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Previous Chapter

Appendix C. Version summaries

C# in Depth, Second Edition

Index

[SYMBOL][A][B][C][D][E][F][G][H][I][J][K][L][M][N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y]

SYMBOL

:: namespace alias qualifier ? modifier ??. See also null coalescing operator. .aspx .Contracts, suffix for contract reference assemblies .ini, configuration files .NET Passport 2.0 extension methods 3.5 introduction of Func and Action attribute supporting extension methods extension methods in the framework SP1 4, observable interfaces ‘ generics * transparent identifiers /l, 2^nd /link /r /reference & operator #pragma warning checksum == operator reference type constraints value type constraints overloading and generics unconstrained type parameters => | operator 64-bit processors

A

aborting threads about:blank, comparison with null references abstract base class compared with duck typing abstract methods abstract modifier, static classes abstraction abuse class inheritance general-purpose extension methods academic license, Code Contracts access from nested types access modifiers automatic properties defaults partial types properties accessors Action Action delegate types action delegates Active Record ActiveSheet actual type dynamic binding adapter pattern, 2^nd Add collection initializers method method on XContainer add/remove blocks, events AddFirst addition, implicit conversion of operands AddLast AddRange ADO.NET, 2^nd Aggregate aggregation, 2^nd operators ahead-of-time compilation AJAX Albahari, Joe aliases alternative to implicit typing for namespaces and types aliasing, out parameters All AllDefects (and related properties) alpha geeks Amazon EC2 ambiguity dynamic conversions dynamic typing overloading terminology amortized complexity, 2^nd analysis argument types query translations Ancestors AncestorsAndSelf Android angle brackets, 2^nd unspeakable names annotated specification Annotations anonymous functions, 2^nd, 3^rd better conversions inferred return types overloading anonymous methods, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th ambiguity anonymous types as typeless expressions capturing variables compared with lambda expressions dynamic code ignoring parameters lack of contravariance prohibition on iterator blocks readability returning values type inference. See also captured variables. anonymous object initializers, 2^nd anonymous types, 2^nd conversion to XElement and XAttribute inner join keys keys for grouping projections ToString used for transparent identifiers Any Apache 2.0 license API design, 2^nd API querying APIs designing to work with LINQ parameter names applicable methods overload resolution overloading, 2^nd application domains Application, Word Arbiter architecture AreaComparer ArgumentException, 2^nd ArgumentNullException, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th ArgumentOutOfRangeException arguments, 2^nd comparing type and method arguments conversions to parameter types dynamic values evaluation of partial methods evaluation order terminology type inference validation, 2^nd iterator blocks, 2nd validation in LINQ operators arithmetic obligations arithmetic, generics array bounds obligations ArrayList, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th arrays, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th CLR terminology covariance, 2^nd implicit typing populating with object initializers ArrayTypeMismatchException, 2^nd as operator breaking changes dynamic types ASCII AsEnumerable AsOrdered ASP.NET, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th AsParallel AsQueryable assemblies anonymous types COM contract reference assemblies extern aliases references rewriting, Code Contracts signing AssemblyInfo.cs Assert method, Code Contracts, 2^nd assertions, 2^nd Code Contracts error windows failures, 2^nd assignment expression trees field-like events lambda expressions unaffected by type inference associations, LINQ to SQL Assume method, Code Contracts, 2^nd assumptions, 2^nd Code Contracts asterisk, transparent identifiers AsUnordered asynchronous computation delegate invocation I/O operations service access atomicity, locking Attributes attributes extension methods LINQ to XML, 2^nd automatic properties, 2^nd builder pattern implementation encouraging mutability lambda expression examples automatic variance Average axis methods, LINQ to XML Axum

