter the GPG passphrase directly into the BBB without using the host's keyboard. After we complete the project, we'll suggest a mechanism to do this, but it is slightly more complicated. This would eliminate the threat of the key logger since the pin is directly entered.

The mitigation against the ex-lover is to treat your BBB as you would your own wallet, and don't leave it out of your sight. It's slightly larger than you would want, but it's certainly small enough to fit in a small backpack or briefcase.

Our threat model, while cursory, illustrates the thought process one should go through before using or developing security technologies. The term threat model is specific to the security industry, but it's really just proper planning. The purpose of this analysis is to find logic bugs and prevent you from spending thousands of dollars on high-tech locks for your front door when you keep your backdoor unlocked. Now that we understand what we are trying to protect and why it is important to use GPG, let's build the project.