B

back tick, generics back-end technologies BackgroundWorker, 2^nd backing fields automatically implemented properties field-like events trivial properties backward compatibility balance, using implicitly typed local variables base types partial types static classes base, anonymous methods baselines basic multilingual plane BCL BeginInvoke, delegate method BeginXXX behavior adding with inheritance changes to optional parameter defaults DLR rules encapsulated in delegates behavioral patterns benchmarks, 2^nd, 3^rd best accessible type best practices better conversions extension methods BigInteger binary data binary operators binary representations binary rewriter, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th BinaryExpression BinarySearch binders parameters to TryXXX methods BindGetMember binding, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th explicit interface implementation expression tree parameters BindingList black magic, COM Bloch, Joshua block, as a lambda expression body blocking, parallelism BlockingCollection blocks, expression trees in .NET 4 blogs blood spatter pattern blueprints body of a lambda expression boilerplate code bool?, behavior of & and | operators Boolean, flag indicating nullity bottlenecks, 2^nd bounds, type inference boxing, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th avoiding in C# 1 Hashtable Nullable using type constraints to avoid boxing conversions invalid in generic variance braces, 2^nd removing in lambda expressions breaking changes, 2^nd capturing loop variables caused by generic variance delegate variance field-like events brevity bridging fluent interfaces static and dynamic code browser buffering, 2^nd custom LINQ operators group joins grouping inner joins Parallel LINQ buffering data bugs, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th mutability side effects and argument ordering build configurations builder pattern building blocks, concurrency with Parallel LINQ Burrows, Chris business logic business rules Button, unqualified name ambiguity by, contextual keyword byte arrays byte, non-nullability bytecode

C

C, 2^nd Cω C# 1 pain of sorting and filtering C# team, 2^nd C++, 2^nd, 3^rd compilation model const templates C++0x caching DLR expression trees, 2^nd lambda expressions multi-level Call, 2^nd call site validation call sites, 2^nd DLR precondition checking callbacks iterator execution flow callers, affected by variance changes caller-specified variance CallSite Call-site Requires Checking cancellation tokens, 2^nd Capacity captured variables, 2^nd, 3^rd behavior generating extra classes, 2^nd guidelines lifetime motivation. See also anonymous methods. Cartesian product CAS case sensitivity LINQ queries Cast, 2^nd, 3^rd casting, 2^nd, 3^rd anonymous methods COM dynamic types, 2^nd, 3^rd generics, 2^nd, 3^rd is and as operators Java generics nullable types, 2^nd Office APIs overload resolution reduced by PIA linking reference conversions to resolve overload ambiguity with Hashtable catching contract violations Catchphrase cccheck, 2^nd ccdocgen CCR. See Concurrency and Coordination Runtime. ccrefgen, 2^nd ccrewrite CDATA, LINQ to XML Cells ceremony, 2^nd, 3^rd chaining extension methods, 2^nd iterators change tracking, LINQ to SQL Channel 9 Chars checked context checksum pragmas CHESS child content, LINQ to XML child elements circular buffers, 2^nd Civilization IV clarity class keyword reference type constraints class hierarchy class libraries classes, lack of generic variance Clear ClearItems CLI, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Click event ClickOnce Client Profile cloning LINQ to XML content closed constructed types, specifying in reflection closed types generics static fields closures, 2^nd, 3^rd cloud computing CLR, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, 8^th generic variance, 2^nd handling thread aborts non-involvement in lifted operators parameterized properties size of references support for nullable value types support for ref and out parameters CLR types, conversions to/from dynamic CLS compliance clutter code with explicit typing CoClass Code Access Security code as data Code Contracts, 2^nd, 3^rd assertions assumptions automatic documentation baselines contract inheritance contract reference assemblies implicit obligations invariants legacy contracts postconditions preconditions static checker code generators, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th code smells CodeChecksumPragma CodeDOM, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th CodeDomProvider coding standards cold observables collation, results in Parallel LINQ collection initializers, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th encouraging mutability lambda expression examples method requirements within object initializers Collection<T> CollectionBase collections, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th populating with collection initializers sorting with custom comparisons colon, named arguments columns, selecting in SQL queries COM, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th handling in C# binder parameterized properties Primary Interop Assemblies Combine, 2^nd generic variance combining delegates combining type constraints ComImport command line command line options, linking PIAs commas separating type parameters used to indicate number of type parameters comments, 2^nd Common Language Infrastructure. See CLI. Common Language Runtime. See CLR. communication Code Contracts named arguments community, 2^nd, 3^rd debate over extension methods influence over CLR boxing behavior scientific developers uptake of LINQ Compact Framework compact profile compactness Compare CompareExchange Comparer, 2^nd Comparer.Default, 2^nd CompareTo, 2^nd Comparison, 2^nd purity comparisons for sorting LINQ query operators nullable types reference type constrained values compatibility delegate types and methods, 2^nd generic variance method group conversions method signatures and delegates compilation errors invalid casts compilation, expression trees, 2^nd Compile, 2^nd Compile method, LambdaExpression compile time binding contract checking compiler, 2^nd, 3^rd binding with dynamic types in C# 4 code generated using nullable types combining source for partial types command line for linking PIAs creating strongly typed expression trees detecting key selector reversal embedded for dynamic typing errors on dynamic code extern aliases ignorance of Enumerable and Queryable implementation of anonymous methods implementation of fixed-size buffers importance in C# 3 features inability to verify comments pipeline providing more information via casts removing unimplemented partial methods role in delegate features shortcut for obtaining a MethodInfo support for object initializers translations demonstration with a dummy provider query expressions, 2nd verifying variance warnings, 2^nd compiler as a service CompilerGeneratedAttribute compile-time checking generics and static typing limitations LINQ queries compile-time duck typing compile-time efficiency compile-time errors compile-time type safety compile-time types, 2^nd, 3^rd dynamic binding implicitly typed arrays Complex, 2^nd complexity, 2^nd, 3^rd language design choices, 2^nd new C# features reducing with LINQ to Rx ComplexNumber compliance, C# 4 specification Component Object Model. See COM. component vendors composition, 2^nd, 3^rd compound contracts compression computer science, 2^nd defining pass by reference formal specification and verification Concat, 2^nd (strings) comparison with Delegate.Combine concatenation concatenation operator concepts, C++ concurrency collections, 2^nd programming Concurrency and Coordination Runtime ConcurrentDictionary, 2^nd conditional code conditional logical operators conditional operator, 2^nd, 3^rd confidence configuration, 2^nd active via the DLR connection management, LINQ to SQL consistency, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th LINQ, 2^nd, 3^rd naming conventions console const C++ Constant constant expressions, C++ template arguments Constant, method of Expression constants default parameter values unchanging collections constrained type parameters constraints dynamic generic type constraints constructed types, 2^nd construction, preconditions for immutable types constructor type constraints constructors, 2^nd anonymous types default provided by compiler discrepancy between C# and CLI dynamic code dynamic invocation generic type constraints generic types immutable types implicitly typed local variables multiple parameters causing confusion of Nullable shorthand with object initializers using arguments for initialization utility classes XElement Contains, 2^nd context in anonymous methods propagated with range variables contextual keywords, 2^nd dynamic partial type constraints continuation-passing style continuations multiple query continuations ContinueWith continuous build Contract class Code Contracts last reference marking end of contracts contract classes, abstract classes and interfaces contract failure handlers contract inheritance contract reference assemblies, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th contract section ContractClass ContractClassFor ContractException, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th catching in unit tests ContractFailed, 2^nd ContractFailedEventArgs ContractInvariantMethod Attribute ContractPublicPropertyName Attribute contracts runtime CONTRACTS_FULL CONTRACTS_PRECONDITIONS __ContractsRuntime ContractVerificationAttribute contradictory behavior, operators on nullable types contravariance, 2^nd, 3^rd. See also generic variance. anonymous methods delegates, 2^nd, 3^rd IObserver nesting parameters. See also delegates, contravariance. contravariance, C# 2 controversy, extension methods convenience conventions class contract names event handling lambda expression parameters namespaces and extension methods type parameter names unspeakable names conversion operators conversion type constraints restrictions working around invariance conversions “better than” other conversions argument types to parameter types generic type constraints generic variance support in the CLR GetVariable involving anonymous functions LINQ to XML method groups and overloading Nullable<T>. See Nullable projections in LINQ. Convert ConvertAll, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th Converter<TInput, TOutput> variance coordination copying collections, work-around for limitations in generics copying values, boxing copying, value type and reference type behavior copyright CopyTo, 2^nd CoreCLR corner cases, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th coroutines correctness Code Contracts contracts Count, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th property of ICollection and ICollection<T> count with SQL for joins covariance, 2^nd, 3^rd. See also generic variance; delegates, covariance. arrays delegates, 2^nd, 3^rd IObservable of arrays return types CPU, cost of JIT compilation CPU-bounded tasks CreateInstance CreateQuery, method of IQueryProvider cross joins CSharpArgumentInfo CSharpCodeProvider CSS cultural issues culture Current, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th cursor iterators custom comparisons LINQ query operators custom iteration types custom rewriter methods Code Contracts cyclic relationships

D

data binding, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th Data Connections, Visual Studio data contexts, LINQ to SQL data extraction, XML data grids data integrity data models, LINQ data pipelines lambda expressions data processing, pipelines of extension methods data sources consistency LINQ, 2^nd data structures data transfer types databases, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th joins nullable fields, 2^nd, 3^rd rules engines DataContext DataReader DataSet dates, LINQ to XML content DateTime, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th non-nullability DateTime.MinValue magic value pattern DateTimeOffset, 2^nd DateTimeRange DBNull deadlocks debug builds, assertions Debug.Assert, 2^nd, 3^rd debugger, 2^nd, 3^rd debugging, 2^nd, 3^rd decimal declarations implicitly typed local variables out parameters partial methods using dynamic var and dynamic declarative style contracts LINQ to XML construction pattern programming decompilation deep zoom Default (EqualityComparer<T> property), 2^nd default constructors Nullable<T> default members default operator contract classes optional parameters default properties default value expressions default values, 2^nd fields in structs optional parameters restrictions specifying for parameters default(T) DefaultIfEmpty defaulting null coalescing operator defaults private access modifiers defect tracking, 2^nd defensive code deferred execution, 2^nd custom LINQ operators definite assignment, 2^nd output parameters degenerate query expressions degree of parallelism Delegate delegate ambiguity of term keyword, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th delegate creation expressions variance delegate instances caching LINQ referring to captured variables delegate parameters delegate types, 2^nd Action<...> conversions involving anonymous functions expression trees Func<...> delegates, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th action alternative approach to iteration anonymous methods asynchronous invocation C# 2 combining compatibility in C# 1 in C# 2 compiling from expression trees constructing with lambda expressions contravariance, C# 2, 2^nd covariance, C# 2, 2^nd, 3^rd exceptions ExpandoObject field-like events garbage collection generic generic variance, 2^nd immutability in process data processing increased use in .NET 2.0 invocation, 2^nd, 3^rd invocation list invoking asynchronously LINQ meaning of combining null method group conversions, 2^nd motivation option for iteration pattern order of execution removing summary of C# 1 target, 2^nd. See anonymous methods.. See also method group conversions. delegates, contravariance C# 2, 2^nd delegates, covariance C# 2, 2^nd, 3^rd Dependency Injection deployment deprecation Dequeue derivation, reference types and value types derived data, anonymous types DescendantNodes DescendantNodesAndSelf Descendants DescendantsAndSelf descending, contextual keyword deserialization design, 2^nd class inheritance LINQ LINQ to XML named indexers static classes variance Design by Contract design patterns designers code generation LINQ to SQL desktop framework development platforms DevLabs, 2^nd diagrams, LINQ to SQL models dictionaries, using nullable keys Dictionary Dictionary<TKey, TValue> collection initializers DictionaryEntry dir, Python disabling warnings dispatch, single and multiple Dispose, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th invariants Distinct distribution, tasks in Parallel LINQ division by zero DLR, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th interoperability using expression trees document model, LINQ to XML Document Object Model documentation Code Contracts collection mutability custom LINQ operators for weakly typed collection usage informal contracts joins null first parameters for extension methods type safety DocumentElement documents, LINQ to XML DOM, 2^nd domain specific languages, 2^nd dot notation, 2^nd, 3^rd advantages over query expressions double buffering double, special values doubly linked list drill down DSLs. See domain specific languages. duality, LINQ to Rx duck typing, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th Duffy, Joe duplicate keys duplicates duplication overloading Dyer, Wes dynamic, 2^nd, 3^rd COM variants compiler behavior contextual keyword dynamic behavior dynamic calls, DynamicObject dynamic code restrictions dynamic contextual keyword dynamic expressions, conversions Dynamic Language Runtime. See DLR. dynamic languages, 2^nd, 3^rd interoperating with C# 4 dynamic methods dynamic typing, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th alternative to reflection benefits expression tree support gotchas responding dynamically working around limitations in generics Dynamic View, Visual Studio debugger DynamicAttribute, 2^nd DynamicMetaObject DynamicMethod, 2^nd DynamicObject

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